Facial planes according to Simon

Median plane
= sagital plane

Dental cast
analysis

G
T
Or

Frontal plane
Horizontal plane
= Frankfurt plane

Orbital plane

Agnieszka Pernak, PhD.S.

1

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

1. to the median plane

b) the width of the dental arches

a) the symmetry of the dental arches

- in the relation to each other

- in relation to each other

Symmetry
maintained

Lack of symmetry

the maxilla should be wider then the mandible

in approximately 1-2mm on each side

- in relation to the face

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

- in the relation to the dentition

- in the relation to the basal bone

the buccal cusps of maxillary molars and

premolars covers the buccal surface of the
teeth in the mandible

normal

narrow

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

wide

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

c) the mesiomesio-dystal angulation of the teeth

d) the shape of the arches

(angulation and inclination)

the gingival part of the crown should be more
distal then the occlusal part

- in the primary dentition (semicircular)

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

e) the arch symmetry

- in the permanent dentition

- in a single dental arch

(sagital line and mesio-distal line)

semielliptic

parabolic

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

10

- incisors and canines in relation to the sagital plane

maxilla

mandibula

a) mezialization of molars, b) mezjalization of premolars and transversal

crowding, c) mezjalization in a III quadrant, d) dystalization of premolars

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

12

2. to the horizontal plane

a) OVERBITE is a vertical overlap of the incisors
the incisal edge of lower incisors
contacts the palatal surface of the
upper incisors
the 2-3mm overbite is the normal
relationship

Exceptions:
- first physiological deepbite
- second physiological deepbite

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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b) the occlusal plane and the curve of Spee

THE TYPES OF OVERBITE

is created by the contact points of the upper and lower teeth

in primary dentition is flat
in permanent dentition is curved
Increased overbite
DEEPBITE

Decreased overbite
OPENBITE

in the maxilla is convex

in the mandible is concave

1,5-2mm

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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THE TYPES OF OVER

OVERJ
JET

3. to the frontal plane

a) OVERJET is defined as horizontal overlap of
the incisors
the incisal edge of lower incisors
contacts the palatal surface of the upper
incisors

Increased overtet

Negative overjet

the 2-3mm overjet is the normal

relationship

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Angles
Angle
s classification

b) the occlusal relationship of molars

I CLASS

Baums classification (Class I)

FLUSH TERMAL PLANE
in a 3 years old patients

MESIAL STEP
in a 5 years old patients

5 4

the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first

molar occludes with the mesiobuccal groove of
the lower first molar

5 4

II CLASS
the mesial buccal cusp of the first upper
permanent molar contacts the interdental space
between the lower second premolar and the first
molar

5 4

5 4

III CLASS
the mesial buccal cusp of the first upper
permanent molar contacts the interdental space
between the the lower first and the lower second
molar

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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5 4

6
7

5 4

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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c) the canine rule

DENTAL CAST MEASUREMENTS

the long axis of the upper canine is running in

between the lower canine and the lower lateral
premolar

ANALYSIS OF SYMMETRY
THE EVALUATION OF WIDTH AND
LENGTH OF THE DENTAL ARCHES
SPACE ANALYSIS
TOOTH SIZE DISCREPANCY
TEETH ROTATIONS
DENTAL AGE EVALUATION

7
1

7
3

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

THE EVALUATION OF WIDTH

ANALYSIS OF SYMMETRY
A TRANSPARENT RULED GRID IS PLACED OVER THE DENTAL ARCH,

Izards analysis

IN THE UPPER ARCH POSITIONED IN RELATION TO THE MIDPALATAL

RAPHE

Zy

Zy

TO DETECT:
- ARCH ASYMMETRY
- ARCH FORM DISTORTION
- ASYMMETRICAL POSITION OF THE TEETH WITHIN DENTAL ARCH
( ROTATIONS, MESIAL OR DISTAL DRIFT)

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Width of the dental arch

Width of the face (Zy

23

X 100 = 50%

Zy) 10mm

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Pont Measurements
Measurements
The evaluation of width of dental
arches
P=
1

M=
1

upper incisors

x 100

80
upper incisors

x 100

64

44

66

27,0

32,0

41,5

27,5

32,5

42,3

28,0

33,0

43,0

28,5

33,5

43,8

29,0

34,0

44,5

29,5

34,7

45,3

30,0

35,5

46,0

30,5

36,0

46,8

31,0

36,5

47,5

31,5

37,0

48,5

32,0

37,5

49,0

32,5

38,2

50,0

33,0

39,0

51,0

33,5

39,5

51,5

34,0

40,0

52,5

34,5

40,5

53,0

35,0

41,2

54,0

35,5

42,0

54,4

36,0

42,5

55,5

36,5

43,0

56,2

37,0

43,5

57,0

UI

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

3. how to write
= 32
4

4
6

4
6

pomiar
31

SI

4 4

6 6

27,0

32,0

41,5

27,5

32,5

42,3

28,0

33,0

43,0

29,0

34,0

44,5

29,5

34,7

45,3

norma
28,5
30,0
37,5

50
37
51

4. how to read

- 6,5

46,0

30,5

36,0

46,8

31,0

36,5

47,5

31,5
49

37,0

48,5

32,0

37,5

49,0

32,5

38,2

50,0

+1

- 0,5

39,0

51,0

33,5

39,5

51,5

34,0

40,0

52,5

34,5
49

40,5

53,0

35,0

41,2

54,0

35,5

42,0

54,4

36,0

42,5

55,5

36,5

43,0

56,2

37,0

43,5

57,0

+2

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

of width of

1.

insisors

2.

