CMAPart1C (InternationalBusinessEnvironment)

PART 1 C
International Business Environment

94 Questions
[1] Source: CMA 0676 1-34
Which of the following economic policies would not tend to
correct a balance of payments deficit in the U.S.?
A. Increase productivity in the manufacturing of U.S.
exports.
B. More effective use of monetary and fiscal policies
to reduce inflation.
C. A redistribution of economic aid and mutual
defense burdens toward western European countries.
D. Increase value of U.S. currency in relation to
foreign currencies.
[2] Source: CMA 0680 1-17
The value of the U.S. dollar in relation to other foreign
currencies is
A. Determined directly by the price of gold because
the value of the U.S. dollar is tied to the price of gold.
B. Set by the U.S. government in consultation with
other foreign governments.
C. Set along with the value of other currencies held
by the International Monetary Fund.
D. Determined by the forces of supply and demand
on the foreign exchange markets.
[3] Source: CMA 0680 1-20
When the U.S. dollar is expected to rise in value against
foreign currencies, a U.S. company with foreign currency
denominated receivables and payables should
A. Slow down collections and speed up payments.
B. Slow down collections and slow down payments.
C. Speed up collections and speed up payments.
D. Speed up collections and slow down payments.
[4] Source: CMA 1281 1-12
If a country has only two factors of production, labor and
capital, and it has a relative abundance of capital, the
country will tend to
A. Import capital-intensive goods and export
labor-intensive goods.
B. Refrain from trading owing to the abundance of
capital.
C. Export capital-intensive goods and import
labor-intensive goods.
D. Place an embargo on the export of
capital-intensive goods.
[5] Source: CMA 1281 1-16
In most recent years, the U.S. balance of payments has
registered a deficit. This balance of payments deficit is a
measure of the excess of
A. Exports over imports.
B. Imports over exports.
C. Imports, private capital outflows, grants, and
remittances over exports and private capital inflows.
D. Goods imports over services imports.
[6] Source: CMA 0682 1-12
Of the following transactions, the one that would result in a
debit entry in the U.S. balance of payments account is the
A. Receipt of dividends by an American corporation
from its German subsidiary.
B. Buying of IBM shares by a Kuwaiti investor.
C. U.S. export of military equipment to Saudi Arabia.
D. Expenditure of a U.S. resident vacationing in
France.
[7] Source: CMA 0682 1-13
Which one of the following transactions would result in a
credit entry in the U.S. balance of payments account?
A. A New York bank pays $5,000 in interest to
foreigners.
B. Volkswagen's U.S. subsidiary remits a dividend of
$1 million to its parent company in Germany.
C. A U.S. exporter buys marine insurance from a
British insurance company.
D. An Iowa farmer exports grain to Turkey.
[8] Source: CMA 1282 1-12
One may characterize the current international monetary
system developed by the industrialized countries as a
A. Clean float. Freely floating exchange rates are
determined solely by the forces of demand and
supply.
B. Managed or dirty float. Central banks intervene in
the foreign exchange market to influence the
exchange rates.
C. Stable-rate system.
D. Gold-based system.
[9] Source: CMA 1282 1-13
An overvalued currency can be considered as
A. A tax on exports and a subsidy to imports.
investments.
B. A tax on imports and a subsidy to exports.
C. A tax on both exports and imports.
B. Greater availability of goods and services in

domestic markets.
D. A subsidy to both exports and imports.

C. Enlarged revenues accruing to its national
government from the imposition of import duties.
[10] Source: CMA 1282 1-14
Given a spot rate of $1.8655 and a 90-day forward rate of
$1.8723, the pound sterling in the forward market is
D. Increased profits and wages earned by firms and

workers, respectively, in export industries.
A. Being quoted at a premium.

B. Being quoted at a discount.
[15] Source: CMA 1285 1-26

The appropriate remedy for the dumping of products by a
foreign firm in the U.S. market would be to
C. Undervalued.
A. Pass "buy American" laws.
D. Overvalued.
B. Impose restrictions on U.S. exports to the
offending country.
[11] Source: CMA 1282 1-17
Disregarding demand for its factors of production, a
country's comparative advantage will lie in those goods
whose production requires comparatively large amounts of
its
C. Impose countervailing duties.

D. Deny "most favored nation" treatment to exporters
of the offending country.
A. Relatively scarce resources.

B. Relatively abundant resources.
[16] Source: CMA 1285 1-27

Trade restrictions such as tariffs and import quotas
represent
C. Natural resources.
D. Capital.
[12] Source: CMA 1282 1-18
The difference between tariffs and quotas is
A. That the tariff is expressed as a percentage of
price and the quota is expressed as an amount per
unit.
B. That a tariff limits price and a quota limits
quantities.
C. That a tariff is a tax and a quota is a subsidy.
D. That a tariff is a duty, whereas a quota is a
limitation on quantities.
A. An attempt by the government to bring about a

more equitable distribution of income.
B. An increase in the unit costs of domestic
producers who compete with foreign firms.
C. A subsidy paid by domestic consumers to foreign
producers of the duty-burdened commodities.
D. A subsidy paid by domestic consumers to
domestic producers of the duty-burdened
commodities.
[17] Source: CMA 1285 1-28
The creation of a regional economic bloc of trading nations
such as the European Union (EU),
A. Discourages foreign investment by nonmember
multinational companies.
[13] Source: CMA 1282 1-19

A voluntary export quota is
B. Encourages trade between the member nations

and nonmember nations.
A. A form of unilateral import quota.

B. Meaningless because of its voluntary nature.
C. A form of import quota negotiated with a country.
C. Requires the adoption of a common monetary

unit.
D. Discriminates economically against nonmember
nations.
D. A violation of the World Trade Organization.

[14] Source: CMA 1285 1-25
The most significant advantage gained by a nation that
participates in international trade is the
[18] Source: CMA 1285 1-30

The dominant reason countries devalue their currencies is
to
A. Improve the balance of payments.
A. Higher rates of dividend and interest income

received by its citizens and firms from their foreign
B. Discourage exports without having to impose
controls.
C. Curb inflation by increasing imports.
A. Promote multilateral tariff reductions among

nations.
D. Slow what is regarded as too rapid an

accumulation of international reserves.
B. Provide long-term loans to member countries that

want to improve their infrastructure.
[19] Source: CMA 1285 1-31

The U.S. balance of trade is decreased by
C. Provide a means of financing food imports so that

more domestic resources can be shifted to
industrialization.
A. Foreign investments in the United States.

B. U.S. investments in foreign countries.
D. Provide short-term loans to member nations

experiencing temporary balance of payments
difficulties.
C. U.S. exports.
D. U.S. imports.
[20] Source: CMA 1285 1-32
Debt-servicing problems of less developed countries that
primarily sell raw materials to the United States would be
eased by
A. A recession in the United States with declines in
interest rates.
[24] Source: CMA 0686 1-23

The economic reasoning dictating that each nation
specialize in the production of goods that it produces
relatively more efficiently than other nations and import
those goods that are produced relatively more efficiently by
other nations is called the doctrine of
A. Efficient trade.
B. Diminishing returns.
C. Relative competition.
B. An expanding U.S. economy with stable money

supply growth.
C. An expansion of the lending authority of the World
Bank.
D. Comparative advantage.
[25] Source: CMA 1286 1-16
The balance of trade is the
D. A significant increase in the level of U.S. tariffs.

A. Same as the balance of the current account.
[21] Source: CMA 1285 1-33
The purchasing-power parity exchange rate
B. Balance on the capital account.

C. Balance on all international transactions.
A. Is a fixed (pegged) exchange rate.

B. Is always equal to the market exchange rate.
C. Results in an undervalued currency of countries
that are net importers.
D. Holds constant the relative price levels in two
countries when measured in a common currency.
D. Balance on the goods transactions in the current

account.
[26] Source: CMA 1286 1-17
Special drawing rights (SDRs) are created by the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
A. Are based on the value of a basket of five
currencies and pegged to the value of gold.
[22] Source: CMA 1285 1-34

An American importer of English clothing has contracted to
pay an amount fixed in British pounds three months from
now. If the importer worries that the U.S. dollar may
depreciate sharply against the British pound in the interim, it
would be well advised to
A. Buy pounds in the forward exchange market.
B. Are based on the value of a basket of five

currencies.
C. Are pegged to the price of gold.
D. Are a circulating currency like the European
currency unit.
B. Sell pounds in the forward exchange market.

C. Buy dollars in the futures market.
D. Sell dollars in the futures market.
[23] Source: CMA 1285 1-35
The basic objective of the International Monetary Fund is
to
[27] Source: CMA 1286 1-18

If the annual U.S. inflation rate is expected to be 5% while
the Italian lira is expected to depreciate against the U.S.
dollar by 10%, an Italian firm importing from its U.S.
parent can expect its lira costs for these imports to
A. Decrease by about 10%.
B. Decrease by about 5%.
C. Increase by about 5%.
A. The pound sterling is at a discount against the

dollar and undervalued in the forward market.
D. Increase by about 16.6%.

