CHAPTER 1

Counselling
- is a process of interaction between counselor and their
client which the process is systematic base on the
pscyotherapy principle
Guidance
- a process of helping people make important choice
that effect their life.
Psychotherapy
- is a process of treatment using psychology approach
which focuses on internal problem like mental problem,
personal issue or conflict
Concept
- guidance > give an assist ( knowledge, skills,
experience, info )
- counselling > face2face interaction
- psychotherapy > talking treament (psychology
approach)
Differences between guidance and counselling
Guidance
Giving info,
knwldge, skills
Encourage
exploration
Helping client to
make a good
choice

Counselling
Giving advice
Problem solving
Helping people for
them to use the
strength that they
have to get a good
result

Differences between counselling and psychotherapy

Appro
ach
Focus
Settin

Counsel
ling

Psychothe
rapy

develop
ment
School,

recovery
Hospital,

g
Durati
on

high
institut
1-5
session

People Client

mental
health care
Bertahun2
depend on
the client
Patient

The similarities
- all are using communication-based approach
- share common assumption about how helper should
help client.
- All assume that the client is ultimately the decision
maker
- All involve relationship between two ore more people
The differences
- guidance provide more information
- counselling and psychotherapy are more holistic than
guidance in helping client
Summary
- guidance and counselling are more suitable for normal
client experiencing problems that are not to serious.
- Meanwhile psychotherapy is more suitable for patient
having serious problem like mental problem
- G&C teacher have knowledge, info and basic skill to
conduct the session
- Psychotherapist has specif skill and knowledge such as
hypnosis
- G&C people known as client while P known as Patient
- G&C take shorter time compare to P which may last for
for a few month
Goals of guidance and counselling
- psychological support > motivation
- resposibility > understand the consequences of the
decision
- positive change > changing behavior, become more
confident
- self-adjustment >
- effective decision making skill > can make a good
decision
- potential achievement > development of the potential
Objective

- guiding student to have a good values and attitudes

and positive behavior
- develop student potential to optimum potential
- guide the student to understand their strenths and
weaknesses
- give advices for their future
- to change student behavior
- to establish the concept of kendiri positif
- provide guidance for student to make their choice
- give guidance to solve academic problems
- give motivation
principle
- the client can having a fair service without need to
consider their background
- it become the responsibility of counselor, teacher,
school and parent
- following the procedur and rules
- good relationship between counselor and client
- without coercion
- run in special room
- follow the ethics and maintain the student right
- the counselling relationship is confidential
- handle by educated counselor and teacher
philosophy
- all student have potential that can be develop theirs to
optimum level through the implentation the session of
G&C
- to develop student who good in 5 aspect which are
JERIS

Approach
-

pendekatan
pendekatan
pendekatan
pendekatan

krisis
pemulihan
pencegahan
perkembangan

the important of G&C

-

help to reduce the dicipline problem

help teacher to guide to the student
giving motivation to the student
help student to make a good choice
help student to solve their personal problem

- good in JERIS

CHAPTER 2
G & C services
Type of guidance
-

inventory, assessment, record

guidance
counseling
placement and followup
consultancy and referral
appraisal

Inventory
- collecting data about student in general and client in
particular ( Test and Non-test )
Assessment
- analysis data about students in general and clients in
particular ( subjective and objective )
Record
- refer to three types of records created by G&C teachers
Guidance
- refer to personal and invidual development
counseling
- services that can be done by individual or grouping.
The client can come from volunteer person, invited,
refered

placement
- involve the assessment of the child, information
service and counseling service which are suitable for
them
follow-up
- is about the systematic plan to make sure the
relationship with the ex student
consultancy and referral
- the giving info, gving suggestion, facilitating planning
processes are major component of school counselor
function
- colaboration with parents and teachers

appraisal
- as a prove to assess the counselor and also all the
program that have been set by the government.
- Assessment of the climate, school
Data Collection Sharing
- test administration
- test interpretation
- coordinating and managing student record
Counselling
-

crisis approach
remedial approach
preventive approach
development approach

crisis approach
- to handle critical case like histeria, or trying to suicide
- case that able to harm other students
- teacher need to involve as a middle man to solve the
miscommunication and trying to solve the problem
remedial approach
- focus to the problem that have been identify from time
to time

