Varaksin 20131024

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ETH
COLLOQUIUM ON GROUND IMPROVEMENT
ZRICH
ZRICH 24 October 2013
TC-211
ISSMGE
Concept & Geotechnical parameters for the

Design and Control of major ground
improvement works around the world
Serge VARAKSIN
Chairman T.C.
Ground Improvement (TC 211)
Thursday 31 May & Friday 1 June - International Symposium : Publications
4 Volumes
>1600 pages
VOL I : 7 general reports 2 specialty lectures
VOL II-III-IV = >140 papers
Contribution WTCB-CSTC
- Edition of the 4 Volumes (N. Denies & N. Huybrechts)
- Vol I :General report Deep mixing 40 p. summary of 30 papers
- Vol III : 4 publications with regard to BBRI soil mix research (54 p.)
www.bbri.be/go/tc211
cgo@bbri.be
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Parameters related to ground improvement : Differents types of in situ tests
Vane test
(VT)
Static Cone
Penetration
Test (CPT)
Dynamic
Penetration
Test (SPT)
Pressuremeter
(PMT)
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State of the Art Report
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Category
A. Ground
improvement
without
admixtures in
non-cohesive
soils or fill
materials
B. Ground
improvement
without
admixtures in
cohesive soils
Method
A1. Dynamic compaction
A2. Vibrocompaction
A3. Explosive compaction
A4. Electric pulse compaction
A5. Surface compaction (including rapid
impact compaction).
B1. Replacement/displacement (including
load reduction using light weight materials)
B2. Preloading using fill (including the use of
vertical drains)
B3. Preloading using vacuum (including
combined fill and vacuum)
B4. Dynamic consolidation with enhanced
drainage (including the use of vacuum)
B5. Electro-osmosis or electro-kinetic
consolidation
B6. Thermal stabilisation using heating or
freezing
B7. Hydro-blasting compaction
Principle
Densification of granular soil by dropping a heavy weight from air onto ground.
Densification of granular soil using a vibratory probe inserted into ground.
Shock waves and vibrations are generated by blasting to cause granular soil ground
to settle through liquefaction or compaction.
Densification of granular soil using the shock waves and energy generated by electric
pulse under ultra-high voltage.
Compaction of fill or ground at the surface or shallow depth using a variety of
compaction machines.
Remove bad soil by excavation or displacement and replace it by good soil or rocks.
Some light weight materials may be used as backfill to reduce the load or earth
pressure.
Fill is applied and removed to pre-consolidate compressible soil so that its
compressibility will be much reduced when future loads are applied.
Vacuum pressure of up to 90 kPa is used to pre-consolidate compressible soil so that
its compressibility will be much reduced when future loads are applied.
Similar to dynamic compaction except vertical or horizontal drains (or together with
vacuum) are used to dissipate pore pressures generated in soil during compaction.
DC current causes water in soil or solutions to flow from anodes to cathodes which
are installed in soil.
Change the physical or mechanical properties of soil permanently or temporarily by
heating or freezing the soil.
Collapsible soil (loess) is compacted by a combined wetting and deep explosion
action along a borehole.
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C1. Vibro replacement or stone columns

C. Ground
improvement
with admixtures
or inclusions
C2. Dynamic replacement

C3. Sand compaction piles
C4. Geotextile confined columns
C5. Rigid inclusions (or composite
foundation, also see Table 5)
C6. Geosynthetic reinforced column or pile
supported embankment
C7. Microbial methods
C8 Other methods
Hole jetted into soft, fine-grained soil and back filled with densely compacted gravel or
sand to form columns.
Aggregates are driven into soil by high energy dynamic impact to form columns. The
backfill can be either sand, gravel, stones or demolition debris.
Sand is fed into ground through a casing pipe and compacted by either vibration,
dynamic impact, or static excitation to form columns.
Sand is fed into a closed bottom geotextile lined cylindrical hole to form a column.
Use of piles, rigid or semi-rigid bodies or columns which are either premade or formed
in-situ to strengthen soft ground.
Use of piles, rigid or semi-rigid columns/inclusions and geosynthetic girds to enhance
the stability and reduce the settlement of embankments.
Use of microbial materials to modify soil to increase its strength or reduce its
permeability.
Unconventional methods, such as formation of sand piles using blasting and the use
of bamboo, timber and other natural products.
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D. Ground
improvement
with grouting
type admixtures
D2. Chemical grouting

