Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Graham Raeper
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MWD History
Early Patents
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MWD Evolution
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Telemetry Principles
Mud
Pressure
Positive Pulse:
1 BPS
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Time
Mud
Pressure
Continuous wave:
up to 12 Bits Per Second
Time
Mud
Pressure
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Time
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Negative Pulse:
2 BPS
All those tools specifications are listed in the drilling services catalogs that
you were provided. Please refer to this documentation for specifications.
All PowerPulse tools are identical except for the 6 holes where the
standard PowerPulse is replaced by the Vision475 MWD, a combination of
PowerPulse and Vision Resistivity.
The PowerPulse comprises 5 elements, a collar, which only has one plugs
on the outside (the read out port), extenders to allow communication with
LWD tools, a turbine to power the tools, an electronic cartridge to control
turbines and modulator as well as communication with LWD tools, and
finally a unique telemetry system, the modulator.
The way the modulator is working is simple as you can see on the right
side of the slide, it is composed of a stator and a rotor, when the rotor
turns it is closing and opening the gap on the stator thus creating a
pressure wave.
This pressure wave is captured on surface. The interesting thing is that we
are actually not looking at the delta pressure seen on surface but rather at
the frequency of this pressure wave.
This gives us the fastest and the most reliable telemetry on the market
today.
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MWD Inside...
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Impulse*
SlimPulse*
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Extender
Extender
3 Magnetometers
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3 Accelerometers
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Azimuth Error:
- Magnetic parts
- LWD Power
- Collar Mass
- Collar Hot Spots
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Inclination Error:
- Movement
- Misalignment of the MWD
collar in the wellbore
- Accelerometer misalignment
- Temperature
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Uncertainties
Well path is computed from surveys by minimum curvature method
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
400
SPIDER VIEW
Scale (1 cm = 100 m)
A-1 H Survey
600
800
400
A-3 H Plan
1500
1400
1300
12
00
2100
200
1200
1400
1300
1600
1500
1600
1800
1700
1900
2000
77
21
0
1700
Azimuthal Accuracy: 1
(FMI GPIT Az. Acc. = 2)
-200
00
19
Default Color
Main
Proposal
Survey
20
00
2325
2300
2200
210
0
2100
-400
-400
1300
00
20
1400
19
190
000
20
00
<<< SOUTH
00
21
1800
1500
1700
00
16
-600
-600
A4H Plan
-1000
-800
-600
<<< WEST
-400
-200
200
EAST >>>
400
600
800
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1800
-200
200
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NORTH >>>
200
1600
A-2 AH Survey
400
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Extender
A link must be provided for electrical connection to other tools in the string
SLB use extenders to provide the link to between MWD and other tools
An alternative method is to use an electrode set into the thread face of the
collar
Extenders provide both the communication and power link
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Extender
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Triple Combo
Gamma Ray, Resistivity, Density, Pef, Neutron
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Provides
measurements of
most commonly
used wireline
string
Majority of LWD
logs are not
duplicated by
equivalent wireline
service
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Conveyance LWD
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
16-bins
yes
yes
yes
no
5 outputs
20 outputs
5 outputs
5 outputs
12-bins
56-bins
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
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yes
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Thermal Neutron
Bulk Density
Azimuthal Density
Photoelectric factor
Spectroscopy / Sigma
Multi-depth Propagation R
Multi-depth Laterolog R
Azimuthal Resistivity
Micro-Resistivity Image
Compressional Dt
Shear Dt
Seismic Check shot
VSP
Formation Pressure
Fluid samples
NMR
Conveyance WL
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LWD
Tools do not know the depth / only surface systems know the bit depth
Real time data, transmitted by the MWD tool via pressure pulses in the mud
column is associated with depth as it is acquired
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Surface Sensors
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Depth sensor
SPT
Weight/Torque
Pump press.
Pump stroke
Surf. RPM
Etc
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Signal Demodulation
Principles
Type of signals
Downhole (MWD-Motor..)