- problem that can cause crisis

- ponteng, fighting
- use individual counseling or group counseling
preventive approach
- anticipate and accomadate
- guidance or effeort to stop unhealthy activity ike drug
abbuse
- teacher roles to spread the information about the
danger of drug and how to prevent
- create program and campaign
development approach
- effort to enhance their potential to optimum potential
- effort to discover the needs of the students in order to
make sure they got the knowledge, skills, experiences
- give them chance for them to solve their own problems

ETHICS
- establish principle guiding behavior
- are intentionally not specific
- are not law they are created and followed voluntarily
Code of ethics
- benefit others > do what enhances client well being
- do not harm > avoid high rish activities
- respect other autonomy clients have freedom of
thought and freedom to chose their direction. Help
clients think clearly and weigh the consequences
- be just or fair provide equal or fair treatment
- be faithful make honest promises and honor these
promises
Code of conduct
Responsibility to
-

organization and employer

client
society
professional leagua

ASCA ethical standards

responsibilities

to student
to parents
colleagues
the school
to self
to the profession

ETHICAL REASONING
5 moral principles
- autonomy
respects client right to independce
- nonmaleficence
to cause no harm
- Beneficence
to do good
- Justice
fair and nondiscrimination
- Fidelity
loyalty & honor to commitments made
CHAPTER 3
Teacher as a guidance teacher
Quantitative Data collection methods
- perfomance test > motor ability
- aptitude test > how students perform on tasks or react
to situations
- career interest inventory
- attitude test evaluation of person, objext ranging
from +ve to ve
- personality test inventories

Qualitative data collection methods

- observation
- interview
- document analysisreport card
clas registers

identifying children problems

- anectdotal records

running records
time sampling
event sampling
diary/journal
chechlist
sociogram
childrens work
photos
audio video recording

CHAPTER 4
THEORY
Behaviorist theory
The role of the environment can stimulate the change of
behavior
-

stimulation
respond
repetitive reinforcement
positive reinforcement

role of couseling
-

monitor the behavior of the less desirable

practice skills to manage behavior
complete the assignment
to give advice for the client
to share the experience

techniques and strategies to help cilent

- relaxation training

used to smoothe the muscle and mental, take time from

4-8 will be provided with instruction to calm themselves,
manage inhalationa can help relation, use this tech to
manage stress
- systematic desensitization ( buang perasaa negatif )
to underminde the relationship n the stimulus like worry
and fear
this technique to separate or reduce the cleint anxiety
through relaxation
- training assestif ( confident )
to develop self assetiv responde
appropriate to train
- difficult to vent anger
- it hard to say no
- humble
- social bias
- exercise to improve self to make assestif
- teaches to express their own feeling and right
contingency contract (pelan kecemanasn)
- suitable for children as adult will be more careful

implosion and flooding

- making client aware of the circumstance giving rise to
reflect the concern and have the devastating effect
- the client is thought to relax earlier
- not sutable for new client
token economy
- as gift given as reinforcement for appropriate behavior

Client centred theory ( humanistic)

- increase a person feeling of self worth
- reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal
and actual self
- help a person become more of fully functioning person
tech

- genuiness congruence
- the therapist need to share feeling honestly. By modelling
this behavior the therapist can help the client to develop
this important skill
- it allow the client to experience them as they really are
- it is authentic
uncondtional positive regard
- accept the client
- this climate can make client feels able to express his or
her emotions without fear
- need to be careful to maintain the positive attitude
toward client
emphaty understanding
- understand what the client is feeling
REBT
Using concept of hedonism which seeking pleasure and
avoiding pain
USA uncontional acceptance
To change to irrational thought to rational thought so can
accept each thing that happen very well
Concept ABCDE
A activating event
Event that happen
Attitude or behavior of someone experienced
B beliefs
Irrational belief
C consequences
Create an emotion result
D the method that use to correct the irrational
belief
E Effect of the action
Normal emotion produced

Tech
- counselling procedure
establish a comfortable atmoshere for client
(therapeutic)
- technical rebt
cognitive method > argument of irrational belief
emotive method > include element of humor
behavioral method > operant technique ..
reinforcemtn, homework
Tech in counseling
-

coping selft statement

cost benefit anaylsis
psychoeducational methods
imagery
role playing
shame attacking exercie
homework
penalties and rewards
skill training
training in group
humor

