Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.0
1.1
A World of Computer
What Is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory. Its processing cycle begins with collecting data (input) and ends with producing information
(output).
Input
(data)
process
Output
(information)
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Description
Allows user to enter data and instructions into a computer
Hardware component that conveys information to one or more people
Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that
are used to process data
Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage
Media
Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, and
information to and from one or more computers or mobile devices
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1.2
Information Technology
IT refers to all of the computer-based information systems used by organizations and their underlying
technologies.
Elements of IT : Hardware, software, databases, networks and other related components.
Elements of IS
Input
(data)
process
Output
(information)
feedback
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1.3
The rate at which new computer hardware products are arriving in the market is simply mind-boggling.
As the technology advances, the size and the price of the devices come down, while the efficiency and
capacity increase. The scenario is same in all cases, whether it is about internal components like
processor, motherboard, RAM, graphics card, and hard disk or for peripheral accessories like mouse,
keyboard, and monitors. Personal computers became popular only before about three decades back. But
already there are huge piles of outdated and antique hardware components and devices. This is a tribute
to the tremendous rate of development of latest technologies in computer hardware field. Perhaps, the
newest entrant into the archeological catalogue of computer peripherals is CRT monitors. The sleek
looking LCD monitors are spreading like computer virus.
Data storage devices have attracted considerable attention of the technology developers. New kinds of
storage devices such as newer versions of flash memory cards, hard disks using latest technology and
disks of ever-increasing capacity are the results of advancement in latest technology in compute
hardware. The memory size of the random access memory (RAM) cards is soaring to enable the smooth
functioning of graphics animation software packages and streaming video websites. Also, computer
motherboards have undergone substantial changes over the years. More and more functions are being
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added to the motherboard. Also, despite the incredible improvement in performance and functionalities,
the price of these components has actually fallen steadily.
The most vital component of a computer is the microprocessor. It is in this field that a battle of
developing latest technologies in computer hardware takes place. The pace of development of
microprocessor increases as the competition between the major processor chip manufacturing
companies, Intel and AMD, intensifies. Both the companies are engaging in a neck and neck competition
and continuously outdo each other in introducing new technologies.
In the field of computer peripherals, the latest technology in computer hardware is in developing yet
another version of wireless mouse and keyboard. The concept of wireless mouse and keyboard is about
a decade old. But the development of these items is still a work in progress. The latest products of
wireless mouse and keyboard are said to be highly durable and error free.
Some of the developments in the latest technology in computer hardware are gearing up for changing
the present concept of desktop and laptop computers. With new developments making possible the
convergence of mobile phone technology and computers, a new breed of fully functional palm-top
computers are going to be introduced in near future. With touch screen monitors and without the need
for a mouse, these gadgets are likely to become the next big leap in the constantly leaping technological
development field.
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2.0
COMPUTER HARDWARE
2.1
2.1.1
Input Devices
An input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into
a computer.
2.1.1.1 Keyboard
An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of wrist and hand injuries.
Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of the workplace.
Keyboards on mobile devices typically are smaller and/or have fewer keys. Some phones have
predictive text input, which saves time when entering text using the phones keypad.
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Mouse
Trackball
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Pointing Stick
Pen Input
Game Controller
Game pads
Light guns
Motion-sensing controller
Studio cameras
Field cameras
Point-and-shoot camera
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Speech
Music
Sound Effects
Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and edit music and sounds.
A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to:
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Optical character recognition (OCR) involves reading characters from ordinary documents. A
turnaround document is a document you return to the company that creates and sends it.
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Optical mark recognition (OMR) reads hand-drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles.
An OMR device scans the documents and matches the patterns of light
A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar codes
RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in
or attached to an object. An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves. RFID
can track:
Magnetic stripe card readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as:
Credit cards
Entertainment cards
Bank cards
Other similar cards
MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with magnetized ink. An
MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can process. Banking
industry uses MICR for check processing.
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Data collection devices obtain data directly at the location where the transaction or event
takes place. Used in:
Restaurants
Grocery stores
Factories
Warehouses
The outdoors
2.1.2
Output Devices
An output device is any hardware component that conveys information to one or more people.
Four commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor, speakers and a portable media
player.
LCD monitor
Widescreen
Liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display device.
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Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. A higher resolution
uses a greater number of pixels.
The graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the manipulation and display of graphics on a display
device. LCD monitors use a digital signal and should plug into a DVI port, and HDMI port, or a
DisplayPort.
Plasma monitors are display devices that use gas plasma technology and offer screen sizes up to
150 inches.
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Televisions also are a good output device - Require a converter if you are connecting your
computer to an analog television. Digital television (DTV) offers a crisper, higher-quality output.
HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television. A CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that
contains a cathode-ray tube. Have a much larger footprint than do LCD monitors.
2.1.2.2 Printers
A printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium. Printed information is called a hard
copy, or printout. The orientation is either Landscape or portrait. Two types of printer:
i.
Nonimpact printer
ii.
Impact printer
Nonimpact Printer
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Printer
Ink-jet Printers
Description
Color or black-and-white
Photo Printer
Multi-Function Peripheral
Thermal Printer
Two types:
o
Dye-sublimation printer
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Mobile Printer
Label Printer
Plotters
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Impact Printer
Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism
against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. Two types of impact printer:
Dot-Matrix printer produces printed images when tiny wire pins on a print head
mechanism strike an inked ribbon
Listen to music
View movies
Headphones are speakers that cover or are placed outside of the ear. Earbuds (also called
earphones) rest inside the ear canal. Wireless speakers are specifically designed to play audio
from a portable media player.
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Voice output occurs when you hear a persons voice or when the computer talks to you through
the speakers.
Description
A data projector is a device that takes the text and
images displaying on a computer screen and projects
them on a larger screen
Interactive Whiteboards
LCD projector
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2.1.3
Storage
Storage holds data, instruction, and information for future use. A storage medium is the physical
material on which a computer keeps data, instruction and information. A storage device is the
computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from storage media.
Reading is the process of transferring items from a storage medium into memory
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A memory card is a removable flash memory device that you insert and remove from a slot in a
computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer.
USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device (512 MB-100 GB).
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An Express Card module is a removable device that fits in an Express Card slot. It is developed by
the PCMCIA and commonly used in notebook computers.
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Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer users (may or may not be
free).