B. The pound sterling is at a premium against the
dollar and overvalued in the forward market.
[28] Source: CMA 1286 1-19
An overvalued foreign currency exchange rate
C. The forward pound sterling is at a discount against

the dollar.
A. Represents a tax on exports and a subsidy to

imports.
B. Represents a subsidy to exports and a tax on
imports.
C. Has an effect on capital flows but no effect on
trade flows.
D. Has no effect on capital flows but does affect
trade flows.
D. The forward pound sterling is at a premium against

the dollar.
[32] Source: CMA 0687 1-21
The World Trade Organization
A. Introduced fixed exchange rates among the United
States, Canada, and members of the European
Union.
B. Created the International Monetary Fund.
[Fact Pattern #1]

Suppose that 2 worker-hours are required to produce a
clock radio in Japan, while 3 are required to do the same in
Germany. In addition, 4 worker-hours are required to
produce a television in Japan, while 5 are required to do
the same in Germany.
[29] Source: CMA 1286 1-21
(Refers to Fact Pattern #1)
Under conditions appropriate for free trade, both Japan
and Germany would be better off if
A. Japan produces only televisions while Germany
produces only clock radios and both use trade to
meet the needs for the item not produced locally.
B. Japan produces only clock radios while Germany
produces only televisions and both use trade to meet
the needs of the item not produced locally.
C. Encourages reductions in trade barriers between

countries.
D. Introduced exchange rates that adjust in response
to changes in trade deficits and surpluses.
[33] Source: CMA 1287 1-24
In the modern world economy, balance-of-payments
deficits and surpluses can be eliminated
A. Through the market mechanism of flexible
exchange rates.
B. If all nations adopt tight monetary policies.
C. Only if trade between nations is curtailed.
D. When the opportunity costs of production are
made the same in all countries.
C. Both produce some of each item and use trade to

meet additional needs of a product.
D. Both Japan and Germany produce both products
for internal use only with no need for international
trade.
[34] Source: CMA 1287 1-25

One of the major consequences of international trade
between nations is
A. Higher prices for consumers.
[30] Source: CMA 1286 1-22

In the case of trade between Japan and Germany, the price
of clock radios relative to the price of televisions is likely to
be one clock radio for
B. A decreased variety of consumer products.

C. The possibility for total world output to increase.
D. Reduced competition for businesses.
A. 2.00 televisions.
B. 1.67 televisions.
[35] Source: CMA 1287 1-26

Which one of the following statements concerning
international trade and protection is true?
C. 1.20 televisions.
D. 0.50 televisions.
[31] Source: CMA 1286 1-20
Given a spot exchange rate for the U.S. dollar against the
pound sterling of 1.4925 and a 90-day forward rate of
1.4775
A. Protection is necessary in order to keep U.S.

money in the United States.
B. When two nations trade, one must gain while the
other must lose.
C. The United States cannot compete with nations
whose labor costs are lower.
today is the
D. U.S. imports raise living standards in the United
States.
A. United States dollar.

B. Euro.
[36] Source: CMA 1287 1-27

One consequence of the imposition of tariffs or quotas on
imported products is
C. Japanese yen.
D. Swiss franc.
A. Lower prices for domestic products that compete

with affected imports.
B. Domestic industry opposition to protection from
imports.
[41] Source: CMA 0688 1-22

Exchange rates are determined by
A. Each industrial country's government.
C. Additional consumption of the affected imported

products.
D. Higher prices for the affected imported products.
[37] Source: CMA 1287 1-28
If the value of the U.S. dollar in foreign currency markets
changes from $1 = 6 marks to $1 = 4 marks,
A. The German mark has depreciated against the
dollar.
B. German imported products in the U.S. will
become more expensive.
B. The International Monetary Fund.

C. Supply and demand in the foreign currency
market.
D. Exporters and importers of manufactured goods.
[42] Source: CMA 0688 1-23
If risk is purposely undertaken in the foreign currency
market, the investor in foreign currency then becomes
A. A speculator.
B. An arbitrageur.
C. U.S. tourists in Germany will find their dollars will

buy more German products.
C. Involved in hedging.
D. U.S. exports to Germany should decrease.
D. An exporter.
[38] Source: CMA 1287 1-29

If consumers in Japan decide they would like to increase
their purchases of consumer products made in the United
States, in foreign currency markets there will be a tendency
for
A. The supply of dollars to increase.
B. The supply of dollars to decrease.
C. The Japanese yen to appreciate relative to the
U.S. dollar.
[43] Source: CMA 0688 1-24

Special drawing rights
A. Were created to reduce world inflation.
B. Represent the creation of new international
liquidity by the International Monetary Fund.
C. Are a new currency used by commercial banks in
the international market.
D. Are allocated to less developed countries every
year by the International Monetary Fund.
D. The demand for dollars to increase.

[39] Source: CMA 1287 1-30
If the U.S. dollar declines in value relative to the currencies
of many of the U.S. trading partners, the likely result is that
A. Foreign currencies will depreciate against the
dollar.
B. The U.S. balance of payments deficit will become
worse.
C. U.S. exports will tend to increase.
D. U.S. imports will tend to increase.
[40] Source: CMA 0688 1-21
The most widely used currency in international business
[44] Source: CMA 0688 1-25

In foreign currency markets, the phrase "managed float"
refers to the
A. Tendency for most currencies to depreciate in
value.
B. Discretionary buying and selling of currencies by
central banks.
C. Necessity of maintaining a highly liquid asset, such
as gold, to conduct international trade.
D. Fact that actual exchange rates are set by private
business people in trading nations.
[45] Source: CMA 0688 1-29
In trade discussions between the United States and

Japanese governments, if Japan voluntarily agrees to
restrict automobile exports, which one of the following is
true?
A. This restriction has no effect on the price paid by
the consumer.
B. The United States government gains from these
restrictions.
C. Profit margins for Japanese auto manufacturers
have increased.
C. The United States will export chips to Taiwan.

D. Taiwan will specialize in the production of chips.
[49] Source: CMA 1288 1-14
Assuming free trade between the United States and
Taiwan, the relative prices of soybeans and chips will be
A. Exactly 1 ton of soybeans for 250 chips.
B. Between 150 to 250 chips for 1 ton of soybeans.
D. Under this agreement, the Japanese have an

incentive to export less expensive cars to the United
States.
C. Between 1.2 to 2.0 tons of soybeans for 100

chips.
D. Exactly 1 ton of soybeans for 120 chips.
[46] Source: CMA 0688 1-30

What is the role of gold in the present international
monetary system?
A. Gold is quoted in United States dollars only.
B. All of the major currencies of the world, except
the United States dollar, have a fixed value in terms
of gold.
C. Gold is like any other asset whose value depends
upon supply and demand.
D. Gold is the reserve asset of the International
Monetary Fund.
[50] Source: CMA 1288 1-15

The U.S. dollar has a free-floating exchange rate. When the
dollar has fallen considerably in relation to other currencies,
the
A. Trade account in the U.S. balance of payments is
neither in a deficit nor in a surplus because of the
floating exchange rates.
B. Capital account in the U.S. balance of payments is
neither in a deficit nor in a surplus because of the
floating exchange rates.
C. Fall in the dollar's value cannot be expected to
have any effect on the U.S. trade balance.
[Fact Pattern #2]

One Unit of Resources Can Produce
Soybeans (tons) Chips (units)
--------------- ------------Taiwan
6
1,500
United States
12
1,800
[47] Source: CMA 1288 1-12
In trade between Taiwan and the United States,
D. Cheaper dollar helps U.S. exporters of

domestically produced goods.
[51] Source: CMA 1288 1-16
One U.S. dollar is being quoted at 120 Japanese yen on
the spot market and at 123 Japanese yen on the 90-day
forward market; hence, the annual effect in the forward
market is that the
A. U.S. dollar is at a premium of 10%.
A. Taiwan has an absolute advantage in producing

soybeans.
B. The United States has a comparative advantage in
producing soybeans.
B. U.S. dollar is at a premium of 2.5%.

C. U.S. dollar is at a discount of 10%.
D. U.S. dollar is at a premium of 0.025%.
C. Taiwan has a comparative advantage in producing

soybeans.
D. The United States has a comparative advantage in
producing chips.
[48] Source: CMA 1288 1-13
If there were free trade between the two countries, which
one of the following statements would be true?
A. Only the United States will gain from free trade.
B. The United States would specialize in the
production of both chips and soybeans.
[52] Source: CMA 1288 1-17

Caroline Brown, the product manager for a U.S. computer
manufacturer, is being asked to quote prices of desktop
computers to be used in Kuwait. The Kuwaiti government
wants the price in British pounds, for delivery next year.
Brown knows that the general price level in the United
States will increase by 3%. Her banker forecasts that the
British pound will depreciate about 5% this year with
respect to the U.S. dollar. If Brown is able to quote 700
pounds for immediate delivery, the price that should be
quoted for delivery to Kuwait next year is about
A. 735 pounds.
B. 721 pounds.
C. 757 pounds.
D. 745 pounds.
Interest payments on foreign loans

3,700
Gifts received from abroad
1,240
When calculating the balance of trade for this economy, the
A. Current account has a surplus of Pta 7,000.
B. Capital account has a surplus of Pta 4,000.
[53] Source: CMA 1288 1-18

Consider a world consisting of only two countries, Canada
and Italy. Inflation in Canada in 1 year was 5%, and in Italy
10%. Which one of the following statements about the
Canadian exchange rate (rounded) during that year will be
true?
A. Inflation has no effect on the exchange rates.
B. The Canadian dollar will appreciate by 5%.
C. Capital account has a deficit of Pta 7,700.

D. Current account has a deficit of Pta 7,000.
[57] Source: CMA 0691 1-16
Many domestic industries, such as cars and textiles, are
partially protected from foreign competition by a system of
import tariffs and import quotas. A major effect of such
tariffs and quotas is to
C. The Canadian dollar will depreciate by 5%.