CHAPTER 5
Stages in counseling
-

pre-session
explanation
structure
communication / relationship
exploratio
reinforcement
planning
ending

pre-session

- stage where the counselor must be readi with mental

and physical including the information about the client,
belief and also the environment
explanation
- the couselor tries to get a clear picture about the
problem of the student
- the couselor should get the explanantion from the
student
structure
- the couselor should determine whereas he has skill to
help the client
- they will determine to make a contract
- the client will be ask whether the he can trust the
- the client will be explained the step, characterisitc,
limitation and the goal in the relationship
- benefit of contract client will be more committed
communication & relationshop
- the stage is to focus to strengthen the relationship
between couselor and client
- counselor should slowly trying to build the relationship
with the client to make sure them become more
comfortable with him/her
exploration
-

the focus here to sustain the exisiting relationship

to eliminate the unconditional feeling between them
support client to explore their problem
collect fact that can help to solve prob
decide whether the relationshp can be go or not
teach client skills to attain goal
do chores to help client achieve their goals
if the proble still cant be solve
client chooese to go on the exploration, do not go on,
find another counselor and end the session

reinforcement
- client tell his feeling in details and state other
alternative
- new skill being implemented
planning

- the counselor will trying to focus on the specific

planning
- planning for end the session and continue the session
will be carried on
ending
- conclusion about client achievement will be held
- identify why the goals is not achieve by stating the
reason
- client can be asked to wrap up all the that he go
through
- counselor can add on
- after that, conselor can end the session when he feels
the client can solve his own problems
- the session noew can be ended
important skills for counselor
-

empathy
leading
responding
self discloure
immediacy
humor
confrontation

empathy
- putting yourself in the client shoes
- trying to understand the client intended emotional
message
- it absolutely essestial for the client that your
understndng is perceive
leading
-

lead the client forward the session using silence

restatement the content (paraphrasing)
reflection of content
reflection of feeling
minimal encourages like I see, uh,
general encouragers to show we are interestedplease
say more about..
- encouragement support
- therapeutic silence
responding styles
- the act of responding will affect the client

- affective responding
focusing onfeeling
- behavioral response
focusing on actions and behavior
- cognitibe response
focusing on thought and cognitions
self discloure
- is about revealing personal information
- counselor self disclosure is only necessary when it
relate to therapeutic process
- too much will hinder the process
immediacy
- involve the understanding and communication of wat is
going on between him and client within the help of
relationsjip
humor
- can gve positive effect when used properly
- is should be a correct timing too make sure in does not
become bad joke
confrontation
- to bring the client to see his problems itself
- the couselor need to make sure their relationshi is
good before start the session
basic skills
-

attending and listening

intepretating non behavioral behavior
responding
identyfing the prob
implementing intervention

CHAPTER 6
THERAPY
Play therapy
- form of counselling uses play to communicate and help
children to prevent and solve psychological challenges

- better social integration, growth and development

concept
- children can know more about the world through
playing
- physical space is provided for the kids
- kids able to explore their identity
- the toys which relate to the real life, share feeling
objectives
-

reduce attitude and emotional prob

better communication between parents and children
to solve problem that interupt normal development
comminicate naturally through playing activitiy

eg problems
-

family problem ( divorce )

bite nails
toilets problem
abuse victim

therapist use
- children fantasy
- signs in playing as medium to communcate with
children
methods : non directive version
- identify children
- decide either be with children or let them alone
- get material for the session
manipulate material ( clay, crayon, colouring
material
container for water and sand actvy
cooking tool toys
baby tools
dolls
knife toys
car toys
animals
lego
- put at the accessible place easy for children
- introduce the toys
- tell them time about to play
- let them choose
- use reflection methods to respond

- tell them time left

- tell them time is end for today
- tell about the next session
proses
1st phase the feeling of being acceptance into group
2nd phase able to share feeling to others
3rd phase explore the event
4th phase respond to the solution
the implentation of play theraphy
- the room
suitable for children and complete with suitable
material
- toys medium
encourage the kids the think and feel
can test the reality of the kids
give them chance to share unwanted feeling
easily can be manipulate by the kids

the important
-

give the kids chance to make their own choice

a good chance to see the kids problems
a good and safe place to express feeling
build confident
develop the good characteristic
increase manipulate skills
express emotion

probem in implementation
-

cost
material
material cost
place
service
not enough expert
time table and routine
cooperation
followup
cant be applied at home