An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is
written and read by a laser. Typically it stores software, data, digital photos, movies and music.
Two types of optical disks is Read only or rewritable.
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Description
Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable
of storing large amounts of data and information.
A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a
tape (sequential access)
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2.1.4
System Unit
The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process
data. The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes:
1. Drive Bay
2. Power Supply
3. Sound Card
4. Video Card
5. Processor
6. Memory
What is the motherboard? The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit. A
computer chip contains integrated circuits.
What is the Processor? The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets
and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. It contains Control Unit (CU)
which directs and coordinates operations in computer and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which
performs arithmetic, comparison and logical operations.
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The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz). The
leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD. A processor
chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up.
Require additional cooling
Heat sinks
What is the Memory? Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting
to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of
processing the data. Stores three basic categories of items:
Each location in memory has an address. Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB).
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What is Bay(s)? A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional
equipment. A drive bay typically holds disk drives.
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What is Power Supply? The power supply converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power.
Some external peripherals have an AC adapter, which is an external power supply.
2.1.5
Connector Components
Port / Connector
Description
Serial Port: Transmits one bit of data at a time. Connects slowspeed devices, such as mouse, keyboard and modem.
Parallel Port: Connects devices that can transfer more than one
bit at a time, such as a printer
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Bluetooth Port
A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a
Bluetooth port
FireWire Port
FireWire ports are forms of a serial port that make use of
FireWire technology to transfer data rapidly from one electronic
device to another.
SCSI Port
SCSI or Small Computer System Interface is a set of standards for
connecting computers and peripheral devices for data transfer.
SCSI is commonly used for hard disks and tape drives, but can
connect a wide range of other devices like optical drives like
CD/DVD drive if the specific device being connected supports the
standard. There are different SCSI port types like parallel SCSI,
serial SCSI, Fiber SCSI and iSCSI.
eSata Port
eSATA is a External Serial ATA interface. Serial ATA is a
commonly used interface for internal Hard Drives, and eSATA is
an extension of that specification to be used with external
devices.
IrDA Port
Short for Infrared Data Association, a group of device
manufacturers that developed a standard for transmitting data
via infrared light waves.
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2.2
Portable Device
Portables are built with the intention of being lightweight and fitting within a certain size or form factor.
Portable devices include batteries, hard drives, PCMCIA Cards, and memory.
Hardware
Description
Notebook computers incorporate the system unit, input unit, and output
unit into a single, lightweight package, that can be carried around by the
user. They are also called portables, laptop computers, palmtops, or personal
digital assistant (PDA), depending on their size and what they can do.
Notebook Computers
Originally, portables used Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries and were in an
external battery pack that would attach to the portable device. More
recently, Nickel Metal-Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-Ion batteries have been
used in portable devices. These batteries usually last for a little over two
Batteries
hours, depending on their size and the power consumption by the device.
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Portable
They are much lighter and more compact than CRT monitors.
Computer
Display
A port replicator is an external device that provides connections to
peripherals through ports built into the device .A docking station is an
external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device
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Infrared technology, also known as Infrared Radiation (IR) is used for wireless
transmission between computer devices and in remote controls for
television and stereo systems. To successfully link two devices, there must be
a transmitter and receiver with an unobstructed line of sight between the
devices.
Infrared Device
Radio signals are used in wireless networking technologies to enable
computers to broadcast their information to one another using. A wireless
access point is utilized so that computers in a client/server network
communicate.
Wireless Access point
2.3
Multimedia has been described as the addition of animated images as in an animated GIF on the web.
Multimedia is distinguished from traditional motion pictures or movies both by the scale of the
production (multimedia is usually smaller and less expensive) and by the addition of audience
participation or interactive multimedia. The minimum hardware requirements include a computer
monitor, video accelerator card, and sound adapter card with attached speakers.
The types of computer hardware and software necessary to develop multimedia on the PC vary.
The minimum hardware requirements include a computer monitor, video accelerator card, and sound
adapter card with attached speakers.
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Almost all displays and video adapters adhere to the standard Video Graphics Array (VGA).
VGA is how data is passed between the computer and the display.
A display or monitor is a computer output surface and projecting mechanism that shows text
and often graphic images.
This requirement and the need to continually refresh the displayed image means that the
computer also needs a display or video adapter.
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A sound card is a device (either in the form of an expansion card or a chipset) that allows
the computer to handle audio information.
Basic responsibility of a sound card is the input, processing, and output of audio
information.
Refer to the user guide to determine what hardware configuration settings should be
made before inserting the card into the system.
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A common connection is cabling the CD-ROM or DVDROM drive to the sound card to
produce digital audio.
All CD-ROM drives have an analog audio out connector for connecting to a sound card.
A sound card driver is the software that allows the computer operating system to
communicate with the hardware.
Faulty drivers can cause either distorted audio output, no audio output, or can adversely
affect the performance of a computer.
Most sound card manufacturers include a disk or CD with their product.Once the sound
card is installed, the driver can be installed, changed, or updated by using the Device
Manager.
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MIDI port Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) used to connect musical devices.
Microphones can be connected to a sound card using the female 3.5mm mini jack port
on the face of the sound card.
The line in port is used to capture audio from amplified sources with line out options.
The major advantage of using the digital in option is that there is no analog to digital
conversion necessary to capture the audio information.
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2.3.4 Drives
Compact Disk, Read Only Memory (CD-ROMs) are a very popular type of removable
media.
CD-ROM drives are categorized by their case type, bus type, and read speed.
The CD-ROM drive needs to be connected to a 40-pin IDE cable that is then connected to
the IDE controller.
An internal CD-ROM drive uses the standard Molex power connector that supplies 12
volts to other devices inside a PC.
CD recorders allow users to "burn" their own CDs containing music, data, video, or any
combination thereof.
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DVDs share the same physical size of a CD-ROM but can handle a much greater amount
of information.
Computer DVD drives can also play movies and music as well as read data discs.
Manufacturers can now place their entire program on a single DVD instead of multiple
lower capacity CDs.
A DVD drive can read DVDs and CDs while a CD-ROM drive can only read CDs.
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4. DVD+RW - has the ability to use a variable bit-rate when encoding certain types
of media
A digital camera has a series of lenses that focus light to create an image of a scene just
like a conventional film camera.
It focuses light onto a semiconductor device that records the light electronically instead
of focusing this light onto a piece of film.