A. Raise the domestic price of cars and textiles.
D. The Canadian dollar will depreciate by 15%.
B. Lower the domestic price of cars and textiles.
[54] Source: CMA 1288 1-19
When analyzing a country's balance of payments accounts,
the
A. "Current account" refers only to merchandise
exports and imports.
B. "Current account" and "trade balance" are the
same.
C. "Capital account" refers to the transactions related
to the international movement of financial capital.
D. Country will be in financial jeopardy unless each
component in the balance of payments accounts
balances at the end of the year.
[55] Source: CMA 1288 1-20
Which one of the following statements about special
drawing rights (SDRs) is correct?
A. Gold is used to determine the value of one SDR.
B. All of the major currencies of the world, except
the U.S. dollar, have a fixed value in terms of SDRs.
C. Increase the volume of international trade in cars

and textiles.
D. Reduce employment in the car and textile
industries in the short run.
[58] Source: CMA 0691 1-18
Which one of the following items represents a credit in the
U.S. balance of payment accounts?
A. U.S. imports of crude oil.
B. Expenditures of American tourists abroad.
C. Earnings belonging to foreign businesses that have
U.S. plants.
D. Loans to Americans by foreigners.
[59] Source: CMA 1293 1-25
In relation to the balance of trade, all international
transactions involving the purchase or sale of physical
products between domestic and foreign countries are
reflected in
C. SDRs were first introduced in 1969 by the

International Monetary Fund to supplement existing
reserves.
A. The balance of the capital account.
D. SDRs are the principal reserve asset of the U.S.

government.
C. The official financing account.
B. Official reserves held by the central banks.
D. The trade balance in the current account.

[56] Source: CMA 1288 1-21
The following transactions were noted for an economy
whose currency is denominated in pesetas (Pta).
Amount in
Pesetas
--------Imports of goods
20,300
Exports of goods
15,760
Domestic long-term investment in
foreign countries
6,300
Investment by foreigners in the country
1,400
[60] Source: CMA 1293 1-26

Which one of the following did not contribute to the high
value of the U.S. dollar during the 1980s?
A. Relatively high, real interest rates.
B. A large demand for U.S. dollars.
C. U.S. demand for foreign goods.
D. A stable U.S. government and currency.
[61] Source: CMA 1293 1-27

The economic term used to describe the situation in which
each nation specializes in the production of goods that it
produces relatively more efficiently than other nations and
imports those goods that are produced relatively more
efficiently by other nations is called
against the dollar over this period. Comparing the returns of

the two companies, the United States company's return will
be
A. Lower.
B. Higher.
C. The same.
A. Balance of trade.
D. Higher in the short-run but lower in the long-run.
B. Diminishing returns.
C. Relative competition.
D. Comparative advantage.
[66] Source: CMA 0694 1-4

If the central bank of a country raises interest rates sharply,
the country's currency will likely
A. Increase in relative value.
[62] Source: CIA 1193 IV-68

Which of the following provides the best justification for
reducing trade barriers among nations?
B. Remain unchanged in value.
A. The military self-sufficiency argument.
C. Decrease in relative value.
B. Diversification for stability argument.
D. Decrease sharply in value at first and then return

to its initial value.
C. The infant industry argument.

D. Increased total world output argument.
Which of the following statements does not properly
describe a Eurodollar Deposit?
A. Eurodollar Deposits are U.S. dollar deposits in
banks outside of the U.S.
B. Eurodollar Deposits are outside the direct control
of the U.S. monetary authorities.
C. Eurodollar Deposit rates tend to be lower than
domestic U.S. rates on equivalent instruments.
D. Interest rates on Eurodollar Deposits are tied to
the London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR).
A short-term speculative rise in the world-wide value of
domestic currency could be moderated by a central bank
decision to
A. Sell domestic currency in the foreign exchange
market.
B. Buy domestic currency in the foreign exchange
market.
[67] Source: CMA 0694 1-5

All of the following are true about international trade except
that
A. The gains from international trade depend on
specialization with comparative advantage.
B. Absolute advantage without comparative
advantage does not result in gains from international
trade.
C. Absolute advantage is defined as the ability of one
nation to produce a product at a relatively lower
opportunity cost than another nation.
D. If there is reciprocal absolute advantage between
two countries, specialization will make it possible to
produce more of each product.
[68] Source: CMA 0695 1-23

Which one of the following groups would be the primary
beneficiary of a tariff?
A. Domestic producers of export goods.
B. Domestic producers of goods protected by the
tariff.
C. Domestic consumers of goods protected by the
tariff.
C. Sell foreign currency in the foreign exchange

market.
D. Foreign producers of goods protected by the

tariff.
D. Increase domestic interest rates.

A U.S. company and a German company purchased the
same stock on the German stock exchange and held the
stock for 1 year. The value of the German mark weakened
[69] Source: CMA 0695 1-24

Assuming exchange rates are allowed to fluctuate freely,
which one of the following factors would likely cause a
nation's currency to appreciate on the foreign exchange
market?
A. A relatively rapid rate of growth in income that

stimulates imports.
B. A high rate of inflation relative to other countries.
List A
List B
--------------- --------------A.
Rise
B.
C. A slower rate of growth in income than in other

countries, which causes imports to lag behind
exports.
Fall
C.
D. Domestic real interest rates that are lower than

real interest rates abroad.
Rise
D.
Remain constant
Depreciate
Depreciate
Remain constant Appreciate

Interest rates received by depositors on Eurodollar
deposits tend to be higher than domestic U.S. rates on
equivalent instruments because
A. Borrowers pay higher rates than domestic U.S.
rates on equivalent instruments.

A company has a foreign-currency-denominated trade
payable, due in 60 days. In order to eliminate the foreign
currency exchange-rate risk associated with the payable,
the company could
B. The deposits involve different currencies.
A. Sell foreign currency forward today.
C. Eurodollar deposits are for smaller amounts.
B. Wait 60 days and pay the invoice by purchasing

foreign currency in the spot market at that time.
D. The Eurodollar market is outside the direct control

of the U.S. monetary authorities and has lower costs.
Of the following, a characteristic of Eurobonds is that they
are
C. Buy foreign currency forward today.

D. Borrow foreign currency today, convert it to
domestic currency on the spot market, and invest the
funds in a domestic bank deposit until the invoice
payment date.
A. Always denominated in Eurodollars.

B. Always sold in some country other than the one in
whose currency the bond is denominated.
C. Sold outside the country of the borrower but are
denominated in the currency of the country in which
the issue is sold.

If the exchange rate has changed from 1 U.S. dollar being
worth 5 French francs to a rate of 1 U.S. dollar being
worth 5.5 French francs,
A. The U.S. dollar has appreciated by 10%.
B. The U.S. dollar has depreciated by 10%.
D. Generally issued as registered bonds.

C. The French franc has appreciated by 20%.
If a country has a freely floating exchange rate system and
is experiencing an appreciation in the external value of its
currency, it has
A. A current account deficit and a capital account
surplus.
D. The French franc has depreciated by 20%.

Assuming that the real rate of interest is the same in both
countries, if country A has a higher nominal interest rate
than country B, the currency of country A will likely be
selling at a
B. A current account surplus and a capital account

deficit.
A. Forward discount relative to the currency of

country B.
C. Shrinking official reserves.
B. Forward premium relative to the currency of

country B.
D. No balance of payments surplus or deficit after

short-run exchange-rate adjustments are complete.
Two countries have flexible exchange rate systems and an
active trading relationship. If incomes [List A] in country 1,
everything else being equal, then the currency of country 1
will tend to [List B] relative to the currency of country 2.
C. Spot discount relative to the currency of country

B.
D. Spot premium relative to the currency of country
B.
A direct effect of imposing a protective tariff on an item for
which there are both foreign and domestic producers is that

domestic producers will sell <List A> of the item while
domestic consumers consume <List B> of the item.
C. Increase by about 3%
D. Increase by about 17%.
List A List B
------ -----A.
More
More
More
Less
Less
More
B.
C.
D.
[82] Source: Publisher

Holland produces 90 million cases of soda and 20 million
pounds of cheese. To increase production of cheese to 30
million pounds, it must sacrifice 30 million cases of soda.
Iceland produces 65 million cases of soda and 65 million
pounds of cheese, but to produce 75 million pounds of
cheese, it must sacrifice 10 million cases of soda. It can be
concluded that
A. Holland has an absolute advantage in both soda
and cheese production.
Less
Less

Which of the following measures create the most restrictive
barrier to exporting to a country?
B. Iceland has an absolute advantage in soda

production, and Holland has absolute advantage in
cheese production.
C. Iceland has an absolute advantage in both soda
and cheese production.
A. Tariffs.
B. Quotas.
D. Holland has a comparative advantage in soda

production, and Iceland has an absolute advantage
with respect to cheese production.
C. Embargoes.
D. Exchange controls.
Which of the following is a tariff?

A U.S. company invested $100,000 in Canada for one
year at 10%. The Canadian dollar was selling at a spot rate
of $.65 when the investment was made and $.70 when the
investment matured. What was the approximate yield on
this investment?
A. Licensing requirements.
A. 2.14%
B. Consumption taxes on imported goods.
B. 7.69%
C. Unreasonable standards pertaining to product
quality and safety.
C. 10.00%
D. Domestic content rules.
D. 18.46%

Which of the following is a direct effect of imposing a
protective tariff on an imported product?
A. Lower domestic prices on the imported item.
B. Lower domestic consumption of the item.

(Refer to Figure 3.) The graph depicts the domestic supply
of and demand for a product that is also sold in the
domestic market by foreign producers. The domestic
producers are protected by a tariff of the amount Pt minus
Pw. Pt is the domestic price including the tariff, and Pw is
the world price for the product. The effect of the tariff is to
C. Reduced domestic production of the item.
A. Reduce the domestic price from OPw to OPt.
D. Higher sales revenues for foreign producers of the

item.
B. Reduce foreign sales in the domestic market from

ac to bc.
C. Increase domestic production from Ob to Oc.