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

25

26

THE EVALUATION OF LENGTH

According to KORKHAUS

r
33,5 nica 43,8
35,5

33,0
37,5

Pont Measurements
Measurements

4
2

4 = L (anterior length of the upper arch)

U

LU - 2 mm = LL (anterior length of the lower arch)

LU

LL

27

SPACE ANALYSIS

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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SPACE ANALYSIS IN MIXED

DENTITION PERIOD

TO EVALUATE THE AMOUNT OF CROWDING OR SPACING

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF SPACE AVAILABLE (WHICH
ALREADY EXISTS) AND THE AMOUNT OF SPACE REQUIRED (TO
ALIGN TEETH PROPERLY)

TO EVALUATE THE AMOUNT OF SPACE NEEDED FOR PROPER

ALIGNMENT OF PERMANENT CANINES AND MOLARS

SPACE AVAILABLE = ARCH PERIMETER

(*IN SEGMENTS = SEGMENTAL ARCH ANALYSIS
*BY CONTOURING A PIECE OF WIRE
*WITH CATENOMETER = A PIECE OF A CHAIN)

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF SPACE AVAILABLE (WHICH

ALREADY EXISTS) AND THE AMOUNT OF SPACE REQUIRED ( TO ALIGN
TEETH PROPERLY)

SPACE REQUIRED - SUM OF MESIODISTAL WIDTH OF EACH TOOTH

BETWEEN THE INTERPROXIMAL SURFACES (BUT PROTRUSION
OR RETRUSION OF ANTERIOR TEETH )

TO EVALUATE SPACE REQUIRED

- PREDICTION OF SIZE OF PERMANENT CANINES AND PREMOLARS

ACCORDING TO PROPORTIONALITY ON RADIORGAPHS

WITH PROPORTIONALITY TABLES ACCORDING TO MOYERS
WITH PROPORTIONALITY RULE ACCORDING TO TANAKA & JOHNSTON

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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PREDICTION OF SIZE OF PERMANENT

CANINES AND PREMOLARS

PREDICTION OF SIZE OF PERMANENT

CANINES AND PREMOLARS

ACCORDING TO PROPORTIONALITY ON RADIORGAPHS

WITH PROPORTIONALITY TABLES ACCORDING TO MOYERS
RTG

CAST
,

(four

incisors)

(canine, first and second premolar)

3
2
2
1

4
PROPORTIONALITY TABLE ACCORDING TO MOYERS

4=x

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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PREDICTION OF SIZE OF PERMANENT

CANINES AND PREMOLARS

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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TOOTH SIZE DISCREPANCY

WITH PROPORTIONALITY RULE ACCORDING TO TANAKA & JOHNSTON

Boltons Analysis
Tonns Analysis
From Tanaka MM, Johnston LE: J Am Dent Assoc, 88: 798, 1974

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Boltons Analysis
Boltons - anterior ratio

TO EVALUATE PROPORTIONALITY IN SIZE OF UPPER AND

LOWER TEETH

Sum of mesiodistal width of six lower teeth

Sum of mesiodistal width of six upper teeth

77,2% (0,22)

91,3% (0,26)

Anterior ratio

Overall ratio

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

X 100% =

77,2% (0,22
0,22))

35

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Boltons analysis
Boltons - overall ratio
Sum of mesiodistal width of lower teeth
Sum of mesiodistal width of upper teeth

X 100% =

91,3% (0,26
0,26))

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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TEETH ROTATIONS

Tonns Analysis
TO EVALUATE PROPORTIONALITY IN SIZE OF UPPER AND
LOWER INCISORS

si = 74% SI

si x 4/3 = SI

SI = si x 1,35
SI = MESIODISTAL WIDTH OF FOUR UPPER INCISORS
si = mesiodistal width of four lower incisors

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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DENTAL AGE EVALUATION

THE LAST FULLY ERUPTED GROUP OF TEETH + ALL OTHER ERUPTING GROUPS OF
TEETH DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF EVALUATED GROUPS
(SEPARATELY FOR YEARS AND MONTHS)

TOOTH TYPE

Nr of
teeth
I1

I2

P1

P2

M1

M2

THE END!

AGE IN YEARS AND MONTHS FOR BOYS

1

6'8

7'4

10'8

10'5

10'10

6'0

12'9

6'10

8'4

11'6

10'8

11'11

6'4

12'10

7'0

8'10

12'2

11'10

12'5

6'8

13'6

7'11

9'0

12'6

12'0

13'0

6'10

14'0

6'6

7'5

9'10

9'2

10'5

6'3

11'11

6'10

7'8

10'2

10'2

11'1

6'3

11'11

AGE IN YEARS ADN MONTHS FOR GIRLS

7'4

8'6

11'3

10'5

11'5

6'8

12'10

7'8

8'7

11'8

11'3

12'2

6'10

13'5

Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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Agnieszka Pernak 2007/2008

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