Many digital cameras use an LCD screen and fixed storage connected to the computer to
download the images.
Analog camcorders record video and audio signals as an analog track on video tape.
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Digital recorders record information digitally, as bytes. This allows the image to be
reproduced without losing any image or audio quality.
Digital video can be downloaded to a computer, where it can be edited or posted on the
Internet.
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Computer Software /program, tells the computer what tasks to perform and how to perform
them. Consist of
1. System Software
2. Application Software
System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the
computer and its devices. Consist of
1. Operating System
2. Utility Programs
An operating system (OS) is a set of programs containing instructions that work together to
coordinate all the activities among computer hardware resources
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Cold boot : Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely
The system files and the kernel of the operating system load into memory (RAM) from
storage (i.e hard disk)
g. The operating system loads configuration information, may request user information, starts
several background processes. And displays the desktop on the screen
5. A recovery disk contains a few system files that will start the computer
Sleep mode saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns off all unneeded
functions, and then places the computer in a low-power state
Hibernate saves any open documents and programs to a hard disk before removing
power from the computer
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7. A user interface controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is displayed
on the screen
8. With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with menus and visual images
9. With a command-line interface, a user uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions
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e. Uninstalling programs
f.
Cleaning up disks
g. Defragmenting disks
h. Diagnosing problems
i.
j.
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Google Android
g. Embedded Linux - Scaled-down Linux operating system designed for smart phones, PDAs, smart
watches, set-top boxes, Internet telephones, and other devices
h. Symbian OS:- Open-source, multitasking operating system designed for smart phones Make
telephone calls, save appointments, browse Web, send and receive text and picture messages,
e-mail messages, faxes, and more
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3. A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer based on criteria you
specify
4. An image viewer allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a graphics file
5. An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the system files
6. A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files
a. Downloaded program files
b. Temporary Internet files
c. Deleted files
d. Unused program files
7. A disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space on a computers hard disk so that the
operating system accesses data more quickly and programs run faster
a. Defragmenting
8. A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium
9. A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their original form
10. A screen saver causes a display devices screen to show a moving image or blank screen if no activity
occurs for a specified time
11. A personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions
a. A virus describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects a computer Negatively
b. A worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or over a network
c. A Trojan horse hides within or looks like a legitimate program
12. An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses
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13. Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the users knowledge that secretly collects
information about the user. A spyware remover detects and deletes spyware and other similar
programs
14. Adware displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window. An adware remover is a
program that detects and deletes adware
15. Filters are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed
a. Web filtering software
b. Anti-spam programs
c. Phishing filters
d. Pop-up blockers
16. A file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s).Compressing files frees up room on the storage
media. Two types of compression
a.
Lossy
b.
Lossless
17. Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files. It can be uncompressed.
18. A media player allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on
your computer
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19. Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files on a recordable or rewritable
optical disc
20. A personal computer maintenance utility identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects
and repairs disk problems, and includes the capability of improving a computers performance
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Business software
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Business Software is application software that assists people while performing business activities
1. Word processing software allows users to create and manipulate documents
a. Clip art is a collection of electronic drawings, photos, and other images
b. Additional word processing features include
c. Developing a document
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2. Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in rows and columns and perform
calculations
a. A function is a predefined formula that performs common calculations
b. Charting depicts data in a spreadsheet in graphical form
3. A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of
that data
a. Database software allows users to create, access, and manage a database
4. Presentation software allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas,
messages, and other information to a group
5. Note taking software is application software that enables users to enter typed text, handwritten
comments, drawings, or sketches anywhere on a page
6. A software suite is a collection of individual programs available together as a unit
7. A personal information manager (PIM) is application software that includes Appointment
calendar , Address book and Notepad
8. Scaled down versions of software are available to work with smart phones and other mobile
devices
9. Project management software allows a user to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events,
resources, and costs of a project
10. Accounting software helps companies record and report their financial transactions
11. Document management software provides a means for sharing, distributing, and searching
through documents by converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user
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1. computer-aided design (CAD): Sophisticated application software that allows you to create
engineering, architectural, and scientific designs
2. desktop publishing software: Enables you to design and produce sophisticated documents that
contain text, graphics, and many colors
3. paint/image editing software: Used to create and modify graphical images, and sometimes
called illustration software
4. professional photo editing software: Allows users to customize digital photos and Save images
in a variety of file formats
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3.12 Communications
1. Web Browser
2. E-Mail
3. Instant Messaging
4. Chat Room
5. Text, Picture, Video Messaging
6. RSS Aggregator
7. Blogging
8. Newsgroup/Message Board
9. FTP
10. VoIP
11. Video Conferencing
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Menus
When you begin to explore Word 2007 you will notice a new look to the menu bar. You should
remember three features as you work within Word 2007:
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These three features contain many of the functions that were in the menu of previous versions
of Word. The functions of these three features will be outlined below.
The Ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document. It has seven tabs: Home, Insert, Page
Layout, References, Mailings, Review, and View that contain many new and existing features of Word.
Each tab is divided into groups. The groups are logical collections of features designed to perform
functions that you will utilize in developing or editing your Word document. Commonly used features
are displayed on the Ribbon, to view additional features within each group, click on the arrow at the
bottom right of each group.
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The quick access toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains commands that you may want to use.
You can place the quick access toolbar above or below the ribbon. To change the location of the quick
access toolbar, click on the arrow at the end of the toolbar and click on Show Below the Ribbon.
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You can also add items to the quick access toolbar. Right click on any item in the Office Button or the
Ribbon and click on Add to Quick Access Toolbar and a shortcut will be added to the Quick Access
Toolbar.
You will notice that when you click on the Microsoft Office Button and Click New, you have
many choices about the types of documents you can create. If you wish to start from a blank
document, click Blank. If you wish to start from a template, you can browse through your choices
on the left, see the choices on center screen, and preview the selection on the right screen.
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Press CTRL+O (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the O) on the keyboard, or
If you have recently used the document you can click the Microsoft Office Button and click the
name of the document in the Recent Documents section of the window Insert picture of recent
document.
4.2.3 Saving a Document
Press CTRL+S (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the S) on the keyboard, or
Click the File icon on the Quick Access Toolbar
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To view a document in different forms, click the document views shortcuts at the bottom of the screen
or:
Click the View Tab on the Ribbon
Click on the appropriate document view.