Art therapy

Concept
-

focus on the art making process as therapeutic

can interpret the client expression through drawing
gve different impact to different people
no words/ communication languages needed
some people can not express verbally
eg
colouring
drawing
photography
other visual
no talent needed
improve emotion
reduce stress
explore ourselves
suitable for disable kids

the importances
-

solve emotional conflict

increase the awareness
build the social awareness
change the behavior
build the problem solving strategy

kepentingan seni
- experience through the imagination
- everyday experience
- universal experiece
function in the education
- encourage the development of physical, mental and
estatic
- contribute to selft satisfaction
- contribute to the problem solving
- contribute to personality development
- as a tool to help kids development
art activity
-

catan
colaj
reka bentuk
anyaman
hand craft

Bibliotherapy
- a process of therapy which use book as medium to
solve problem
function
-

reduce the stress

reduce the boredom
reduce the tension
help in children development
help children to solve problem
increase student knowledge
can act as a hobby to fulfill the leisure time

advantages
-

enhance empathy
increase integration and understanding
gives information and alternatives
encourages discussion and ideas
ability to enjoy literature
help to solve daily prob
teach about world, culture
as leisure activity

disadvantages
-

only suitable for client who like to read

take a long time
not practical in individual caunseling
require high understanding
different problem different book
cost

method/tool
-

short stories
biography
fantasy stories
picture book
video

process
- identify client needs
- choosing
suitable books
realistics picture to the life
not imagination

- presentation
illustration, cover, big page
strategic techniques client can see same
behavior /character in the story
- follow up
actions
sharing the opion
show it
stages
-

1st phase ( orientasi )

2nd phase ( share conflict and confrontion )
3rd phase ( development and integrated )
4th phase ( production )
5th phase

story telling therapy

a process of therapy which using stories metaphor and
imagery to change the wy we see our lives and the world,
offering healing and growth to everyone
it can influence other
- verbal + nonverbal info in telling the story
- not much different from daily conversation
- active inner feeling
advantages
- children learn moral values and lesson
- traumatic experiences
learnt to belief and have safe feeling
positive output
go through as character and overcome the
challenges
increase confident
guidelines
- subtle
changes animals as character
use different gender
- creative
use props
renovate story
- positive ending

- ask children to retell story

explore emotion/feeling
achieve problem solving
CHAPTER 7
Group counselling
- a collection of two or more individual who meet in the
face interaction, interdependently, with the awareness
that each belong to the group and for the purpose of
achieving mutually agreed on goals
basic of group counseling
a relationship between counselor and group
members which focus prevention and cure. Help
solving the problem before it becomes more
complicated
principle
-

democracy environment
each members need to know the objectives
group members willing to share
group members should be responsible for their
behavior
- group members must keep the information and secret
- short term goal
- long term goal
member selection
-

every members need to be interviews first

make certain criteria for group members
members cant leave the group anytime
consider every group members opinion
distribute the appointment form
members number/size group
members age
members gender
set the group type
set the aim
time
venue/location
choose leader

group leadership skill

- encourage the participatn of group members

- observe and identify group process and event

- pay attention to and acknowledge the behavior of
group members
- clarify and summarize statement
- begin and end session
- give info when needed
leader
- encourage member to be brave to express feeling,
attitude
- responsible to what happen to their group
- set the rules
- expert of interaction
- develop the interaction between member
- solve the miscommunication
- pemudah cara
type of leader
-

facilitate
friendly
respect other
emphaty
sincere
open minded
kecindaan

type of group counselling

-

guidance group
psychotherapy group
counseling group
task group
development group
theraputic group

the process of group counseling

-

beginning stage
transaction stage
implementation stage
last stage

counselor as pemudah cara

-

characteristic of secret saver

friendly
charismatic
confident

have humor
flexible
know the members very well
discipline
positive thinker
creative

dynamic ( interaction )in group counseling

-

have element of universal value

spiritual
full with information
ready to help
development of social skill
focus on interpersonal in the group
cohesion of the member