D3. Mixing methods (including premixing or
deep mixing)
D4. Jet grouting
D5. Compaction grouting
D6. Compensation grouting
E. Earth
reinforcement
E1. Geosynthetics or mechanically stabilised

earth (MSE)
E2. Ground anchors or soil nails
E3. Biological methods using vegetation
g
Solutions of two or more chemicals react in soil pores to form a gel or a solid
precipitate to either increase the strength or reduce the permeability of soil or ground.
Treat the weak soil by mixing it with cement, lime, or other binders in-situ using a
mixing machine or before placement
High speed jets at depth erode the soil and inject grout to form columns or panels
Very stiff, mortar-like grout is injected into discrete soil zones and remains in a
homogenous mass so as to densify loose soil or lift settled ground.
Medium to high viscosity particulate suspensions is injected into the ground between
a subsurface excavation and a structure in order to negate or reduce settlement of
the structure due to ongoing excavation.
Use of the tensile strength of various steel or geosynthetic materials to enhance the
shear strength of soil and stability of roads, foundations, embankments, slopes, or
retaining walls.
Use of the tensile strength of embedded nails or anchors to enhance the stability of
slopes or retaining walls.
Use of the roots of vegetation for stability of slopes.
ZRICH 24.10.2013
Laboratory Engineering Properties
Why Soil improvement ?

To increase bearing capacity and stability (avoid failure)
To reduce post construction settlements
To reduce liquefaction risk (sismic area)
Advantages / classical solutions

avoid deep foundation (price reduction also on structure work like slab
on pile)
avoid soil replacement
save time
Avoid to change site
Save money !
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Soil Improvement Techniques
Without added
materials
Cohesive soil
Peat , clay
Soil with
friction
Sand , fill
1 Drainage
2 VAcuum
With added
materials
4 Dynamic
replacement
5 Stone columns
6 CMC
7 Jet Grouting
8 Cement Mixing
3 Dynamic
consolidation
4 Vibroflottation
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Parameters For Concept
-Soil caracteristics
-cohesive or non cohesive
- blocks ?
- Water content, water table position
- Organic materials
-Soil thickness
-Structure to support
-Isolated or uniform load
-Deformability
-Site environment
-Close to existing structure
-Height constraints
-Time available to build
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10
Preloading with vertical drains

high fines contents soils
=+u
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11
Radial and Vertical consolidation
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12
Vertical drains: material

High fines contents soils
5 cm , PVC
Flat drain
circular drain
vertical drain + geotextile
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13
Vertical Drains
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14
Vacuum Consolidation (high fines contents soils)
VACUUM (J.M. COGNON PATENT)

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Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg
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16

General overview of Airbus site
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17
Basic design and alternate concept of MoebiusMenard
Temporary sheet pile wall in 5 month dyke construction in 3 years
Settlement 2,0 5,5 m

Settlement 2,0 5,5 m
Dyke construction to +6.5 in 8.5 month and to + 9.00 in 16 month
Dyke construction to +6.5 in 8.5 month and to + 9.00 in 16 month

Columns GCC
Columns GCC
Settlement 0,7 1.84 m
Settlement 0,7 1.84 m
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Subsoil characteristics
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How to move on the mud !

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20
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Stress path for Vacuum Process
Vacuum
Surcharge
Deviatoric Stress
Stress (q)
(q)
Deviation
p = 2/3 1
Ko = 0.5
p = 1 ; Ko = 1
Isotropic
1= 80kPa
1= 80kPa
2 = 80kPa
3 = 80kPa
2 = 40kPa
Kf (failure line)
3 = 40kPa
Active Zone
Surcharge
h < 0
Ko (h = 0)
Passive Zone
h > 0
Vacuum Consolidation
Mean Stress (p)
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Case history : Kimhae (Korea) - 1998
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Without added
materials
Cohesive soil
Peat , clay
Soil with
friction
Sand , fill
1 Drainage
2 VAcuum
With added
materials
4 Dynamic
replacement
5 Stone columns
6 CMC
7 Jet Grouting
8 Cement Mixing
3 Dynamic
consolidation
4 Vibroflottation
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Case History
Nice airport runway consolidation
Granular soil
Very high energy (200 t , 24 m)