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Keystroke
HOME
END
CTRL+HOME
CTRL+END
Technique
Whole word
Whole paragraph
Several words or
lines
drag the mouse over the words, or hold down SHIFT while using the
arrow keys
Entire document
Deselect the text by clicking anywhere outside of the selection on the page or press an arrow key on
CTRL+A
the keyboard.
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You will notice that you can also use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon.
4.3.4 Rearranging Blocks of Text
To rearrange text within a document, you can utilize the Clipboard Group on the Home Tab of the
Ribbon.
Insert picture of clipboard group labeled
Move text: Cut and Paste or Drag as shown above
Copy Text: Copy and Paste as above or use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon
Paste Text: Ctrl + V (hold down the CTRL and the V key at the same time) or use the Clipboard
group to Paste, Paste Special, or Paste as Hyperlink
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Remember that you can preview how the new font will look by highlighting the text, and hovering
over the new font typeface.
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Select the text and click the Font Styles included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
Select the text and right click to display the font tools
Select the text and click the Colors button included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
Highlight the text, right click, and choose the colors tool.
Select the color by clicking the down arrow next to the font color button.
Highlight Text
Highlighting text allows you to use emphasize text as you would if you had a marker. To highlight
text:
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Copy Formatting
If you have already formatted text the way you want it and would like another portion of the
document to have the same formatting, you can copy the formatting. To copy the formatting, do the
following:
Apply the copied format by selecting the text and clicking on it.
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Clear Formatting
To clear text formatting:
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Select the area of text where you want the border or shading.
Click the Borders Button on the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab
Choose the Border and Shading
Choose the appropriate options
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Click the Hyperlink Button on the Links Group of the Insert Tab.
Type in the text in the Text to Display box and the web address in the Address box.
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4.4.9 Lists
Lists allow you to format and organize text with numbers, bullets, or in an outline.
Bulleted and Numbered Lists
Bulleted lists have bullet points, numbered lists have numbers, and outline lists combine numbers and
letters depending on the organization of the list.
To add a list to existing text:
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From the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab, Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button
Place your cursor where you want the list in the document
Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button
Begin typing
Nested Lists
A nested list is list with several levels of indented text. To create a nested list:
Formatting Lists
The bullet image and numbering format can be changed by using the Bullets or Numbering
dialog box.
Select the entire list to change all the bullets or numbers, or
Place the cursor on one line within the list to change a single bullet
Right click
Click the arrow next to the bulleted or numbered list and choose a bullet or numbering style.
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Insert cursor anywhere in the text that you want to explain the style
Click the Styles Drop Down Menu
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If you wish to check the spelling of an individual word, you can right click any word that has been
underlined by Word and choose a substitution.
4.6.2 Thesaurus
The Thesaurus allows you to view synonyms. To use the thesaurus:
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You can also access the thesaurus by right-clicking any word and choosing Synonyms on the menu.
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On the AutoCorrect Tab, you can specify words you want to replace as you type
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Place the cursor on the page where you want the new table
Click the Insert Tab of the Ribbon
Click the Tables Button on the Tables Group. You can create a table one of four ways:
Highlight the number of row and columns
Click Insert Table and enter the number of rows and columns
Click the Draw Table, create your table by clicking and entering
the rows and columns
Click Quick Tables and choose a table
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Click the table and notice that you have two new tabs on the Ribbon: Design and Layout.
To format a table, click the table and then click the Layout Tab on the Ribbon. This Layout tab
allows you to:
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4.8.2 Graphics
Word 2007 allows you to insert special characters, symbols, pictures, illustrations, and watermarks.
Symbols and Special Characters
Special characters are punctuation, spacing, or typographical characters that are not generally
available on the standard keyboard. To insert symbols and special characters:
Place your cursor in the document where you want the symbol
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Symbol button on the Symbols Group
Choose the appropriate symbol.
Equations
Word 2007 also allows you to insert mathematical equations. To access the mathematical equations
tool:
Place your cursor in the document where you want the symbol
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Equation Button on the Symbols Group
Choose the appropriate equation and structure or click Insert New Equation
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To edit the equation click the equation and the Design Tab will be available in the Ribbon
Place your cursor in the document where you want the illustration/picture
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Clip Art Button
The dialog box will open on the screen and you can search for clip art.
Choose the illustration you wish to include
To insert a picture:
Place your cursor in the document where you want the illustration/picture
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Picture Button
Browse to the picture you wish to include
Click the Picture
Click Insert
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Smart Art is a collection of graphics you can utilize to organize information within your document. It
includes timelines, processes, or workflow. To insert Smart Art
Place your cursor in the document where you want the illustration/picture
Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
Click the Smart Art button
Click the Smart Art you wish to include in your document
Click the arrow on the left side of the graphic to insert text or type the text in the graphic.
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Resize Graphics
All graphics can be resized by clicking the image and clicking one corner of the image and dragging
the cursor to the size you want the picture.
Watermarks
A watermark is a translucent image that appears behind the primary text in a document. To insert a
watermark:
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Entering Text
To enter text into the document, simply begin typing. If you want to adjust the layout of the page and
text, you should use tables to format the page properly.
4.10 Hyperlinks
Hyperlinks, or links, allow the reader to click on text and go to another web site. To create a
hyperlink:
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5.0
SPREADSHEETS
5.1
Getting started with Excel 2007 you will notice that there are many similar features to previous
versions. You will also notice that there are many new features that youll be able to utilize. There are
three features that you should remember as you work within Excel 2007: the Microsoft Office Button,
the Quick Access Toolbar, and the Ribbon. The function of these features will be more fully explored
below.
5.1.1
Spreadsheets
A spreadsheet is an electronic document that stores various types of data. There are vertical columns
and horizontal rows. A cell is where the column and row intersect. A cell can contain data and can be
used in calculations of data within the spreadsheet. An Excel spreadsheet can contain workbooks and
worksheets. The workbook is the holder for related worksheets.
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5.1.2
The Microsoft Office Button performs many of the functions that were located in the File menu of older
versions of Excel. This button allows you to create a new workbook, Open an existing workbook, save
Ribbon
The ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document It has seven tabs: Home, Insert, Page
Layouts, Formulas, Data, Review, and View. Each tab is divided into groups. The groups are logical
collections of features designed to perform function that you will utilize in developing or editing your
Excel spreadsheets.