If the annual U.S. inflation rate is expected to be 3%, and
the German mark is expected to depreciate against the
U.S. dollar by 12%, a German firm importing from its U.S.
parent can expect the costs of imports denominated in
marks to
A. Decrease by about 12%.
B. Decrease by about 5%.
D. Increase domestic production from Oa to Ob.

[Fact Pattern #3]
U.S. production possibilities table
----------------------------------Production Alternatives
-----------------------
Product A B C D E F
-- -- -- -- -- -Lard
0 4 8 12 16 20
Beef sides 40 32 24 16 8 0
Canada production possibilities table
------------------------------------Production Alternatives
----------------------Product
A B C D E F
-- -- -- -- -- -Lard
0 3 6 9 12 15
Beef sides 60 48 36 24 12 0
-------------------------------------Production Alternatives
------------------------------Product
A
B
C
D E
----- ----- ----- ----- --Cars
4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0
Tractors
0 200 400 600 800
In Bulgaria, the comparative cost of
A. 1 car is 3 tractors.

If the U.S. and Canada engage in trade, the terms of trade
will be
A. Between 2 and 4 beef sides for 1 unit of lard.
B. 1 tractor is 1/3 car.

C. 1 car is 1/3 tractor.
D. 3 tractors is 1 car.
B. Between 1/3 and 1/2 units of lard for 1 beef side.

C. Between 3 and 4 units of lard for 1 beef side.

Which of the following statements is not true?
D. Between 2 and 4 units of lard for 1 beef side.

A. Bulgaria should specialize in the production of
tractors.
Assume that, prior to specialization and trade, the U.S. and
Canada both choose production possibility C. If each
specializes according to its comparative advantage, the
resulting gains from specialization and trade will be
A. 6 units of lard.
B. Bulgaria has a comparative advantage in the

production of tractors.
C. Andorra should specialize in the production of
tractors.
D. Andorra has a comparative advantage in the
production of cars.
B. 8 units of lard.
C. 6 units of lard and 8 beef sides.
D. 8 units of lard and 6 beef sides.
Each nation produces only one product in accordance with
its comparative advantage, and the terms of trade are set at
3 beef sides for 1 unit of lard. In this case, the U.S. can
obtain a maximum combination of 8 units of lard and

The terms of trade will be
A. Greater than 7 cars for 1 tractor.
B. Between 7 cars for 1 tractor and 5 cars for 1
tractor.
C. Between 5 cars for 1 tractor and 3 cars for 1
tractor.
A. 12 beef sides.
D. Less than 3 cars for 1 tractor.
B. 24 beef sides.
C. 36 beef sides.
D. 48 beef sides.

Assume that, if Bulgaria does not specialize, it will produce
alternative C and that, if Andorra does not specialize, it will
select alternative B. The gains from specialization will be
[Fact Pattern #4]

A. 100 cars and 100 tractors.
Bulgaria production possibilities table
--------------------------------------Production Alternatives
-------------------------------Product
A
B C D E F
----- ----- --- --- --- --Cars
1,500 1,200 900 600 300 0
Tractors
0 100 200 300 400 500
Andorra production possibilities table
B. 200 cars and 200 tractors.

C. 400 cars and 500 tractors.
D. 500 cars and 500 tractors.

If the U.S. dollar-peso exchange rate is $1 for 9 pesos, a
product priced at 45 pesos will cost a U.S. consumer
A. $0.20
B. $5
C. $45
D. $405
If a U.S. firm can buy 20,000 for $100,000, the rate of
exchange for the pound is
A. $.20
B. $5
C. $20
D. $50
The spot rate of the French franc is $.90. If the spot rate
one year from now is $.85, the franc will have
A. Appreciated by 5.56%.
B. Depreciated by 5.56%.
C. Appreciated by 5.88%.
D. Depreciated by 5.88%.
CMA PART 1 C
International Business Environment
ANSWERS
[1] Source: CMA 0676 1-34
Answer (A) is incorrect because increasing
productivity will lower the price of U.S. exports
which will increase the amount of exports demanded,
and thus reduce the balance of payments deficit.
Answer (B) is incorrect because as the rate of
inflation slows down, prices charged to overseas
buyers are reduced, which will increase exports (and
reduce the balance of payments deficit).
Answer (C) is incorrect because if more money were
given to countries the U.S. trades with, they would
buy more U.S. exports, thus correcting a balance of
payments deficit.
Answer (D) is correct. A balance of payments deficit
exists when the fixed or managed exchange rate is
too high. "Too high" is when the fixed price is higher
than the equilibrium price would be if market forces
were at work. To correct a balance of payments
deficit the price of dollars must decrease or other
means must be undertaken to raise the real value to
the fixed level. If the value of U.S. currency is
increased, the deficit will grow.
[2] Source: CMA 0680 1-17
Answer (A) is incorrect because the value of the
dollar is not formally tied to gold. While there may be
a long-term relationship between gold and the value
of the dollar, there are often inverse (or random)
short-term fluctuations.
Answer (B) is incorrect because an exchange rate set
by the government is called a fixed exchange rate.
The old international monetary system which used
fixed exchange rates collapsed because of its
inefficient handling of currency prices.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the International
Monetary Fund has little effect on the valuation of
currencies.
Answer (D) is correct. Exchange rates are
determined by the forces of supply and demand on
the exchange markets. Often other forces try to
intervene in this process of exchange rate
determination, but these reflect only short-run
policies. An example of this type of policy would be
government or central bank intervention in the
international money markets.
should expedite collections and defer payments.

Answer (C) is incorrect because the U.S. company
Answer (D) is correct. The proper action would be
to increase collections and decrease payments.
Collections should be made quickly and converted
into dollars to sustain the increase in their value as the
dollar appreciates. Decreasing payments would be
profitable because, as the company exchanges dollars
for foreign currency at a later date, it will receive
more of the foreign currency, thus lowering its real
cost.
[4] Source: CMA 1281 1-12
Answer (A) is incorrect because a country will import
capital-intensive goods and export labor-intensive
goods only if it has relatively abundant labor.
Answer (B) is incorrect because trade could increase
the welfare of the country.
Answer (C) is correct. A country that has relatively
abundant capital will have a comparative advantage in
capital-intensive goods. Accordingly, these goods
should be exported. If the country has less abundant
labor, it should import labor-intensive goods because
it will be a less efficient producer of such.
Answer (D) is incorrect because an embargo on the
export of capital-intensive goods is economically
irrational if the country has a comparative advantage
in their production.
[5] Source: CMA 1281 1-16
Answer (A) is incorrect because it excludes capital
inflows and outflows, grants, and remittances.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it excludes capital
inflows and outflows, grants, and remittances.
Answer (C) is correct. The balance of payments is
defined as the excess of imports, private capital
outflows, grants, and remittances over exports and
private capital inflows. When there is a surplus in the
balance of payments, more domestic goods may have
been sold abroad than were imported, and/or
foreigners may have invested more capital in the
domestic country than domestic citizens invested
abroad. For this reason, a surplus is considered a
favorable balance of payments. Just the opposite is
true for a deficit in the balance of payments.
Answer (D) is incorrect because it excludes exports
completely.
[6] Source: CMA 0682 1-12
[3] Source: CMA 0680 1-20

Answer (A) is incorrect because the U.S. company
Answer (B) is incorrect because the U.S. company
Answer (A) is incorrect because it increases the

demand for U.S. currency.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it represents an
increase in demand for U.S. assets by foreigners.
not operate as a subsidy to exports.

Answer (C) is incorrect because it reflects an
increase in U.S. goods and services demanded by
foreigners.
Answer (D) is correct. Since debits represent
unfavorable items, expenditures by U.S. residents
vacationing abroad require debits. Buying French
goods and services means using dollars to acquire
francs, thus increasing the demand for French
currency.
[7] Source: CMA 0682 1-13
Answer (A) is incorrect because it reflects an
increase in demand for foreign currency by
[10] Source: CMA 1282 1-14

Answer (A) is correct. Given a spot rate value of
$1.8655 and a forward rate of $1.8723, the value of
the pound is greater in the futures market than in the
spot market. Accordingly, the price is being quoted
at a premium because speculators expect the
currency to appreciate.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the price is quoted
at a discount if the spot rate is higher than the forward
rate.
Answer (C) is incorrect because undervaluation
refers to comparisons of currencies.
Americans.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it is a private capital
outflow and would appear as a debit in the balance of
payments account.
Answer (D) is incorrect because overvaluation refers

to comparisons of currencies.
[11] Source: CMA 1282 1-17
Answer (C) is incorrect because it represents imports

by the U.S. of insurance services.
Answer (D) is correct. Exports help a country's
balance of payments and are therefore considered a
credit in the U.S. balance of payments account.
Therefore, the Iowa farmer's export of grain to
Turkey would be recorded as a credit.
[8] Source: CMA 1282 1-12
Answer (A) is incorrect because a clean float system
does not exist owing to central bank intervention.
Answer (B) is correct. Today's international
monetary system usually permits exchange rates to
float freely. However, central banks occasionally
intervene to avoid large fluctuations. Accordingly, the
system is called a managed or dirty float system.
Answer (A) is incorrect because scarcity causes a

higher opportunity cost.
Answer (B) is correct. If one good requires
comparatively large amounts of a resource, a country
with a relatively large amount of that resource should
have the advantage in the production of that good.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the country may
have relatively less abundant natural resources.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the country may
have relatively less abundant capital.
[12] Source: CMA 1282 1-18
Answer (A) is incorrect because a quota is a
restriction on a quantity of units.
Answer (C) is incorrect because, as a result of the

floating exchange rate system, rates are not stable.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a tariff is a per unit