Uphole (Pumps-Rig..)
Electrical Noise
Characteristics
Frequencies
Attenuation
Direction
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DSPScope
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DSPScope Spectrogram
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Demodulation
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Translates the raw bits demodulated by the receiver module into raw data point
values (D-points).
Sends the D-points to the IDEAL backend.
Displays the decoded frame and decoding status.
The Frame Display application also contains a toolbar to launch or open the
associated window of many of the SPM Demodulation functions. Simply clicking
on one of the toolbar buttons displays the appropriate control window.
The Frame Display window displays any number of previous frames and is only
limited by screen size. Simply resizing the window with the mouse covers or
uncovers as much frame history as desired. The values are displayed in raw
decimal format. The conversion to engineering units occurs after being sent to
IDEAL.
The Frame Display window displays the most important demodulation
information on the screen. You can check the
Decoded raw D-points
Sync status (In Sync, Out Of Sync Pump Down, Signal Loss, Searching, or
Precursor)
History decoded frame quality
Frame ID
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Telemetry is Key
Drilling Optimisation Data
70
50
65
40
60
55
45
40
AZI (deg)
CD&I
INCL (deg)
PWD
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Slip
Stick
10
30
25
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0
5000
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(/m)
30
50
MD(ft)
Formation
Evaluation
Data
1 bit per second
3 bits per second
6 bits per second
QC Da
ta
ced L
Advan
0.8 BPS
WD
1.7 BPS
(m/hr)
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es
High R
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To record 2 samples/ft
with an acquisition
rate programmed at 10
sec, your ROP have to
be limited to180ft/hr
(60m/hr)
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+ Data vs Time
= Data vs Depth
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HOUR
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0.00
Gamma Ray
150.00
Gamma Ray
150.00
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0.00
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This can lead to additional errors due to the incorrect alignment of the two independently
recorded times:
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Depth Tracking
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Depth Acquisition
Any changes in depth entered
by the engineer is reported
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Depth encoders
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True Depth
Absolute Depth
Relative Depth
Reproducible Depth
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True depth
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Drillers depth
Anadrills depth
at time t2
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Wireline depth,
attempt 1
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Anadrills depth
at time t1
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of drillers depth.
The industry does not want two different measurements of the
same thing. They want a repeatable measurement.
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Depth Measurement
LWDs depth is the driller's depth.
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There are 3 different areas that affect the accuracy of LWD depth (closeness to
true value):
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Drillpipe stretch
Thermal Expansion
Ballooning effects
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ItItisisaavalid
validmeasurement,
measurement,useful
usefulfor
for
determining
bed
thicknesses
and
determining bed thicknesses and
geosteering
geosteeringapplications
applications
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The following results were obtained from the analysis for the amount of pipe stretch:
Sliding into the hole
3.75 ft
Reaming into the hole at 200 ft/hr
8.67 ft
Rotating off bottom
8.75 ft
Reaming out of the hole
9.08 ft
Sliding out of the hole
13.52 ft
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A well was analyzed using drilling engineering software. The well was vertical to 3000
ft. Then, it built at 3 deg/100 ft to 38 degrees, which was held until 13000 ft. It built again
at 3 deg/100 ft to 90 degrees This was achieved at 14679 ft. Total depth was 17960 ft.
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LWD Measurements
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Why 2MHz?
Induction-type LF measurement relies on cancellation of the direct
coupling (balanced arrays)
very sensitive to geometry, not suited to LWD (shock)
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Propagation Measurement
Transmitter
EM-wave is attenuated in
conductive formations
Near receiver
Receiver
Far receiver
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Receiver
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ARC475/Phasor induction
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DOI Considerations
2 Parameter Influencing DOI:
Signal frequency
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Eccentering Effect
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Sorry about the quality-This log shows a log that has been severely affected by eccentering. 2-MHz tools are severely affected by
eccentering when there is a large Rt/Rm contrast or a large Rm/Rt contrast. In this case the blue curves in
track two are the 2-MHz phase shift outputs and the black curves in track three are the attenuation curves.