Commonly utilized features are displayed on the Ribbon. To view additional features within each group,
click the arrow at the bottom right corner of each group.
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5.1.4
The quick access toolbar is a customizable toolbar that contains commands that you may want to use.
You can place the quick access toolbar above or below the ribbon. To change the location of the quick
access toolbar, click on the arrow at the end of the toolbar and click Show Below the Ribbon.
You can also add items to the quick access toolbar. Right click on any item in the Office Button or the
Ribbon and click Add to Quick Access Toolbar and a shortcut will be added.
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5.1.5
Mini Toolbar
A new feature in Office 2007 is the Mini Toolbar. This is a floating toolbar that is displayed when you
select text or right-click text. It displays common formatting tools, such as Bold, Italics, Fonts, Font Size
and Font Color.
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5.2.1
Popular
These features allow you to personalize your work environment with the mini toolbar, color schemes,
default options for new workbooks, customize sort and fill sequences user name and allow you to access
the Live Preview feature. The Live Preview feature allows you to preview the results of applying design
and formatting changes without actually applying it.
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5.2.2
Formulas
This feature allows you to modify calculation options, working with formulas, error checking, and error
checking rules.
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5.2.3
Proofing
This feature allows you personalize how word corrects and formats your text. You can customize auto
correction settings and have word ignore certain words or errors in a document through the Custom
Dictionaries.
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5.2.4
Save
This feature allows you personalize how your workbook is saved. You can specify how often you want
auto save to run and where you want the workbooks saved.
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5.2.5
Advanced
This feature allows you to specify options for editing, copying, pasting, printing, displaying, formulas,
calculations, and other general settings.
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5.2.6
Customize
Customize allows you to add features to the Quick Access Toolbar. If there are tools that you are
utilizing frequently, you may want to add these to the Quick Access Toolbar.
5.3
5.3.1
Create A Workbook
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If you want to create a new document from a template, explore the templates and choose one that fits
your needs.
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5.3.2
Save a Workbook
When you save a workbook, you have two choices: Save or Save As.
To save a document:
You may need to use the Save As feature when you need to save a workbook under a different name or
to save it for earlier versions of Excel. Remember that older versions of Excel will not be able to open an
Excel 2007 worksheet unless you save it as an Excel 97-2003 Format. To use the Save As feature:
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5.3.3
Open a Workbook
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5.3.4
Entering Data
There are different ways to enter data in Excel: in an active cell or in the formula bar.
To enter data in an active cell:
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5.4
Manipulating Data
Excel allows you to move, copy, and paste cells and cell content through cutting and pasting and copying
and pasting.
5.4.1
Select Data
5.4.2
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5.4.3
Select the cell(s) where you would like to copy the data
On the Clipboard group of the Home tab, click Paste
5.4.4
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5.4.5
Select the cell(s) where you would like to copy the data
On the Clipboard group of the Home tab, click Paste
Undo and Redo
5.4.6
Auto Fill
The Auto Fill feature fills cell data or series of data in a worksheet into a selected range of cells. If you
want the same data copied into the other cells, you only need to complete one cell. If you want to have
a series of data (for example, days of the week) fill in the first two cells in the series and then use the
auto fill feature. To use the Auto Fill feature:
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5.5
Modifying a Worksheet
5.5.1
5.5.2
Place the cursor in the row below where you want the new row, or in the column to the left of
where you want the new column
Click the Insert button on the Cells group of the Home tab
Click the appropriate choice: Cell, Row, or Column
5.5.3
Place the cursor in the cell, row, or column that you want to delete
Click the Delete button on the Cells group of the Home tab
Click the appropriate choice: Cell, Row, or Column
Click the Find & Select button on the Editing group of the Home tab
Choose Find or Replace
Complete the Find What text box
Click on Options for more search options
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5.5.4
Go To Command
The Go To command takes you to a specific cell either by cell reference (the Column Letter and the Row
Number) or cell name.
Click the Find & Select button on the Editing group of the Home tab
Click Go To
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5.5.5
Spell Check
5.6
Performing Calculations
5.6.1
Excel Formulas
A formula is a set of mathematical instructions that can be used in Excel to perform calculations.
Formals are started in the formula box with an = sign.
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5.6.2
A function is a built in formula in Excel. A function has a name and arguments (the mathematical
function) in parentheses. Common functions in Excel:
Sum: Adds all cells in the argument
Average: Calculates the average of the cells in the argument
Min: Finds the minimum value
Max: Finds the maximum value
Count: Finds the number of cells that contain a numerical value within a range of the argument
To calculate a function:
Complete the Number 1 box with the first cell in the range that you want calculated
Complete the Number 2 box with the last cell in the range that you want calculated
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5.6.3
Function Library
The function library is a large group of functions on the Formula Tab of the Ribbon. These functions
include:
AutoSum: Easily calculates the sum of a range
Recently Used: All recently used functions
Financial: Accrued interest, cash flow return rates and additional financial functions
Logical: And, If, True, False, etc.
Text: Text based functions
Date & Time: Functions calculated on date and time
Math & Trig: Mathematical Functions
5.6.4
Calling cells by just their column and row labels (such as "A1") is called relative referencing. When a
formula contains relative referencing and it is copied from one cell to another, Excel does not create an
exact copy of the formula. It will change cell addresses relative to the row and column they are moved
to. For example, if a simple addition formula in cell C1 "=(A1+B1)" is copied to cell C2, the formula would
change to "=(A2+B2)" to reflect the new row. To prevent this change, cells must be called by absolute
referencing and this is accomplished by placing dollar signs "$" within the cell addresses in the formula.
Continuing the previous example, the formula in cell C1 would read "=($A$1+$B$1)" if the value of cell
C2 should be the sum of cells A1 and B1. Both the column and row of both cells are absolute and will not
change when copied. Mixed referencing can also be used where only the row OR column fixed. For
example, in the formula "=(A$1+$B2)", the row of cell A1 is fixed and the column of cell B2 is fixed.