tax.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the gold-based

system was abandoned in 1973.
Answer (C) is incorrect because a quota is a

restriction on quantity, not a subsidy.
[9] Source: CMA 1282 1-13

Answer (A) is correct. If a currency is overvalued
relative to a foreign currency, it will purchase more of
that currency, thereby encouraging imports of foreign
goods. Similarly, exports are discouraged because
the foreign currency will purchase less of the
overvalued currency. Therefore, an overvalued
currency operates as a tax on exports and a subsidy
to imports.
Answer (D) is correct. A tariff is a duty imposed on

imports. A quota is a restriction on the quantity of a
good which may be imported.
[13] Source: CMA 1282 1-19
Answer (A) is incorrect because a unilateral import
quota is imposed by the importing country on the
exporting country without agreement with the other
country.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it describes the

effect of an undervalued currency.
Answer (B) is incorrect because, if the quota is

adhered to, it will be quite meaningful.
Answer (C) is incorrect because overvaluation does

not operate as a tax on imports.
Answer (C) is correct. A voluntary export quota is in

reality a form of negotiated import quota from the
perspective of the other country involved.
Answer (D) is incorrect because overvaluation does
Answer (D) is incorrect because of the voluntary

nature of the quota.
[14] Source: CMA 1285 1-25
Answer (A) is incorrect because it concerns capital
movements, not trade. Also, excessive capital
outflows produce a negative effect on the balance of
payments.
Answer (B) is correct. When a nation engages in
international trade, it mostly trades goods and
services in which it has a comparative advantage for
goods and services of which it is a relatively less
efficient producer. A nation may thus concentrate on
production of those goods for which it has a
comparative advantage. Consequently, imported
products are sold for real prices lower than if they
were produced in the importing nation. The result is
greater availability of goods and services in the
domestic market.
Answer (C) is incorrect because import duties are
charged to domestic consumers and thus result in no
increase in national resources.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the export industries
may well account for only a small fraction of a
nation's activity, so the greater availability of goods
and services is a more significant effect of
international trade than the benefits to exporters.
[15] Source: CMA 1285 1-26
Answer (A) is incorrect because the passing of "buy
American" laws could result in a decline in overall
domestic consumption, higher prices, and retaliatory
foreign action.
increase manufacturing costs; they only permit those

with higher costs to compete effectively.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the benefit of the
subsidy accrues to the inefficient domestic producer.
Answer (D) is correct. Trade restrictions are
designed to protect domestic industries that cannot
effectively meet foreign competition. Tariffs and
quotas therefore cause consumers to pay higher
prices and to consume fewer goods and services. In
effect, consumers pay a subsidy to domestic
producers. The long-term results are a reduction in
trade and misallocation of resources to less efficient
industries.
[17] Source: CMA 1285 1-28
Answer (A) is incorrect because foreign investment
may be welcomed under the appropriate conditions.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the EU provides
incentives to trade with other members, not
nonmembers.
Answer (C) is incorrect because currencies are not
affected by bloc membership.
Answer (D) is correct. A trading bloc provides
trading incentives to member nations and
discriminates against nonmember nations. For
example, the European Union calls for abolition of
internal tariffs and import quotas, free movement of
capital and labor within the market, and
implementation of common policies for the member
nations. However, the EU also imposed a common
system of tariffs on goods of nonmember nations.
[18] Source: CMA 1285 1-30
Answer (B) is incorrect because a country does not

benefit from restricting its exports.
Answer (C) is correct. Dumping is the practice of
supporting exports by selling products at a lower
price in foreign markets than in the domestic market.
The result is that foreign goods (such as certain items
produced in the Far East) can be purchased in the
U.S. at a price much lower than would be charged by
a U.S. manufacturer. Since dumping lowers the price
of foreign goods, the appropriate remedy would be
for the importing nation to impose a tariff that would
reduce the price differential.
Answer (D) is incorrect because denying "most
favored nation" treatment would make trade with a
country more difficult and would be a more extreme
remedy than necessary.
Answer (A) is correct. Currency devaluations result

in a change in the balance of payments. A devaluation
means that other currencies will buy more of the
devaluing nation's currency, and the prices of goods
denominated in the devalued currency are therefore
cheaper. A devaluation usually results in an increase
in exports, a decrease in imports (caused by higher
relative input prices), and an improved balance of
trade.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a devaluation will
encourage exports.
Answer (C) is incorrect because a devaluation will
discourage imports and may encourage domestic
inflation. Foreign goods will be more expensive.
Answer (D) is incorrect because devaluation most
likely occurs when a country is losing its reserves.
[16] Source: CMA 1285 1-27

Answer (A) is incorrect because the government is
not trying to equitably distribute income. Import
restrictions are either politically expedient, or
intended to support critical industries that might be
needed in time of war.
Answer (B) is incorrect because restrictions do not
[19] Source: CMA 1285 1-31

Answer (A) is incorrect because foreign investments
in the United States is a factor in the balance of
payments but not trade.
Answer (B) is incorrect because U.S. investments in
foreign countries is a factor in the balance of

payments but not trade.
Answer (C) is incorrect because exports increase the
balance of trade.
Answer (D) is correct. The balance of payments
embraces all payments made by one nation to
another, including capital movements. The balance of
trade is the difference between imports and exports
of goods and services over a given period. In
T-account form, exports are credits and imports
debits. Assuming that a credit balance reflects a
positive balance of trade, imports will decrease a
positive balance while exports will increase it.
[20] Source: CMA 1285 1-32
Answer (A) is incorrect because a recession would
result in less U.S. demand for raw materials from
abroad and a reduction in funds available to the
underdeveloped nations to pay debts.
Answer (B) is correct. An expanding U.S. economy
would result in greater demand for raw materials from
these countries. Also, since the money supply and
interest rates are inversely proportional (when the
money supply is rising, interest rates are falling), less
developed nations could borrow again at lower rates.
Moreover, if the money supply is rising, inflation
might increase and U.S. dollars would become
cheaper, thereby easing the burden of foreign debtors
with obligations payable in dollars.
Answer (C) is incorrect because an expansion of
lending authority could only increase the debt
outstanding and make it less possible for less
developed countries to service their debts.
Answer (D) is incorrect because tariffs would reduce
exports to the U.S. and thus the funds available for
debt service.
should buy pounds now. If the dollar depreciates

against the pound in the next 90 days, the gain on the
forward exchange contract would offset the loss from
having to pay more dollars to satisfy the liability.
Answer (B) is incorrect because selling pounds
would compound the risk of loss for someone who
has incurred a liability. However, it would be an
appropriate hedge of a receivable denominated in
pounds.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the importer needs
pounds, not dollars.
Answer (D) is incorrect because, although buying
pounds might be equivalent to selling dollars for
pounds, this is not the best answer. This choice does
not state what is received for the dollars.
[23] Source: CMA 1285 1-35
Answer (A) is incorrect because the World Trade
Organization (WTO) is an attempt by the signatory
nations to reduce tariffs and import quotas.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the World Bank
provides credits for development purposes.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the U.S. Food for
Peace program permits other countries to purchase
U.S. farm products with other currencies.
Answer (D) is correct. The resources of the IMF
consist of a pool of currency from which short-term
loans can be made to member nations who are
experiencing temporary balance of payments
problems. Special drawing rights (SDRs) have also
been created on the books of IMF to serve as an
additional reserve for member nations to use in
settling accounts.
[24] Source: CMA 0686 1-23
[21] Source: CMA 1285 1-33

Answer (A) is incorrect because purchasing-power
parity is achieved through floating exchange rates.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the
purchasing-power parity exchange rate is a long-run
measure, but the market rate may reflect short-term
or medium-term conditions.
Answer (C) is incorrect because purchasing-power
parity does not affect the valuation of currency.
Answer (D) is correct. The purchasing-power parity
theorem states that, in the long run, the real price of a
good in country A will equal the price of the same
good in country B when the prices are expressed in a
common currency and converted at the current
exchange rate (adjustments for tariffs, taxes, or
transportation cost may need to be made).
Answer (A) is incorrect because efficient trade is not

meaningful in this context.
Answer (B) is incorrect because diminishing returns is
not meaningful in this context.
Answer (C) is incorrect because relative competition
is not meaningful in this context.
Answer (D) is correct. The doctrine of comparative
advantage relates to comparative costs within one
country. It holds that a country should produce those
products in which it has a comparative advantage, not
necessarily those products in which it has an absolute
advantage. The doctrine suggests that a country
should produce those products for which the greatest
efficiencies are attainable even if it could also produce
other goods more efficiently than another nation. In
the long run, importing a product in which a country
has an absolute advantage but not a comparative
advantage will result in an overall increase in global
production.
[22] Source: CMA 1285 1-34