Both are affected by eccentering that has been exaggerated by a washout. In this case the environment
had a large Rm/Rt contrast (OBM and a Rt of less than 1 ohmm.
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One of the biggest advantages of the 400-kHz outputs is the immunity to eccentering. To take advantage
of the deeper reading 400-kHz at low resistivity and the immunity to eccentering as well as take advantage
of the higher signal to noise ratio and better vertical resolution of the 2-MHz a new output was created. It
is called the blended or best resistivity (P16B--Phase shift 16 -in spacing /blended output). The 400kHz
curve is presented below 1 ohmm, the 2MHz output is presented above 2 ohmm and the output is a
weighted average between 1 & 2 ohmm. This will be the standard presentation for the commercial version
of IDEAL 6.1 The blended outputs are the red and green curves. Note that they are very well behaved.
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VISION
Resistivity
vs. AIT
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The VISION resistivity log is extensively used for formation evaluation. It has a similar
response to the Array Induction Tool. Here five PS curves are plotted against the AIT. At low
resistivities, PS curves have about a one foot vertical resolution. The resolution is not
constant like the AIT, as the PS resolution degrades to 2 feet at 50 ohmms.
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The last letter is either H for High frequency (2-MHz) or L for low frequency (400-kHz)
Note that the IMPulse currently does not have the 400-kHz option but will be modified latter in
2000 that will provide it with increased memory to 50 MB, dual frequency, digital electronics
and simultaneous acquisition.
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GeoVISION Resistivity
GVR Azimuthal Button Resistivity Measurements
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Caliper data can be acquired from several sources using LWD data.
A real-time ultrasonic caliper is made with the Vision675 density tool
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70 ft
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Neutron porosity
measurements can be
corrected for mud standoff
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RHO ss
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RHO ls
RHOmc
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RHOb
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Assembly
Density Source
Neutron Source
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CLAMP-ON STABILISER
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BUILT-IN STABILISER
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ADN
ADN Density
Density Image
Image
Color
Color
scale
scale
Quadrant
Quadrant arrays
arrays
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Image Resolution
(Relative pixel sizes)
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One inch
scale
Pef
GVR
UBI
FMI
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Density
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Furthermore many of these wells are logged at high angles, where even
thin bed are seen over many feet within the borehole.
As with any imaging tool a contrast in the medium being measured is
required to identify beds.
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6 in
8.5 in
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VADN Images
PowerDrive - 2D Images
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Ultrasonic
Pef
RHOS
RHOB (quad.) ROSI
RHOB (sect.) ROIM
RHOL
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RMI
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LWD Calipers
Ultrasonic Caliper
direct
Density Caliper
Caliper from multiple DOI Resistivity
Neutron Caliper
Derived
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Borehole spiraling
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VADN/FMS
Image Comparison
Drilling
down
sequence
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parallel to
bedding
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Drilling
down
sequence
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VADN
Density
Dynamic
Image
Pef
Dynamic
Image
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VADN
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Gas
filtrate
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This example illustrates the benefit of azimuthal density geosteering. A gas zone is overlain by a shale. In
zone A, all four quadrants measure low densities and crossover the neutron, indicating a gas zone. The
top quadrant has a lower density than the bottom quadrant. This may be a result of filtrate drape, which
is gravity segregation of filtrate invasion toward the low side of this horizontal well.
The drillpipe is sliding for a short section, until zone B. The density measurement for the top of the
wellbore has increased as it is now measuring the shale bed above the wellbore. The other three
quadrants (bottom, left and right) still indicate gas. With the azimuthal measurement, you would now make
a decision to turn down, away from the shale boundary. However, with an average density, it may not
even be recognized that the wellbore was approaching a shale boundary.
The tool and drill pipe slides again to zone C. Now the wellbore is further into the shale section. Only the
bottom density indicates gas. Only now, would an average density reading indicate that a steering
decision would need to be made, but it still would not provide a direction.
