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THE NOUN

Substantivul
1.Substantive numarabile - (countable nouns);
Exemple : a book - two books; a dress - two dresses
Obs. Au forma atat la singular, cat si la plural.
Pluralele sunt de doua feluri :
a) regulate ;
b) neregulate ;
a) Pluralele regulate
- se formeaza adaugand un -s la sfarsitul formei de singular ;
Exemple : hat - hats; head - heads;
country - countries; boy - boys;
Obs. 1. Consoana + y => ie + s la plural;
2. Vocala + y => y + s la plural;
-se formeaza adaugand -es :
-la substantivele terminate in :-s,-x,-z,-ch,-sh;
-la substantivele terminate in :-f,-fe (sunt si exceptii);
-la substantivele terminate in consoana+'o' (sunt si exceptii);
Exemple : bus-buses ; box-boxes; watch-watches; life-lives;
roof-roofs; hero-heroes; potato-potatoes;
piano-pianos; photo-photos;
Obs. -f sau -fe devin cateodata v+es;
b) Pluralele neregulate
man-MEN; woman-WOMEN; foot-FEET; tooth-TEETH;
mouse-MICE; ox-OXEN; child-CHILDREN;
Exemple : a man - two men; a tooth - two teeth;
Nota: Compusii cu substantivul man au aceeasi pronuntie la
singular si la plural,desi ortografia difera .
2. Substantive ce se folosesc numai la singular :
a) -news;
-nume de boli (measles) +altele ;
-nume de stiinte si obiecte de studiu }=> + verb la singular ;
terminate in -ics
(Mathematics, Physics, Accoustics)
b) advice furniture information
knowledge money
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THE NOUN

luggage
}=> +verb la singular
Nota: Cuantificarea (numararea) substantivelor news, advice,
information, luggage, knowledge, se face cu ajutorul cuvintelor:
A PIECE OF

3. Substantive cu forma de plural


trouses
glasses
(a pair of) pyjamas }=> +verb la plural
Nota: Substantive cattle si people - desi au doar forma de
singular se acorda cu verbul la plural.
4. Substantive ce se folosesc dupa inteles cu:
a) verb la plural:
cand referirea este la membrii colectivitatii.
Exemplu: Paul's family are at home .
b) cu verbul la singular: cand se denumeste colectivitatea ca
un intreg. Exemplu: Paul's family is large.
Family class crew public team audience committee
5. Substantive nume de materie si substanta
-sunt numarabile;
-Cuantificarea (numararea) lor se face cu ajutorul
cuvintelor: a piece of;
a kilogramme of; a spoon of;
a slice of;
a bottle of;
a bunch of;
1.1 Felul substantivelor
Substantivele n limba engleza se pot mparti n patru categorii:
substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp
substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary
substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy
substantive colective: crowd, group, team
1.2. Genul
Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex
masculin:
Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog

THE NOUN

Substantivele de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex


feminin:
Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe
Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale
sau fiinte al caror sex nu este cunoscut (pronume: it/they):
Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby
Exceptii: tarile, navele, n majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele
sau alte vehicule sunt de genul feminin.
Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii
engleze. Substantivele care intra n aceasta categorie au aceeasi
forma pentru ambele sexe:
Ex.: child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher
(profesor, profesoara).
Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel
feminin:
Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother,
son - daughter, uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king - queen
1.3. Numarul
Numarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca
ne referim la unul sau mai multe obiecte sau fiinte.
Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv:
dog, girl, wife, world, storm
Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui s
la forma de singular:
Ex.: cat+s=cats, day+s=days, world+s=worlds
Pluralul substantivelor teminate n ch, o, sh, s, x se
formeaza adaugnd es la singular.
Ex.: church+es=churches, bush+es=bushes,
class+es=classes, potato+es=potatoes,
bush+es=bushes, box+es=boxes
1.3.1. Pluralul neregulat
Substantive terminate n consoana+y fac pluralul n ies:
Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby babies
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THE NOUN

Unele substantive terminate n o fac plural prin


adaugarea unui s.
Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos
Unele substantive terminate n f sau fe vor suferi la
plural schimbarea n ves.
Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives,
self - selves, wolf - wolves
Exceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf
- gulfs, wharf - wharfs/ wharves
Cteva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea
unei vocale interne
Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth
Pluralul substantivului child este children.
Unele substantive ramn identice la plural Ex.: aircraft,
deer, series, sheep, species, fish
1.3.2 Pluralul substantivelor compuse
n cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvnt va
trece la plural.
Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents
Exceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element
este man sau woman vor primi semnul pluralului pentru
ambele substantive componente.
Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants
n cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii
de genul substantiv + prepozitie / adverb + substantiv,
substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.
Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on,
lookers-on, runners-up
Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin
adaugarea unui s
Ex.: MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very
important persons)
1.4. Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns)