Answer (A) is correct. The American importer
[25] Source: CMA 1286 1-16
Answer (A) is incorrect because the balance in the

current account contains financial balances, but the
balance of trade is concerned only with the balance
of transactions in goods and services.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the capital account
records net capital movements, not the balance of
trade.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the balance of all
international transactions includes items that are not
goods or services, such as net capital movements,
government transactions, and remittances.
embraces all payments made by one nation to
another, including capital movements. The balance of
trade is the difference between imports and exports
of goods and services over a given period. In
T-account form, exports are credits and imports
debits. Assuming that a credit balance reflects a
positive balance of trade, imports will decrease a
positive balance while exports will increase it.
[26] Source: CMA 1286 1-17
Answer (A) is incorrect because in 1971
convertibility of gold into dollars was ended by the
U.S. government. This effectively destroyed the
international system of fixed exchange rates. SDRs
serve the same function as gold once did in settling
accounts between nations. Their value is based on a
weighted average of currencies, not on the gold price.
Answer (B) is correct. Special drawing rights (SDRs)
have been created on the books of the IMF by
agreement of the IMF members to serve as an
additional reserve for member nations to use in
settling accounts. They are based on the weighted
average value of several currencies.
Answer (C) is incorrect because in 1971
convertibility of gold into dollars was ended by the
U.S. government. This effectively destroyed the
international system of fixed exchange rates. SDRs
serve the same function as gold once did in settling
accounts between nations. Their value is based on a
weighted average of currencies, not on the gold price.
Answer (D) is incorrect because SDRs are
bookkeeping entries on the IMF books awarded in
proportion to members' contribution quotas, not to
borrowing rights.
[27] Source: CMA 1286 1-18
Answer (A) is incorrect because the combined effect
of U.S. inflation and the decline in value of the lira
would cause the lira costs for U.S. imports to
increase.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the combined effect
of U.S. inflation and the decline in value of the lira
would cause the lira costs for U.S. imports to
increase.
Answer (C) is incorrect because 5% is the difference

between the currency depreciation and the inflation
rate.
Answer (D) is correct. Assuming the original
exchange rate is $1 to 2,000 lira and that U.S.
inflation is 5%, the cost in lira to purchase what once
cost $1 will now be 2,100 lira (2,000 x 1.05).
However, if the lira also depreciates by 10%, that is,
if the lira is expected to be worth 90% of its current
value against the dollar, the exchange rate before
inflation will be $1 to 2,222 lira (2,000 .9). At this
rate, 2,333 lira (2,222 x 1.05) will be required to
purchase $1.05. Lira costs will thus increase by over
16.6% (333 2,000).
[28] Source: CMA 1286 1-19
Answer (A) is correct. An overvalued exchange rate
is a tax on exports because they will be overvalued in
terms of the foreign currency. For example, if the true
value of $1 is 5 marks but the exchange rate is $1 to
6 marks, the cost of goods priced in dollars will
include a 20% tax for holders of marks. It is also a
subsidy to imports because the overly high exchange
rate causes the price of foreign goods and services to
be undervalued. In the same example, $1 will buy 6
marks' worth of imports instead of 5, a 20% subsidy.
Answer (B) is incorrect because devaluation taxes
imports and subsidizes exports.
Answer (C) is incorrect because both will be
affected.
Answer (D) is incorrect because both will be
affected.
[29] Source: CMA 1286 1-21
Answer (A) is incorrect because Japan and Germany
should specialize in making radios and TV sets,
respectively, and trade for what they do not produce.
Answer (B) is correct. Japan has a comparative
advantage in radio production because its cost of
producing radios is a smaller fraction of its cost of
producing TV sets (2/4 = .5) than is true for
Germany (its fraction is 3/5 = .6). Germany has a
comparative advantage with regard to TV set
production because its costs of producing TV sets
(5/3 = 1.67) is a smaller fraction of its cost of
producing radios than is true for Japan (its fraction is
4/2 = 2). Under the theory of comparative
advantage, Japan should manufacture radios,
Germany should make TV sets, and both should
trade for what they do not produce.
Answer (C) is incorrect because Japan and Germany
Answer (D) is incorrect because Japan and Germany
[30] Source: CMA 1286 1-22
Answer (A) is incorrect because 2.00 televisions is

the inverse of the correct relationship.
Answer (B) is incorrect because Japan has an
absolute advantage for both products. Hence, the
correct relationship is 2 hours of production time for
a radio and 4 hours for a television.
Answer (C) is incorrect because Japan has an
absolute advantage for both products. Hence, the
correct relationship is 2 hours of production time for
a radio and 4 hours for a television.
Answer (D) is correct. Because Japan has an
absolute advantage for both products, the relationship
between Japanese radios and Japanese televisions
would determine the price of each. Radios require 2
hours of production time and televisions require 4
hours, so the price of a radio is likely to be .50
televisions.
[31] Source: CMA 1286 1-20
Answer (A) is incorrect because there is no way to
tell if the rates are over- or undervalued.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the pound is selling
at a discount, not a premium.
Answer (C) is correct. A spot rate is defined as the
exchange rate paid for delivery of currency "on the
spot," i.e., today. A forward exchange rate is the
future price of the currency. If the forward rate is
greater than the spot rate, the currency is selling at a
premium. If the forward rate is less than the spot rate,
the currency is selling at a discount.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the pound is selling
at a discount, not a premium.
[32] Source: CMA 0687 1-21
Answer (A) is incorrect because the WTO is a
worldwide agreement concerning trade barriers, not
exchange rates. Today, moreover, exchange rates are
not pegged (fixed) but are allowed to float.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the IMF was
founded in 1944 to stabilize exchange rates.
Answer (C) is correct. International trade agreements
provide regulatory authority for businesses in
international trade. The WTO, which was established
on January 1, 1995, is the product of the Uruguay
Round of international trade negotiations. It is a
permanent body with a secretariat based in Geneva,
Switzerland The WTO Agreement is a permanent set
of commitments by more than 120 nations designed
to prohibit trade discrimination among member
nations and between imported and domestic
products.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the WTO is a
worldwide agreement concerning trade barriers, not
exchange rates. Today, moreover, exchange rates are
not pegged (fixed) but are allowed to float.
[33] Source: CMA 1287 1-24

Answer (A) is correct. If exchange rates are allowed
to fluctuate, the value of a particular currency will be
determined in accordance with the supply of and
demand for that currency. For example, if U.S.
exports to Japan are greater than imports, the dollar
will be in great demand; thus, the dollar will be driven
up in price relative to the Japanese yen. This increase
in price will discourage the Japanese from buying
U.S. goods. The decrease in Japanese purchases will
then result, in principle, in less demand for the dollar
and a movement back toward equilibrium in the
export/import ratio.
Answer (B) is incorrect because tight money policies
would not affect the balance of payments but would
reduce economic activity generally.
Answer (C) is incorrect because deficits can be
overcome by less drastic and counterproductive
methods than eliminating trade.
Answer (D) is incorrect because demand for
particular products is as important as relative costs in
creating trade deficits.
[34] Source: CMA 1287 1-25
Answer (A) is incorrect because prices will be lower
and greater quantities will be available with
international trade.
Answer (B) is incorrect because variety will be
increased by international trade.
Answer (C) is correct. Under the concept of
comparative advantage, total world output will be
maximized when each nation specializes in the
products in which it has the lowest opportunity costs,
that is, a comparative advantage. When nations
specialize in what they produce most efficiently and
then exchange with others, more is produced and
consumed than if each nation tries to be
self-sufficient. Specialization of labor is beneficial for
individuals; the same principle applies to nations.
Answer (D) is incorrect because competition will be
increased when more producers are in the market.
[35] Source: CMA 1287 1-26
Answer (A) is incorrect because U.S. investment
abroad has proven to be beneficial.
Answer (B) is incorrect because both nations should
benefit from international trade. Under the concept of
comparative advantage, no country will be worse off
through international trade.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the U.S. has other
advantages not possessed by countries with low
labor costs.
Answer (D) is correct. Imports can raise the standard
of living because more goods are available to
consumers. Tariffs, quotas, and other trade restraints

are undesirable because free trade will maximize the
total benefit to consumers worldwide (under the
concept of comparative advantage).
depreciated against foreign currencies.

Answer (B) is incorrect because the U.S. trade
balance of payments should improve.
Answer (A) is incorrect because trade restricts full

inflation since incentives to charge lower prices for
domestic products are removed.
Answer (C) is correct. The decline in the value of the

dollar reduces the prices of U.S. goods to foreigners
and should increase exports. Also, foreign goods will
be higher priced (in dollars) and imports from foreign
countries should decrease, thus helping the U.S.
balance of payments.
Answer (B) is incorrect because domestic industries

support protection from imports to reduce
competition.
Answer (D) is incorrect because U.S. imports will

decline. Foreign goods will be higher priced than
before.
[36] Source: CMA 1287 1-27
Answer (C) is incorrect because consumption is

reduced owing to higher prices and reduced supply.
Answer (D) is correct. Tariffs lead to higher prices on
imported products. Similarly, the imposition of quotas
leads to higher prices through an artificial limitation on
supply.
[37] Source: CMA 1287 1-28
Answer (A) is incorrect because the mark has
appreciated (increased in value) relative to the dollar.
Answer (B) is correct. The dollar has declined in
value relative to the mark. If an American had
previously wished to purchase a German product that
was priced at 12 marks, the dollar price would have
been $2. After the decline in value, the dollar cost of
the item has increased to $3. Therefore, imports from
Germany should decrease and exports increase.
Answer (C) is incorrect because dollars will buy
fewer German products.
Answer (D) is incorrect because U.S. exports should
increase. For example, if a U.S. product previously
cost $3, the price to Germans would have been 18
marks. With the decline of the dollar, the Germans
can now buy the $3 item for 12 marks.
[38] Source: CMA 1287 1-29
Answer (A) is incorrect because the demand for
dollars, not the supply, will be affected by the
decision to purchase additional U.S. products.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the demand for
dollars, not the supply, will be affected by the
decision to purchase additional U.S. products.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the dollar should
appreciate relative to the yen owing to the increased
demand for dollars.
Answer (D) is correct. The increase in demand for
U.S. products will increase the demand for the
dollars necessary to pay for those products.
[39] Source: CMA 1287 1-30
Answer (A) is incorrect because the dollar has
[40] Source: CMA 0688 1-21

Answer (A) is correct. The U.S. dollar is the most
widely used currency in international markets today.
It is considered much more stable than any of the
third-world currencies. Thus, many third-world
countries rely on the U.S. dollar for foreign trade.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the Euro is not as
heavily used as the U.S. dollar.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the Japanese yen is
not as heavily used as the U.S. dollar.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the Swiss franc is
not as heavily used as the U.S. dollar.
[41] Source: CMA 0688 1-22
Answer (A) is incorrect because governments have
only temporary influence, if any, on the setting of
exchange rates.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the International
Monetary Fund has only temporary influence, if any,
on the setting of exchange rates.
Answer (C) is correct. Although currencies can be
supported by various means for short periods, the
primary determinant of exchange rates is the supply
of and demand for the various currencies. Under
current international agreements, exchange rates are
allowed to "float." During periods of extreme
fluctuations, however, governments and control
banks may intervene to maintain stability in the
market.
Answer (D) is incorrect because they have only
temporary influence, if any, on the setting of exchange
rates.
[42] Source: CMA 0688 1-23
Answer (A) is correct. An individual who purposely
accepts exchange rate risk is a speculator.
Speculators buy and sell foreign currencies in
anticipation of favorable changes in rates.
Answer (B) is incorrect because an arbitrageur is
someone who simultaneously buys foreign currency in
one market and sells in another market at a slightly
higher price. Thus, the arbitrageur's risk is slight.