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Receivers
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Receivers
Attenuator
Transmitter
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The ISONIC8 is combinable with any 8-in. LWD measuring device and is
traditionally run with LWD triple combo tools (e.g. CDR/RAB and CDN).
Similarly, the ISONIC6 can be run with all 6 3/4-in. collar LWD/MWD tools.
Both tools can be run with all bit types. Pictured is a typical quad-combo bottom
hole assembly. In such a configuration, the ADN/CDN will always be at the top
of the BHA to allow for source retrieval. The ISONIC would be typically next,
but it can be placed anywhere in the string, above or below the MWD tool, even
just above the bit in low noise environments (e.g. rotary drilling - not hard
rocks).
The ISONIC can be run with or without a downhole motor or geosteering
assembly.
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ISONIC Applications
Real-time
Recorded mode
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Porosity measurement
Lithology identification
Seismic correlation real-time input for synthetic seismograms
Pore pressure trends while drilling
Real-time decision making
Porosity measurement
Lithology identification
Mechanical properties (hard rocks)
Improved quality sonic measurements
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ISONIC Applications
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ISONIC applications can be divided into two groups - real time and recorded mode
applications . Real time measurements provide the client with unique opportunities for
better drilling decisions. The two main applications are real time seismic correlation and
pore pressure indication.
Real Time Seismic Correlation
From real time ISONIC compressional slowness measurements, real time synthetic
seismograms can be computed. These seismograms can be used to correlate the clients
surface seismic data to drillers depth. The client will learn where the bit is located on his
seismic section. This gives the client the opportunity to re-evaluate his drilling operation
before he reaches total depth.
Pore Pressure Indication
In most sand/shale sequences, compaction increases with depth due to increasing
overburden with depth. Sound travels faster through sand/shale sequences the more
compacting occurs. Therefore, compressional delta-t lessens with depth at relatively
constant rate. When overpressured formations occur, pore space is greater than normal
and the delta-t value increases above the expected trend. Therefore, slow delta-t values
above the compacting trend indicate overpressured formations.
Recorded Mode
The major recorded mode application is wireline sonic replacement. Seismic tie and
sonic porosity (computed from delta-t and used as an input to the petrophysical
evaluation (i.e. lithology, porosity, etc.) are the primary customer objectives for sonic data.
When running ISONIC in fast rocks, shear slowness can be acquired from the recorded
data. Combining shear with compressional slowness allows for mechanical property
computations such as IMPact*, MechPro* and Frachite*.
ISONIC compressional data is gathered well before wireline data can be acquired. This
means that the measurements are made before formation alteration, stress relief,
invasion and increasing hole enlargement can occur. The result is that ISONIC slowness
measurements may be a truer representation of the formation properties than subsequent
wireline sonic measurements.
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Why Quadrupole?
Empty
borehole
Borehole
with collar
Dipole
Formation Shear
Strong collar
interference
Collar mode
More sensitive
to shear
Less sensitive
to shear
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Borehole mode
Borehole mode
Formation Shear
Quadrupole
Small collar
interference
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Collar mode
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sea floor
LWD Tool
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seismic reflector
Surface source
Downhole receivers
Waveforms recorded in
downhole memory
Downhole processing
Real-time check-shot
via MWD telemetry
Look-ahead imaging
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MWD telemetry
Source
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SeismicVision System
Downhole Tool
Surface System
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SPE71365
The SeismicMWD system has two main components, a downhole tool and
a surface system.
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Wireline
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Applications
Real-time check-shot
Put the bit on seismic map
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16
Normally pressured
clastics
13 3/8
11 3/4
Pressure ramp
9 5/8
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Reservoir
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Surface
Seismic
in Depth
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Time-Depth
Curve and
Depth
Prediction
Distance
to Target
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Bit On Seismic
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LWD-NMR
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This is a picture of the tool taken while testing at RMOTC (Rocky Mountain Oilfield Test Center) in June 1999
this is actually a picture of the first generation tool, but the second generation is essentially identical in the
antenna region shown here. The only difference is in the new tool has a longer section of slick drill collar than
the original tool. The tools currently being deployed are second generation tools.