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KAUST PROJECT
Concept and application of ground improvement

for a 2,600,000 m
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Discovering the Habitants
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Areas to be treated
AREAS TO BE TREATED
AL KHODARI (1.800.000 m2)
BIN LADIN (720.000 m2)
SCHEDULE
8 month
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Dynamic Consolidation
Shock waves during dynamic

consolidation upper part of
figure after R.D. Woods (1968).
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Concept
150 TONS
Depth of footing = 0.8m
Below G.L.
+ 4.0
z = 200 kn/m
Engineered fill
2 meters arching layer

+ 2.5
Working platform (gravelly sand)
+ 1.2
Compressible layer from loose

sand to very soft sabkah
0 to 9 meters
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Specifications
TYPICAL SITE CROSS SECTION OF UPPER
DEPOSITS
ELEVATION
(meters)
+5
SITE 1,5 km
+4
+3
LAGOON FILLED BY SABKAH
+2
+3
+1
0
-1
-2
RED
SEA
-3
CORAL
-4
BARRIER
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
LAYER
1 - SABKAH
2 - LOOSE SILTY SAND
3 - CORAL
4 - LOOSE TO MED DENSE SAND
% fines
Qc
USC
w %
SM + ML
35-48
28-56
0-2
0-2
SM
15-28
3-9
12-45
26-35
6-12
SM
12-37
3-18
15-80
BARS
PL
EP
BARS
BARS
1,2-4
0,4-1,9
avr-17
0,5-1,2
2,1-4
18-35
5,1-7,2
35-60
0,5-1,8
4-12
28-85
FR %
ZRICH 24.10.2013
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Typical surface conditions
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ANALYSIS OF (PL-Po) IMPROVEMENT AS FUNCTION OF ENERGY AND FINES

K.A.U.S.T. Saudi Arabia
BASIS
60 grainsize tests
1.6
PL-Po (MPa)
180 PMT tests
10%
1.4
I=8
SI = 4,7
PARAMETERS
PL Po = pressuremeter limit pressure
kJ/m3 = Energy per m3 (E)
1.2
20%
1
% = % passing n200 sieve
I = 6,25
SI = 2,3
I = improvement factor
PLF
PLi
S.I : energy specific improvement factor
SPEC DC
0.8
30%
DC
DOMAIN
0.6
I = 5,5
SI = 1,5
I 100
E
LEGEND
Average pre-treatment values
Average values between phases
DR
DOMAIN
0.4
40%
SPEC DR
0.2
I = 3,1
SI = 0,72
SPEC DC : PL Po 0.75 MPa
50%
0
0
100
Average post-treatment values
200
300
400
I=3
SI = 0,56
500
SPEC DR : PL Po 0.18 MPa
Energy
(kJ/m3)
ZRICH 24.10.2013
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VIBROFLOTS
Amplitude
28 48mm
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PORT BOTANY EXPANSION PROJECT

GENERAL ARRAGEMENT COUNTERFORTS INCLUDING RECLAMATION
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Without added
materials
Cohesive soil
1 Drainage
2 VAcuum
With added
materials
4 Dynamic
replacement
Peat , clay
5 Stone columns
6 CMC
7 Jet Grouting
8 Cement Mixing
Granular soil
Sand , fill
3 Dynamic
consolidation
4 Vibroflottation
ZRICH 24.10.2013
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Dynamic Replacement
CONCEPT
PARAMETERS
-Very soft to stiff soils
-C, , , Ey of soil, column and arching
-Unsaturated soft clays
layers, grid
-Thickness of less than 6 meters
-or PL, EP, of soil, column and arching
-Arching layer available
layers, grid
ZRICH 24.10.2013
39
Stone Columns Bottom Feed
Vibrator penetration
Material feeding
Vibration of
material during
extraction
Principle of the technology - bottom feed with air tank

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Stone Columns Bottom Feed

Stone Columns
bottom feed to 22 m
depth
ZRICH 24.10.2013
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Construction principles and equipment

Wet soil-cement column systems
SMET Tubular Soil Mix (TSM) system
Denies et al. Soil Mix walls as retaining

structures Belgian practice. IS-GI 2012
Typical characteristics:
Water/Cement weight ratio (W/C): 0.6 to 1.2 (-)
Amount of cement: 200 to 450 kg/m3
Spoil return: up to 30%
ZRICH 24.10.2013
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Construction principles and equipment

Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) system for soil mix panels
Gerressen and Vohs. CSM-Cutter Soil Mixing Worldwide

experiences of a young soil mixing method in challenging soil
conditions. IS-GI 2012
Several case histories in the proceedings of the IS-GI 2012
Typical characteristics in Belgium:

Water/Cement weight ratio (W/C): 0.6 to 1.2 (-)
Amount of cement: 200 to 400 kg/m3
Spoil return: up to 30%
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Deep mixing EN 14679 (CEN TC 288) : field of application
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Field of applications and case histories

Barrier against liquefaction and post-liquefaction
damages
3D arrangement of Geomix caissons
Benhamou and Mathieu. Geomix Caissons against liquefaction. IS-GI 2012
ZRICH 24.10.2013
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Without added
materials
Cohesive soil
1 Drainage
2 VAcuum
With added
materials
4 Dynamic
replacement
Peat , clay
5 Stone columns
6 CMC
7 Jet Grouting
8 Cement Mixing
Granular soil
Sand , fill
3 Dynamic
consolidation
4 Vibroflottation
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RIGID INCLUSIONS - PARAMETERS
SOIL
-C, , Ey, , ,
INCLUSION
-Ey, , , D (non porous medium)
-Kv, Kh if consolidation is considered
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CMC Execution
Fleet of specilized equipment
Displacement auger => quasi no spoil
High torque and pull down

Fully integrated grout flow control
Grout
flow
Soft soil
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CMC Principle
Create a composite material Soil + Rigid Inclusion (CMC) with:

Increased bearing capacity
Increased elastic modulus
Transfer the load from structure to CMC network with a transition layer
Residual stress
Arch effect between the
columns
CMC
Stress
concentration
Transition
layer
CMC
ZRICH 24.10.2013
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CMC Design Specific case of non vertical loading
Calculation principle
1/ Estimation of the vertical stress in the column (% of the embankment load),
2/ Thus maximum momentum so that M / N D / 8 (no traction in the mortar),
3/ Thus maximum shear force taken by the includion (similar to a pile to which
a displacement is applied),
4/ Modeling of the CMC as nails working in compression + imposed shear force
under TALREN software (or equivalent).
R
i
Ti
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Future Caisson Stability Analysis
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As built conditions
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Proposed solution
Layer I
Layer II
15% rock ( = 45) +
kPa)
85% clay (Cu = 50
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View of pounder construction
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View of pounder ready to work
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General SFT up
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After compaction actual results
Original rock surface before compaction

0.2m
1.3m
1.3m
=48 degree
Ar=22%
C=0kPa
Column Dia=2.4m
=40 degree
Cu=50kPa
=48 degree
Ar=22%
C=0kPa
Column Dia=2.4m
=40 degree
Cu=50kPa
=48 degree
Ar=22%
C=0kPa
Column Dia=2.4m
Cu=250kPa
ZRICH 24.10.2013
57
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ETH
COLLOQUIUM ON GROUND IMPROVEMENT
ZRICH
ZRICH 24 October 2013
TC-211
ISSMGE
58

Varaksin 20131024

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Varaksin 20131024

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COLLOQUIUM ON GROUND IMPROVEMENT

ZRICH 24 October 2013

Concept & Geotechnical parameters for the

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Thursday 31 May & Friday 1 June - International Symposium : Publications

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Parameters related to ground improvement : Differents types of in situ tests

This image cannot currently be displayed.

State of the Art Report

This image cannot currently be displayed.

This image cannot currently be displayed.

C1. Vibro replacement or stone columns

C2. Dynamic replacement

This image cannot currently be displayed.

D2. Chemical grouting

E1. Geosynthetics or mechanically stabilised

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Laboratory Engineering Properties

Why Soil improvement ?

Advantages / classical solutions

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Soil Improvement Techniques

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Parameters For Concept

-Time available to build

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Preloading with vertical drains

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Radial and Vertical consolidation

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Vertical drains: material

vertical drain + geotextile

This image cannot currently be displayed.

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Vacuum Consolidation (high fines contents soils)

VACUUM (J.M. COGNON PATENT)

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Basic design and alternate concept of MoebiusMenard

Temporary sheet pile wall in 5 month dyke construction in 3 years

Settlement 2,0 5,5 m

Dyke construction to +6.5 in 8.5 month and to + 9.00 in 16 month

Dyke construction to +6.5 in 8.5 month and to + 9.00 in 16 month

Settlement 0,7 1.84 m

Settlement 0,7 1.84 m

This image cannot currently be displayed.

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

How to move on the mud !

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Case history EADS Airbus Plant, Hamburg

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Stress path for Vacuum Process

Mean Stress (p)

This image cannot currently be displayed.

Case history : Kimhae (Korea) - 1998

This image cannot currently be displayed.