Answer (C) is incorrect because hedging avoids the
risk of foreign currency transactions for those who do
not seek to gain from fluctuations in exchange rates.
Hedging is the sale or purchase of a forward
exchange contract to offset a possible exchange rate
loss. When a forward exchange contract is intended
and is effective as an economic hedge against an
exposed net asset or net liability position (e.g., an
outstanding receivable or liability denominated in a
foreign currency), any exchange gain or loss on the
forward contract will offset any exchange gain or loss
on the exposed net asset or net liability position.
Thus, no exchange gain or loss will result.
Answer (D) is incorrect because exporters and
importers are likely to engage in hedging to avoid
exchange rate risk.
currency on the market.

[45] Source: CMA 0688 1-29
Answer (A) is incorrect because this restriction
increases the price to U.S. consumers. The reduced
supply may not be matched by reduced demand.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the government will
not directly benefit from the restriction on auto
imports from Japan. The restriction benefits U.S.
manufacturers and helps equalize the balance of
payments.
Answer (C) is correct. A voluntary agreement to
restrict exports to the United States forestalls
possible trade restrictions. Such an agreement is
more likely if Japan's domestic profit margins are
sufficiently high that its dependence on exports to the
U.S. has been reduced.
[43] Source: CMA 0688 1-24

Answer (A) is incorrect because SDRs have nothing
to do with inflation.
Answer (B) is correct. Special drawing rights (SDRs)
were created by the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) to enable countries to cope with temporary
foreign exchange liquidity problems. SDRs are
granted in proportion to the IMF quotas with the
approval of 85% in voting power of the participants.
If an IMF country has insufficient amount of a
currency needed for payment of a trade deficit, it can
transfer SDRs instead.
Answer (C) is incorrect because SDRs are created
by an agreement among governments; they are entries
in the accounts of the IMF that have been decreed by
participating countries to be acceptable in lieu of
other currencies. They are not used by commercial
banks.
Answer (D) is incorrect because any country
belonging to the IMF can use SDRs.
Answer (D) is incorrect because Japan will want to

export more expensive cars to the U.S. The
higher-priced cars will have higher margins of profit.
[46] Source: CMA 0688 1-30
Answer (A) is incorrect because although most
exchanges quote the price of gold in U.S. dollars, the
dollar's value is not linked to that of gold.
Answer (B) is incorrect because floating exchange
rates have existed since about 1973. Tying currency
values to a gold standard, in effect, fixes exchange
rates.
Answer (C) is correct. Gold has no special role in the
modern international monetary system. The present
system is based upon managed floating currency
exchange rates. Consequently, gold is treated as a
commodity, the price of which depends upon supply
and demand.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the only reserves of
the IMF are international currencies.
[44] Source: CMA 0688 1-25

Answer (A) is incorrect because currencies do not
have an inherent tendency to depreciate or
appreciate.
Answer (B) is correct. Exchange rates "float" when
they are set by supply and demand, not by agreement
among countries. In a managed float, central banks
buy and sell currencies at their discretion to avoid
erratic fluctuations in the foreign currency market.
The objective of such transactions is to "manage" the
level at which a particular currency sells in the open
market. For instance, if there is an oversupply of a
country's currency on the foreign currency market,
the central bank will purchase that currency to
support the market.
Answer (C) is incorrect because currencies no longer
have to be supported by gold.
Answer (D) is incorrect because central banks, not
private business people, manage the quantity of
[47] Source: CMA 1288 1-12

Answer (A) is incorrect because Taiwan does not
have an absolute advantage with respect to either
product.
Answer (B) is correct. Given two countries and two
products, each country will always have a
comparative advantage with respect to one of the
products. Each country may or may not have an
absolute advantage. In this case, the U.S. has an
absolute advantage with respect to both products
because with one unit of resources it can produce
more soybeans (12 to 6) and more chips (1,800 to
1,500) than Taiwan. Comparatively, the U.S. has an
advantage with respect to soybeans. Comparative
advantage is measured by determining which product
can be manufactured more cheaply (for the lower
opportunity cost) in comparison to the other country.
For 1 ton of soybeans, the U.S. opportunity cost is
150 units (1,800/12) of chips. The opportunity cost
for Taiwan is 250 units (1,500/6) of chips.

Answer (C) is incorrect because the U.S. has the
comparative advantage in the production of
soybeans, and Taiwan has the comparative
advantage in the production of chips. Taiwan's
opportunity cost for the production of one unit of
chips is .004 ton (6/1,500) of soybeans. U.S. chip
production has an opportunity cost of .0067 ton
(12/1,800) of soybeans.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the U.S. has the
comparative advantage in the production of
soybeans, and Taiwan has the comparative
advantage in the production of chips. Taiwan's
opportunity cost for the production of one unit of
chips is .004 ton (6/1,500) of soybeans. U.S. chip
production has an opportunity cost of .0067 ton
(12/1,800) of soybeans.
[48] Source: CMA 1288 1-13
Answer (A) is incorrect because both countries will
benefit from free trade. Specialization results in the
optimal total output.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the U.S. will
specialize in the production of soybeans.
Answer (C) is incorrect because Taiwan will produce
chips and export them to the U.S.
Answer (D) is correct. Countries should specialize in
the production and export of products for which they
have a comparative advantage. They should import
those products for which they do not have a
comparative advantage. Thus, Taiwan will specialize
in the production of chips, and the U.S. will specialize
in the production of soybeans.
[49] Source: CMA 1288 1-14
Answer (A) is incorrect because 1 ton of soybeans
for 250 chips is the opportunity cost for Taiwan.
Answer (B) is correct. Taiwan's opportunity cost for
1 ton of soybeans is 250 units of chips. The U.S.'s
opportunity cost for 1 ton of soybeans is 150 units of
chips (1800/12). Thus, the lowest price that the U.S.
should charge is 150 units of chips per ton of
soybeans. Moreover, Taiwan should not pay more
than 250 units of chips for imported soybeans
because they could be made domestically for that
price. Therefore, the trading price must be between
150 and 250 units of chips per ton of soybeans if
trade is to be advantageous.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the lowest price the
U.S. should charge is 150 units of chips per ton of
soybeans and the maximum price that Taiwan would
be willing to pay is 250 units of chips per ton of
soybeans.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the lowest price that
the U.S. would charge is 150 units of chips per ton of
soybeans. Additionally, Taiwan would not be willing
to pay more than 250 units of chips per ton of
soybeans.
[50] Source: CMA 1288 1-15

Answer (A) is incorrect because the trade account
still has a deficit despite the cheaper dollar. Imports
continue to exceed exports because patterns of
consumption are slow to change.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the capital account
benefits from the cheaper dollar. Foreigners can buy
more dollars with fewer yen, marks, etc. Moreover,
foreign capital inflow increases because of the federal
government's budget deficits. Hence, the U.S.
experiences a net capital inflow.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the fall in the dollar
has a positive effect on the nation's trade deficit.
Exports increase and imports decrease.
Answer (D) is correct. A decline in the value of the
dollar relative to other currencies lowers the price of
U.S. goods to foreign consumers. Thus, exporters of
domestically produced goods benefit. A low value of
the dollar also decreases imports by making foreign
goods more expensive.
[51] Source: CMA 1288 1-16
Answer (A) is correct. The price difference of three
yen is a difference of 2 % (3 120) for 90 days.
Annualizing this difference (multiplying by 4)
produces an annual premium of 10%. Because the
90-day price of the dollar is higher than the current
price, it is said that the dollar is at a premium on the
90-day forward market.
Answer (B) is incorrect because 2.5% is the premium
for 90 days.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the effect is a 10%
premium, not discount.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the 90-day effect is
a 2.5% or 0.025 premium.
[52] Source: CMA 1288 1-17
Answer (A) is incorrect because 735 pounds results
from considering only the effect of the 5% decline in
the pound.
Answer (B) is incorrect because 721 pounds results
from considering only the effect of the 3% U.S.
inflation rate.
Answer (C) is correct. Two factors are to be
considered: (1) the 3% inflation rate and (2) the 5%
decline in the pound. Considering the inflation rate
first, 3% should be added to the immediate delivery
price to arrive at a future price of 721 pounds.
However, to allow for the foreign currency
exchange-rate risk, an additional 5% should be
added to the inflation-adjusted price. The bid price
should be 757 pounds [721 pounds + (5% x 721
pounds)].
Answer (D) is incorrect because the effects of both
the 3% U.S. inflation rate and the 5% decline in the

pound need to be added to the initial 700 pounds.
[53] Source: CMA 1288 1-18

Answer (A) is incorrect because inflation affects
exchange rates by diminishing a currency's purchasing
power.
Answer (B) is correct. Since Italy has experienced
the greater inflation, its currency should depreciate in
relation to Canada's. For example, if Canada trades
100 units of a product to Italy for a preinflation price
of $100 (the domestic price in Canada), and Italy
pays with 10,000 units of an Italian product that sells
domestically for 10,000 preinflation lira, the exchange
rate without regard to inflation is 100 lira per $1
(10,000 lira/$100). Allowing for the inflation, the 100
units of the Canadian product would sell for $105.
The 10,000 units of the Italian product would sell for
11,000 lira. Thus, the new exchange rate will be
104.76 lira per $1 (11,000 lira/$105), and the price
of the Canadian dollar will increase by 4.76%
(rounded to 5%).
Answer (C) is incorrect because the Canadian
currency will appreciate relative to Italy's since
Canadian inflation was lower.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the Canadian
currency will appreciate relative to Italy's since
Canadian inflation was lower.
[54] Source: CMA 1288 1-19