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5.7
5.7.1
Basic Sorts
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5.7.3
Filtering
Filtering allows you to display only data that meets certain criteria. To filter:
Click the column or columns that contain the data you wish to filter
On the Home tab, click on Sort & Filter
Click Filter button
Click the Arrow at the bottom of the first cell
Click the Text Filter
Click the Words you wish to Filter
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5.8
Graphics
5.8.1
Adding a Picture
To add a picture:
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5.8.2
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5.8.3
When you add a graphic to the worksheet, an additional tab appears on the Ribbon. The Format tab
allows you to format the pictures and graphics. This tab has four groups:
Adjust: Controls the picture brightness, contrast, and colors
Picture Style: Allows you to place a frame or border around the picture and add effects
Arrange: Controls the alignment and rotation of the picture
Size: Cropping and size of graphic
5.8.4
Adding Shapes
To add Shape:
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5.8.5
Adding SmartArt
SmartArt is a feature in Office 2007 that allows you to choose from a variety of graphics, including flow
charts, lists, cycles, and processes. To add SmartArt:
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5.9
Charts
5.9.1
Create a Chart
Charts allow you to present information contained in the worksheet in a graphic format. Excel offers
many types of charts including: Column, Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter and more. To view the charts
available click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon.
To create a chart:
Select the cells that contain the data you want to use in the chart
Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon
Click the type of Chart you want to create
Click the Chart and Drag it another location on the same worksheet, or
Click the Move Chart button on the Design tab
Choose the desired location (either a new sheet or a current sheet in the workbook)
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5.9.3
Chart Tools
The Chart Tools appear on the Ribbon when you click on the chart. The tools are located on three tabs:
Design, Layout, and Format.
Within the Design tab you can control the chart type, layout, styles, and location.
Within the Layout tab you can control inserting pictures, shapes and text boxes, labels, axes,
background, and analysis.
Within the Format tab you can modify shape styles, word styles and size of the chart.
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5.10
Formatting a Worksheet
Select the cell or cells that you would like the font applied
On the Font group on the Home tab, choose the font type, size, bold, italics, underline, or color
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There are several tabs on this dialog box that allow you to modify properties of the cell or cells.
Number: Allows for the display of different number types and decimal places
Alignment: Allows for the horizontal and vertical alignment of text, wrap text, shrink text, merge cells
and the direction of the text.
Font: Allows for control of font, font style, size, color, and additional features
Border: Border styles and colors
Fill: Cell fill colors and styles
5.10.3 Add Borders and Colors to Cells
Borders and colors can be added to cells manually or through the use of styles. To add borders
manually:
Click the Borders drop down menu on the Font group of the Home tab
Choose the appropriate border
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Click the Fill drop down menu on the Font group of the Home tab
Choose the appropriate color
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Click the Format button on the Cells group of the Home tab
Manually adjust the height and width by clicking Row Height or Column Width
To use AutoFit click AutoFit Row Height or AutoFit Column Width
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5.11
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5.12
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To unhide a worksheet:
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6.0
PRESENTATION
6.1
Introduction to PowerPoint
1.
PowerPoint is a complete presentation graphics package. It gives you everything
you need to produce a professional-looking presentation. PowerPoint offers
word processing, outlining, drawing, graphing, and presentation management
tools-all designed to be easy to use and learn.
2.
The following gives you a quick overview of what you can do in PowerPoint:
6.1.1
Starting PowerPoint
1.
Method 2: Click on Start --> All Programs --> Microsoft PowerPoint 2007
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6.1.2
6.1.2.2 Ribbon
The ribbon is the panel at the top portion of the document It has seven tabs: Home, Insert,
Design, Animations, Slide Show, Review and View. Each tab is divided into
groups. The groups are
logical collections of features designed to perform function that you will utilize in developing or editing
your PowerPoint slides.
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Commonly utilized features are displayed on the Ribbon. To view additional features
each group, click the arrow at the bottom right corner of each group.
within
You can also add items to the quick access toolbar. Right click on any item in the Office Button
or the Ribbon and click Add to Quick Access Toolbar and a shortcut will be
added.
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6.1.3
1.
2.
a blank slide
a template
existing presentations
a Word outline.
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3.
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4.
5.
6.1.4
Click the slide where you would like the outline to begin
Click New Slide on the Home tab
Click Slides from Outline
Browse and click the Word Document that contains the outline
Saving Presentation
1.
Save
Save As.
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2.
To save a document:
i.
ii.
3.
You may need to use the Save As feature when you need to save a presentation
under a different name or to save it for earlier versions of PowerPoint.
to
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6.2
6.2.1
Adding Slides
1.
There are several choices when you want to add a new slide to the
presentation:
2.
i.
ii.
iii.
3.
i.
ii.
iii.
Office Themes
Duplicate Selected Slide
Reuse Slides.
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4.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
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6.2.2
Navigation through the slides can be accomplished through the Slide Navigation menu on the left side of
the screen. Also, an outline appears from materials that have been entered in the presentation. To
access the outline, click the outline tab.
6.2.3
Slide Views
Presentations can be viewed in a variety of manners. On the View tab, the Presentation Views group
allows you to view the slides as Normal, Slide Sorter, Notes Page, Slide Show, Slide Master, Handout
Master, and Notes Master.
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6.2.4
Applying Themes
Themes are design templates that can be applied to an entire presentation that allows for consistency
throughout the presentation.
1.
2.
3.
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6.2.5
Adding Text
1.
2.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
3.
Select the slide where you want to place the text box
On the Insert tab, click Text Box
Click on the slide and drag the cursor to expand the text box
Type in the text
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4.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
5.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
6.
7.
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8.
Click the arrow next to the font name and choose a font.
Remember that you can preview how the new font will look by highlighting the text, and
hovering over the new font typeface.
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9.
10.
i.
ii.
11.
i.
ii.
iii.
12.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Click the arrow next to the font size and choose the appropriate size, or
Click the increase or decrease font size buttons.
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13.
i.
ii.
iii.
14.
i.
ii.
15.
i.
ii.
To indent paragraphs:
Click the Indent buttons to control the indent.
Click the Indent button repeated times to increase the size of the indent.
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16.
i.
ii.
iii.
17.
i.
ii.
To resize a textbox:
Click on the textbox
Click the corner of the box and drag the cursor to the desired size
6.2.6
1.
2.
Place your cursor where you want the list in the document
Click the Bulleted or Numbered Lists button
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iii.
3.
Begin typing
4.
i.
ii.
iii.
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6.3
Adding Graphics
6.3.1
1.
i.
ii.
2.
i.
ii.
3.
4.
6.3.2
1.