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Describe picture
The spiral piece at the bottom is the field replaceable screw on stabilizer that is changed in the same way as a
drilling motor stabilizer.
Above this are antenna and wear bands.
The rest of the tool is slick.
Outline Presentation.
Questions rules (encourage interruption?)
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Measurement
complicated
compared to
wireline by tool
motion
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LWD-NMR Outputs
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LWD-NMR Outputs
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The tool performs downhole a T2 inversion and computes outputs for transmission in real
time. These real-time outputs could be used for GeoSteering, well placement, sidetrack
decisions, etc.
Direct hydrocarbon identification using porosities from multiple polarization times (examples
shown later) (see FAQs for description of hydrocarbon identification/characterization
methods)
Permeability is calculated uphole from the bound fluid free-fluid ratio using Coates-Timur
equation or from the SDR equation if T2LM is transmitted, coefficients and exponents for
these equations can be set by the user at the wellsite based on client desires.
The tool records the raw echoes and this data can be used to reprocess the data in the
IDEAL wellsite software. A more detailed (more components in T2 spectrum) can be
computed from the raw data. In addition, the tool records full accelerometer and
magnetometer data whose primary purpose is for QC of NMR data, but some interesting
drilling engineering applications will also be shown.
------------------------------Note that the downhole memory of the tool is obviously not unlimited. No maximum footage
loggable specification can be given as the tool records verses time. Currently the tool can
record around 104 megabytes of memory. Note that the tool only records while circulating.
Prior to the job during the planning stage the memory can be set up to record for longer
periods of time by stackking the raw echoes. As NMR data is inherently statistical and when
reprocessed the echoes are stacked anyway, there is no significant loss of information. In
this way, the memory can be programmed to last as long as required.
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Resonant region
Borehole Wall
Resonant
Region
Experiment
Region
The slide above shows the tool at first centered in the borehole at the beginning of
the measurement cycle. An experiment region is established with the 90degree
pulse, the 180 pulse should then be performed with a coincident resonant zone, i.e.
the tool should not move. The diagram on the right shows how the resonant region
stays at a fixed radius around the tool but the experiment zone is fixed in the
formation. In other words the experiment is now in error due to movement.
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This is clearly a very great challenge with the drilling environment, either the
experiment has to be fast compared to the motion and or the tool should be
stabilized to reduce motion.
Also the slide demonstrates where the measurement is made. In a cylinder of a
particular thickness around the tool. It is where the magnetic field and the frequency
of the radio signal combine to produce a resonant effect in the hydrogen nuclei, this
is how only hydrogen is measured in the experiment. And also that no signal is
received from in front of or behind the resonant zone. In other words there is a well
defined and constant measurement region from this tool unlike other nuclear or
resistivity tools.
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Bit Whirling
&
Hole
Enlargement
1.0 cm
The above are examples of the kinds of whirling motion it is possible to resolve using the
tools capabilities.
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Each graph shows the locus of lateral movement of the center of the tool, as it moves in the
bore hole. The scale is in meters, top left shows millimeter size whirl, top right sub millimeter
and bottom left shows centimeter range movement of about an inch that was constrained by
the tool hitting the borehole wall.
These motions are more or less damaging according to their shape and frequency of
oscillation. The lower left hand one may be particularly damaging as the oscillations are
much larger amplitude (6-7 cm) and the BHA is whirling around the outside of the borehole
contributing to borehole enlargement and possibly damaging formation by compressing mud
cake into the formation.
------------------------------------------------------------------------These were all recorded in one bit run in a shallow vertical hole with a rock bit at 500 ft/hr and
80-150 rpm parameters.
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The motion data can be used for quality control of the log in recorded mode or real-time by
utilizing the lateral velocity of the tool, to compute the maximum T2 that can be resolved.