THE NOUN

Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece


reprezinta fie unicate, obiecte puternic individualizate, notiuni
abstracte.
Nume de substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth,
glass, oil, stone, wood
Abstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present,
advice, death, help, information, news, beauty,
experience, horror, knowledge, friendship, theory,
literature
Alte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading,
luggage, parking, weather
Substantivele unice sunt ntotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb
la singular:
Ex.: This coffee is cold. The weather was dreadful.
Nu sunt precedate de a/an; pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste
substantive se foloseste: some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of,
slice of, etc.
Ex.: I do not want any help. I need some information. This slice
of bread is hard. The piece of advice you gave me helped.
Nota: Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se
pot numara, astfel devenind substantive comune si
comportndu-se ca atare (primes a/an la singular, pot avea
plural).
Sens Unic / Sens Comun
Her hair is black. (Parul ei este negru.)
She found a hair in the milk. (A gasit un fir de par n lapte.)
Their house was made of wood. (Casa lor este din lemn.)
We picnicked in the woods. (Am mers la picnic n padure.)
1.5. Forma posesiva
Se adauga 's la forma de singular a substantivelor care
nu se termina n s:
Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth,
women's clothes

THE NOUN

Vom folosi doar apostroful (') cu formele de plural ale


substantivelor care se termina n s.
Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence
Numele proprii terminate n s vor primi fie doar apostrof
('), fie 's
Ex.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poems
n cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul
cuvnt va primi 's
Ex.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives
's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.
Ex.: The CEO's assistant, the PM's speech
Forma posesiva se foloseste n general cnd vorbim de
oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de asemenea n
urmatoarele cazuri:
o n expresii temporale
Ex.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes'
break
o n expresii construite dupa modelul bani + worth
Ex.: ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps
o n alte expresii uzuale:
Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the
plane's wings, the train's departure
n cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este
uzuala omisiunea substantivului urmator atunci cnd
sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine, birouri, oficii,
casa, locuinta).
Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her
tickets at the travel agent's (office). The kids went to Bobby's
(house).
Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul
constructiei of+substantiv. Aceasta constructie se
foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau
animale atunci cand acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie
subordonata.

THE NOUN

Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the
house. Eg: I took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and went
to buy the book.
Masculine genders-----Feminine genders
1. Bachelor----- Spinster
2. Bachelor----- Maid
3. Bullock----- Heifer
4. Dog----- Bitch
5. Drone------ Bee
6. Horse----- Mare
7. Nephew----- Niece
8. Jew----- Jewess
9. Wizard----- Witch
10. Heir----- Heiress
11. Manager----- Manageress
12. Poet----- Poetess
13. Shepherd----- Shepherdess
14. Benefactor----- Benefactress
15. Hunter----- Huntress
16. Negro----- Negress
17. Emperor----- Empress
18. Traitor----- Traitress
19. Prince----- Princess
20. Lion----- Lioness
21. Bull----- Cow
22. Ox----- Cow
23. Mayor----- Mayoress
24. Tiger----- Tigress
25. Actor----- Actress
26. Host----- Hostress
27. Uncle----- Aunt
28. Monk----- Nun
29. Gentleman----- Lady
30. Duke----- Duchess
31. Sultan-----Sultana
EXERCISES

THE NOUN

1. Scrie femininul urmatoarelor substantive:


actor, driver, elephant, guide, son, bull, nephew, cousin, dog, waiter,
camel, manager, uncle, lion, bachelor, widower, assistant, host, snake,
player, bridegromm, doctor, teacher.
2. Scrie pluralul urmatoarelor substantive:
knife, baby, child, country, aircraft, foot, key, kilo, woman, leaf, loaf,
man, photo, piano, sheep, shelf, storey, thief, tooth, wife.
3. Rescrie urmatoarele constructii conform modelului:
The luggage belonging to the travellers - The traveller's luggage
The room belonging to the child The clothes belonging to the children The car belonging to Mr. Smith The luggage belonging to the VIP The flat belonging to her son-in-law The canteen used by the workers
I. Turn the italicized nouns into the plural and make all the
other necessary changes in the sentences:
1. The chicken was eaten by a fox. 2. Have you seen this
interesting phenomenon? 3. That knife shouldnt be used any more.
4. Yesterday a house was robbed by a thief. 5. The child in that
family has bad manners. 6. The farmer has a hen, a goose, and a
sheep. 7. My sister-in-law is a teacher. 8. My cat never catches a
mouse. 9. The businessman is considering the new tariff. 10. She has
lost the key to that door. 11. The housewife and the middle-aged
woman are the principal consumers of this product. 12. We are
looking for the witness who has seen the accident.
II. Choose the right word from the brackets:
1. The scissors (was, were) here a few minutes ago. 2. His
luggage (was, were) lost yesterday. 3. A (little, few) knowledge (is,
are) a dangerous thing. 4. (much, many) people on the ship (was,
were) getting seasick from the waves. There (is, are) several means
of accomplishing our purpose. 6. Billiards (is, are) his favorite game.
7. The news printed in that paper (is, are) never accurate. 8. We dont
need to buy so (much, many) furniture, there (is, are) (much, many)
chairs here. 9. How (much, many) information do you need? 10. You
didnt give me (much, many) ideas about the job, and very (little,
few) advice.
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THE NOUN

Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: bar, bit, item,
piece, slice;
1. There are two interesting of news in todays paper. 2. Dont
forget to buy a chocolate on your way home. 3. She cut several
of bread for lunch. 4. We want to buy a new of furniture for the
sitting room. 5. Each passenger is allowed to take three of
luggage. 6. With aof luck we can get rid of them. 7. You can have
that of cold beef left over from yesterdays dinner. 8. This is a
of good advice. Im sure it will help me.
Exercise:Name the gender of each of the following nouns
son
daughter
brother
sister
father
cousin
mouse
boy
general
house
ship
mother
tree
apple
goose
drake
brush
uncle
Douglas
Anne
niece
England
clock
pitcher
leaf
cow
friend
George
mom
road
EXERCISE - Form Abstract Nouns from the following:
man, scholar, king - manhood, scholarship, kingdom
know, sell, think - knowledge, sale, thought
long, strong, wise - length, strength, wisdom
brother, lose, great - brotherhood, loss, greatness
A) Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the given nouns for
the following exercise. Use each noun only one time.
chair

job

experience

information

hair

luggage

progress

furniture

permission

work

1. I don't have much


. Just two small bags.
2. They are going to tell you all you want to know. They are going to
give you a lot of
.
3. There is room for everybody to sit down. There are a lot of
.
4. We have no
, not even a bed or a table.
5. 'What does Alan look like?' He's got a long beard and very short
.
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THE NOUN

6. Carla's English is very bad. She must make


7. George is unemployed. He's looking for a

.
.

8. If you want to leave work early, you have to ask for


9. I don't think Ann will get the job. She hasn't got enough

.
.

10. Shakespeares
are wonderful.
Write the correct form of the possessives into the gaps (apostrophe
's).
1) This is

book. (Peter)

2) Let's go to the
3) The

. (Smiths)
room is upstairs. (children)

4)

sister is twelve years old. (John)

5)

and

6)

shoes are on the second floor. (men)

7) My
8)

school is old. (Susan - Steve)

car was not expensive. (parents)


CD player is new. (Charles)

9) This is the
10) These are the

bike. (boy)
pencils. (boys)

1) (a glass) milk 2) (my friend) bike 3) (the window) room 4) (Mr Smith) car 5) (ten minutes) walk -

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THE NOUN

6) (the headteacher) office 7) (the number) house


8) (two days) work 9) (the waiter) shoes 10) (Britain) economy Fill in the following words advice, chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat,
milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis and form meaningful phrases.
And also give more examples to each one.
1) a piece of
2) a packet of
3) a bar of
4) a glass of
5) a cup of
6) a bottle of
7) a slice of
8) a barrel of
9) a game of
10) a jar of
Determine which form is the correct plural form for the noun in
the sentence.
1.One child is here and the other
are outdoors.
2.This foot of the chair is broken, but the other
are fine.
3.One woman wants a hamburger and the other
want salads.
4.This tooth hurts and so do my other .. .
5.This mouse is for a Macintosh. The other
are for PCs.
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THE NOUN

6.Park that auto here, and park the other


in the back lot.
7.Your first photo is focused, but the other
are out of focus.
8.Type one zero here and type three
there.
9.One hero, Martin Luther King Jr., like so many
fought for
freedom.
10.Peel one potato and put the other two
away.
11.I want this video and those
too.
12. One wolf will fight to control the other
in the pack.
13.People have one life, but a cat, it is said, has nine .
14.A bread knife and several butter
were left in the sink.
15.My belief and your
may differ.
16.The tile roof didn't burn, but the wooden
all caught fire.
17.One thief got away, but the other two
were caught.
18.This red fish and those green, blue, and black
are
beautiful.
18.This red fish and those green, blue, and black
are
beautiful.
19. The World Series this year was more exciting than all the .
before.
20.I ate one grapefruit ,
but the other are not ripe yet.
21.One analysis was well-written, the other
two were
poorly written.
22.A bacterium multiplies to create more
in seconds.
23.My thesis is different from their .. .
24.Here is the syllabus for Art 101 and the
for Math I & II.
25. The basis of his research is built upon the
of many other
researchers' work.
26.One memorandum was lost, but the other
were in his
notebook.
27.An earthquake is a phenomenon unlike any other
in
nature.
28.Take out one parenthesis and leave the other two
there.
29.I found the chapter in one index , but not the other two ...
30.
The course curriculum this year is more complete than the .
used in the past.

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