To add a picture:
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i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
2.
3.
When you add a graphic to the presentation, an additional Tab appears on the Ribbon. The Format Tab
allows you to format the pictures and graphics. This tab has four groups:
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4.
To add Shapes:
i.
ii.
iii.
i.
ii.
To resize shapes:
Click the Slide
Drag the cursor to expand the Shape
i.
ii.
5.
6.
6.3.3
Adding SmartArt
SmartArt is a feature in Office 2007 that allows you to choose from a variety of graphics, including flow
charts, lists, cycles, and processes.
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1.
To add SmartArt:
Click the Insert Tab
Click the SmartArt Button
Click the SmartArt you choose
i.
ii.
iii.
2.
To format SmartArt:
6.3.4
Creating Table
1.
To create a table:
i.
ii.
iii.
Place the cursor on the page where you want the new table
Click the Insert Tab of the Ribbon
Click the Tables Button on the Tables Group. You can create a table one of four ways:
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2.
Place the cursor in the cell where you wish to enter the information. Begin typing.
3.
Click the table and notice that you have two new tabs on the Ribbon: Design and Layout. These pertain
to the table design and layout.
On the Design Tab, you can choose:
4.
To format a table:
Click the table and then click the Layout Tab on the Ribbon. This Layout Tab allows you to:
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5.
Delete the Table, Rows and/or Columns (from the Rows & Columns Group)
Merge or Split Cells (from the Merge Group)
Increase and decrease cell size (Cell Size Group)
Align text within the cells and change text directions (Alignment Group)
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6.3.5
Creating Chart
1.
To create a chart:
i.
ii.
iii.
2.
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3.
4.
Click the Chart and Drag it another location on the same slide, or
Copy it to another slide
Choose the desired location and click Paste
5.
6.
Chart Tools:
The Chart Tools appear on the Ribbon when you click on the chart. The tools are located on three tabs:
Design, Layout, and Format.
Within the Design tab you can control the chart type, layout, styles, and location.
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Within the Layout tab you can control the insertion of pictures, textboxes, and shapes, labels,
backgrounds, and data analysis.
Within the Format tab you can adjust the Fill Colors and Word Styles.
7.
6.4
Animation Effects
6.4.1
1.
Hyperlink can create a link to external files, web page, email address and the same document.
Actions can add an action to the selected object to specify what should happen when you click on it or
hover over it with your mouse.
2.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
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3.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
4.
i.
ii.
iii.
5.
i.
ii.
iii.
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6.4.2
Slide Transitions
Transitions are effects that are in place when you switch from one slide to the next.
1.
2.
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ii.
Modify the transition speed by clicking the arrow next to Transition Speed.
4.
6.4.3
Slide Animation
1.
Slide animation effects are predefined special effects that you can add to objects on a slide.
2.
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3.
6.4.4
1.
The Slide Show tab of the ribbon contains many options for the slide show. These options
include:
2.
This option allows you to set preferences for how the slide show will be presented. The options include:
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3.
iii.
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4.
Rehearse Timings:
5.
Speaker Notes can be added to allow you to create notes for each slide. To add speaker notes:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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6.5
Printing a Presentation
1.
2.
Slides: These are slides that you would see if you were showing the presentation, one slide per
page
Handouts: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 9 per page, this option allows for more slides per page
Notes Page: This includes the slides and the speaker notes
Outline View: This will print the outline of the presentation
To access the print options:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
3.
To print preview:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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4.
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6.6
Package a Presentation
1.
There are times when you want to package a presentation with all of the additional files
attached as well. To package a presentation for CD:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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7.0
DATABASES
7.1.
Introduction
A database is a collection of information that's related. Access allows you to manage your information in
one database file. Within Access there are four major areas: Tables, Queries, Forms and Reports
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.1.1
Data Hierarchy
7.1.2
The first step in creating an Access 2007 database, is to create a blank database file. This is done from
the Getting Started Screen when you launch Access. The file is saved onto one of your PCs folders (which
you specify). The procedure for doing this is outlined below.
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Towards the top left of the screen you will see a "Blank Database" icon. Click this icon to bring up the
Blank Database side bar on the right hand side of the screen. This is where you will enter details about
the database file that you are about to create.
7.1.2.3 Enter filename for your Access 2007 Database
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Begin by entering the name that you want to call the database in the filename textbox.
Click Create
All you need to do now is click the "Create" command button below, and your database file saves to the
location that you specified, and opens for you to work on.
Create table
Like all other databases, Access 2007 stores data in tables. They look a lot like the cells of a spreadsheet
with columns and rows. Each horizontal column represents a table record, and each vertical column
represents a table field. See Table example below:
A simple Table
StudentID
Name
Address
BHD12122011 Ahmad Mikail N0. 3, Jalan Kenanga, 34300 Kuala Kangsar, Perak
TelephoneNo
012-2225566
BDA12121113 Juhariah
011-1154627
BDB12121001
014-8978987
Anuar Rahimi
In the example Table above, there are four fields containing information about an individuals StudentID,
Name, Address, and TelephoneNo. Below the field headings there are 3 records containing information
or data for each individual.
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When planning a database table, most database designers will decide which column headings or fields
they are going to use. This is the basis of the table structure. The actual data is added later and is not a
part of the design process.
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Click Table 1
Click View
Select Design View
This brings up the TABLE DESIGN GRID where you enter each field name and its data type.
Before you save the table you will need to choose the Primary Key, which in this case is StudentID. To do
this, select the ID row by clicking on it, and then simply click the primary key symbol on the Ribbon.
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If you want to set certain Data Type format for your field name, which in this case is TelephoneNo, click
Input Mask, then click the
button.
Input Mask Wizard box will appear as below, click Edit List button.
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Add another 1 field which named as gender and fill in the field.
To add the field, you must click the View and Select Design View, and then named the field and select
text as the data type with field size is 1.
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Save the table. Then go to Datasheet View and fill in the data for gender. Put M for Male and F for
Female. Your datasheet table should now look like this:
7.2.2
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On the first page of the form wizard we select which table we are going to use as the DATA SOURCE.
Since there is only one table in this database so far, it should already be selected for us in the
TABLES/QUERIES combo box.
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Underneath there is a list of the five fields in your table. You could select each field individually by
highlighting the field name and clicking the single arrow >. We can, however, select all five just by
clicking the double arrow >>. Once they have been transfered into the right hand box they are selected.