This is an example drilling through a gas sand. From the accelerometry package we can
calculate an average lateral velocity shown in track 1. This leads to the red line in the T2 track
that shows the limit of the T2 that could be resolved under the motion conditions experienced
by the tool while the measurements are made. You can see that the transition from shale to
the shaley gas sand sees the appearance of a second T2 peak that is to the left of the T2
maximum line. A separation from the line of about a decade indicates that there is probably
little or no motion shortening of the T2. Further down in the slightly better pay the T2 peak
increases in time to the right but is still to the left of the line so is certainly not noise, but
because it is a little closer to the line it will be somewhat shortened due to tool motion.
NMR standalone QC is also being investigated by looking only at the NMR data and
determining motion effects by looking at the NMR data itself.
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Sealing Element
System Volume
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Measurement
principle identical to
wireline formation pressure
measurements
Rely on direct contact with the
formation
Drill string movement must be stopped
A small area of the formation is sealed
off, and the pressure & mobility is tested
Dual packer type tools also exist
Tool shown is not a Schlumberger tool
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Base Balder
Top Heimdal
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Top Chalk
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Base Heimdal
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All of Anadrills MWD and LWD tools are designed with downhole shock
measurements.
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In the MWD tools shock data is transmitted in real-time such that in the
event of high shocks drilling parameters can be adjusted and the effects
monitored.
Real-time shocks can reduce non productive time, as trips can be saved
by:
reducing pipe fatigue
failure of downhole components
increasing bit life.
Multi axis shock measurements are also available (ie. Axial, lateral and
torsional) With this information it is possible to determine the type of
vibrations experienced (e.g. bit bounce, stick slip, resonance etc.) and
thus take appropriate action
The shock measurements are alsoused to track wear and tear on the tools
and the level of maintenance required on a tool is based upon the severity
of shocks experienced.
It should be noted that although the MWD/LWD electronics are the most
susceptible damage from shocks, failure of these components is not
catastrophic. Where as the effect of high shocks on BHA connections can
lead to catastrophic failures.
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As the example shows, any washout above the MWD tool is easily seen
from the turbine voltage, a lot earlier than it is seen at surface. Early
identification can help reduce non productive time for expensive fishing
trips. This can be set up as a smart alarm on the IDEAL system, thus
requiring no continuous interpretation of the data by the engineer.
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Weight on Bit
Torque
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The gauges for the weight on bit are aligned so that they are only sensitive
to the axial load (tension and compression on the drillstring). The torque
gauges are aligned so that they are only sensitive to the torsional effects
on the drillstring (I..e. not the axial forces)
These measurements are particularly valuable in deviated wells where
surface parameters of weight and torque can be unrepresentative of the
true downhole conditions. By using the downhole measurements the
performance of the bit can be optimized and premature damage of PDC
bits avoided.
By comparing both surface and downhole parameters a calculation of the
friction in the wellbore can be made and the onset of pipe.sticking
detected and action taken
The example shows how the sliding friction (drag) is increasing, indicating
the onset of a potential sticking problem. A wiper trip was made and the
log shows the impact of the corrective action. In this case it was
successful and drilling was resumed.
Thus using these measurements NPT an be reduced by optimizing bit
performance and avoiding stuck pipe.
The calculated friction factors are also a valuable input into the planning of
the next well.
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ISONIC example
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Accurate monitoring of both the pore pressure and ECD are key. This is
particularly the case in deepwater wells were the window between fracture
gradient and pore pressure can be very narrow.
Right hand diagram:shows an example of how LWD sonic data can also
be used for real-time pore pressure evaluation. The normal compaction
trend of the formation would result in a gradual decrease in sonic transit
time. However, in overpressured formations we see that the formation
becomes less compacted and the sonic transit time diverges from its
normal trend and increases as a function of over pressure.
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Tensile Failure
Mud Weight too
High
Stress Direction
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Conclusion
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