We can now click NEXT to go to page 2 of the form wizard.
This is where we choose the FORM LAYOUT. We are going to leave this on the default setting of
COLUMNAR. Click NEXT again to move onto page three of the form wizard.
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Here we select a style that from the list box. Preview a style by clicking on its name. This step just
determines how the form looks aesthetically. Once you have selected a style to your taste, click NEXT
again.
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This is the last stage of the wizard. Here we are going to choose the name for our form - lets say FORM1.
We are going to leave the radio button selected for OPEN THE FORM TO ENTER OR VIEW INFORMATION
All we need to do now is click FINISH and our form should like something like this:
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To move to the next record click the right arrow button on the navigation control. To move to the last
record click the >| button on the navigation control. To move backwards through the recordset use the
left arrow buttons. You could edit any record from the form, which will update the data in your table.
For now, though, just try navigating through the three records without changing any data.
7.2.3
Access REPORTS are a way of displaying and printing information from your database. Developers often
use Reports to display the results of a Query, which is what we are going to do next.
Like other Access database objects, there a number of ways to create an Access REPORT. We are going
use the REPORT WIZARD. Our task is to display the results of QUERY1 which we created in the previous
tutorial lesson.
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7.2.3.7 Style
For style, select Metro from the list and click next.
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7.3
Manipulate table
7.3.1
Add records
7.3.2
Delete records
Click any record by using right mouse and delete a record as below :
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7.4
Managing data
7.4.1
Filter Record
Click on small arrow on stdntNm field. Choose Text Filters and Contains as below :
Type binti in the TextBox contains and the filter result as below :
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7.4.2
Sort Record
Sort the record stdntNm by Alphabet A to Z. Click on small arrow and click Sort A to Z.
7.4.3
Find Record
To find any record example type abdullah in the TextBox and follow instruction as below :
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Exercise 1:
Create database db_MusicStore in a folder using your own name.
(1 mark)
Create table tblSongInfo using the data below and use suitable data type.
(5 marks)
(1 mark)
Insert new field Distributor after field ReleaseDate with appropriate value
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Group by active
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
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Exercise 2:
Create database dbStudent in a folder using your own name.
(1 mark)
(4marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Delete record for StudentName AMALINA BT HAMDAN from table studentRegister. (1 mark)
Insert column StudentTel after StudentName field and insert data as follows:
StudentID
StudentTel
AB10012
013-5545858
AB10013
016-6614758
AB10014
017-2442529
AB10015
018-8841252
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Group by Sem_Register
(1 mark)
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(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
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Exercise 3:
Create database db_Travel in a folder using your own name.
(1 mark)
(5 marks)
(1 mark)
Insert new field EventId with Data Type AutoNumber before Event field.
(1 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Group by Event
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
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Exercise 4:
Create database db_KesumaLakeClub in a folder using your own name.
(1 mark)
(5 marks)
(1 mark)
Insert new field Gender after Mbr_Phone with appropriate value and change the field size for Gender to
1.
(1 mark)
Rename Fee(pls tick if paid) to Attendance Confirmation.
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
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(1 mark)
(1 mark)
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Disadvantages
Using
a
network, May be insecure
people
can
communicate
efficiently and easily
via
email,
instant
messaging,
chat
rooms,
telephone,
video telephone calls
and
video
conferencing.
Computer
network
may be used by
computer hackers to
deploy
computer
viruses or worms on
devices connected to
the network or to
prevent these devices
from
normally
accessing the network
(Denial of Service)
Power
line
communication
strongly
disturbs
certain forms of radio
communication,
e.g
amateur radio. It may
also interfere with last
mile
access
technologies such as
ADSL and VDSL.
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Wireless technologies
Satellites communicate
via microwave radio
waves, which are not
deflected by Earths
atmosphere.
The
satellites
are
stationed in space,
typically
in
geosynchronous orbit
35,400
km above
equator.
These Earth orbiting
system are capable of
receiving and relaying
voice, data and TV
signals.
The
transmission
speed ranges from 2
million bits per second
to 10 billion bits per
second. Twisted pair
cabling comes in the
form of :
Unshielded
Twisted
Pair
(UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP)
Coaxial cable
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which
itself
surrounded
by
a
conductive layer.
devices in a limited
area.
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Details
Ethernet
Indoor
range
Outdoor
range
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Bluetooth
802.11
1 2 Mbps
20m
100m
802.11a
6 54 Mbps
35m
120m
802.11b
1 11 Mbps
35m
140m
802.11g
6 - 54 Mbps
38m
140m
802.11n
70m
250m
RFID
Use a wireless non-contact system that uses radiofrequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag
attached to an object, for the purpose of automatic
identification and tracking.
The tag contains electronically stored information which
can be read from up to several meters away. Unlike bar
code, the tag does not need to be within the line of sight of
the reader and may be embedded in the tracked object.
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Details
A computer network used for communication among
computer and different technological devices close to one
person.
Examples of devices that used in a PAN :
a) personal computers
b) printers
c) fax machines
d) telephones
e) PDAs
f) scanners
g) video game consoles
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Internet
Extranet
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Star network
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Ring network
Advantages :
a) very orderly network where every access to the token
and the opportunity to transmit.
b) Performs better than a bus topology under heavy
network load.
c) Does not require a central node to manage he
connectivity between the computers
Disadvantages :
a) One malfunctioning workstation can create problems for
the entire network
b) Communication delay is directly proportional to number
of nodes in the network
c) Bandwidth is shared on all links between devices.
Mesh network
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Ethernet hub
Switch
Router
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Repeater
Firewall
Description
Speed
Physical Medium
Dial-up Access
2400 bps to 56
Kbps
ISDN
64 Kbps to 124
Kbps
Twisted pair
Cable
512 Kbps to 20
Mbps
Coaxial cable
ADSL / DSL
128 Kbps to 8
Mbps
Twisted pair
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Satellite
T1
T3
OC-1
OC-3
30 Mbps or
more
Airwaves.
6 Mbps or more
Airwaves
Requires outside
antenna
Requires outside
antenna
1.544 Mbps
Twisted-pair, coaxial
cable or optical-fibre
44.736 Mbps
Optical fibre
51.84 Mbps
Optical fibre
155.52 Mbps
Optical fibre
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