Answer (A) is incorrect because the current account
includes exports and imports of services as well as
goods.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the trade balance
concerns goods only.
Answer (C) is correct. The balance of payments
accounts include all international payments made by
one nation to another, including capital movements,
imports, exports, and unilateral transfers. The net of
exports and imports is the current account balance.
The current account balance does not include capital
transactions. The capital account reflects movements
of financial capital (investments).
Answer (D) is incorrect because the various
components are never in balance. In reality, the
important consideration is the total, and that is more
of a long-run than an annual problem.
[55] Source: CMA 1288 1-20
Answer (A) is incorrect because the gold standard
was abandoned by the IMF in 1973.
Answer (B) is incorrect because currencies have
floating values.
Answer (C) is correct. Special drawing rights (SDRs)
were created by the International Monetary Fund

(IMF) to enable countries to cope with temporary
foreign exchange liquidity problems. SDRs are
granted in proportion to the IMF quotas with the
approval of 85% in voting power of the participants.
If an IMF country has insufficient amount of a
currency needed for payment of a trade deficit, it can
transfer SDRs instead.
Answer (D) is incorrect because SDRs are reserves
created by the IMF for use by nations in settling
international accounts.
[56] Source: CMA 1288 1-21
Answer (A) is incorrect because the current account
has a deficit, not a surplus, of Pta 7,000.
Answer (B) is incorrect because investment by
foreigners should be deducted from, not added to,
domestic investment in foreign countries.
Furthermore, interest payments on foreign loans
affect the current, not the capital account, and the
capital account has a trade deficit, not a surplus.
Answer (C) is incorrect because investment by
foreigners should be deducted from, not added to,
domestic investment in foreign countries.
Answer (D) is correct. The balance of trade is the
balance of imports and exports of goods. The current
account also considers trade in services (none for this
economy), unilateral transfers (e.g., gifts), and
investment receipts and payments. It does not include
capital transactions. Thus, investments by foreigners
in the domestic economy and investments made in
foreign countries will not be included in the current
account. These transactions will be reflected in the
capital account. The capital account will therefore
have a deficit of 4,900 (6,300 - 1,400) pesetas, since
investment in foreign countries is greater than
investment by foreigners. The current account will
have a deficit of 7,000 pesetas (15,760 - 20,300 +
1,240 - 3,700). This question assumes that the
balance of trade is synonymous with the current
account balance. But these terms are often
differentiated.
[57] Source: CMA 0691 1-16
Answer (A) is correct. Import tariffs and quotas
cause the prices of goods to increase. Tariffs directly
increase the prices paid by consumers. Quotas
decrease supply and therefore indirectly raise the
price. At the same time, resources will shift from
relatively efficient export industries to less efficient
protected industries. Price will rise as resources are
misallocated to high-cost producers.
Answer (B) is incorrect because prices will increase.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the volume of trade
will decline as less efficient domestic producers
remain in or enter the market. Total worldwide real
output will also decline.
Answer (D) is incorrect because employment in the
protected industries will increase in the short run, but
total employment may not be affected.

[58] Source: CMA 0691 1-18
Answer (A) is incorrect because imports are debited.
Answer (B) is incorrect because expenditures of
American tourists abroad are treated as imports and
are therefore debited.
currencies.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the stability of the
U.S. government and its currency made the dollar a
secure store of value in the eyes of many foreigners;
these foreigners therefore acquired dollars to hold as
a safeguard against inflation in their own countries.
[61] Source: CMA 1293 1-27
Answer (C) is incorrect because earnings of

foreigners represent outflows of foreign exchange and
are debited.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the balance of trade

is the difference between imports and exports of
goods.
Answer (D) is correct. Basically, exports of goods

and services are credited to the U.S. balance of
payments accounts and imports are debited.
Similarly, capital movements may be debited or
credited. For example, transfers of capital from
foreigners to Americans, such as loans, are credits in
the accounts. In effect, these loans constitute exports
of debt instruments and increase the supply of foreign
exchange available for the U.S.
Answer (B) is incorrect because, beyond some level

of output, returns diminish as more and more units of
an input are added to the production process.
[59] Source: CMA 1293 1-25

Answer (A) is incorrect because the capital account
includes capital movements only; the direction of
capital movements is influenced by the prevailing
interest rates in each nation.
Answer (B) is incorrect because official reserves are
assets held by central banks and are not necessarily
related to current transactions.
Answer (C) is incorrect because this is a nonsense
answer.
represents all international payments made by one
nation to another, including those for imports,
exports, investments, unilateral transfers such as
pensions and gifts, and capital movements. The
principal accounts are the current account and the
capital account. The current account includes a net
trade balance in goods, net investment receipts or
payments, net receipts or payments for services, and
the balance of unilateral transfers.
Answer (C) is incorrect because relative competition

is not a term relevant to international economics.
Answer (D) is correct. The relevant concept is
comparative advantage, which compares the costs of
inputs within a single country. In contrast, the concept
of absolute advantage compares the costs of inputs
between countries. It is possible that a country might
have an absolute advantage with respect to every
product, but comparative advantage is different from
absolute advantage. A particular nation can have a
comparative advantage even though it does not have
an absolute advantage. For example, assume that
Country A can produce Item X for $100 and Item Y
for $200 and that Country B can produce Item X for
$50 and Item Y for $150. B has an absolute
advantage in the production of both products;
however, B has a comparative advantage in
producing Item X (50 100, or 50% of the A cost,
compared with 150 200, or 75% of the A cost for
Item Y). A has a comparative advantage in producing
Item Y (200 150, or 133% of the B cost, versus
100 50, or 200%for Item X). A nation will benefit
by exporting goods in which it has a comparative
advantage and importing goods in which it does not
have a comparative advantage. Total output will be
products in which it has the greatest comparative
advantage or the least comparative disadvantage.
[60] Source: CMA 1293 1-26

Answer (A) is incorrect because, in the 1980s, high
real interest rates made investments in the U.S. more
attractive. Thus, demand for U.S. dollars increased.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a large demand for
dollars drives up the price of dollars relative to other
currencies.
Answer (C) is correct. Many factors influence the
value of a country's currency on the international
market. These factors include interest rate
differentials, inflation differentials, balance of trade,
balance of payments, and stability of governments.
However, a demand by Americans for more foreign
goods would drive down the price of the dollar
because of the resulting increased demand for foreign
Answer (A) is incorrect because military

self-sufficiency is an argument for increasing trade
barriers.
Answer (B) is incorrect because diversification for
stability is an argument for increasing trade barriers
by promoting industrial diversification and less
dependence on other nations for certain products.
Answer (C) is incorrect because protection of infant
industries is an argument for increasing trade barriers
for the purpose of allowing new domestic industries
to establish themselves.
Answer (D) is correct. The general effect of free
trade would be to maximize world output because
resources in each country would be deployed most
efficiently according to the principle of comparative
advantage. Comparative advantage means that a

country can produce a greater output of certain
goods for a given level of input than other goods.
Thus, that country should specialize in and export the
goods it can produce most efficiently. Total world
output will increase in these circumstances.
Answer (A) is incorrect because Eurodollar Deposits
are U.S. dollar deposits in banks outside of the U.S.
Answer (B) is incorrect because Eurodollar Deposits
are outside the direct control of the U.S. monetary
authorities.
Answer (C) is correct. Eurodollars are U.S. dollars
on deposit in a foreign bank. These deposits are
created when a check is drawn on a dollar deposit in
a U.S. bank and then deposited in a bank outside the
U.S. This amount is then available for lending by the
foreign bank to its customers. However, the
depositors still hold claims denominated in dollars.
Because Eurodollars are outside the direct control of
the U.S. monetary authorities, U.S. banking
regulations with respect to reserves, insurance,
interest ceilings, etc., do not apply. The absence of
these costs means that Eurodollar deposit rates tend
to be higher, not lower, than domestic U.S. rates on
equivalent instruments.
Answer (D) is incorrect because interest rates on
Eurodollar Deposits are tied to the London Interbank
Offer Rate (LIBOR).
Answer (A) is correct. In the short run, a central
bank's sale of the currency increases the supply and
reduces the price of the currency. In the long run,
given the current system of managed floating
exchange rates, changes in rates should reflect
changes in economic conditions. In other words,
exchange rates should float. But central banks are
expected to manage the float by buying and selling
currencies to counteract the disruptive effects on
rates of such temporary factors as speculation.
Answer (B) is incorrect because buying domestic
currency in the foreign exchange market would raise
the world-wide value of the domestic currency.
Answer (C) is incorrect because selling foreign
currency would raise the world-wide value of the
domestic currency with respect to that foreign
currency.
Answer (D) is incorrect because a central bank
decision to increase domestic interest rates would
make the domestic currency attractive to foreign
investors, and raise the value of the domestic
currency.
Answer (A) is correct. The returns on the stock are
presumably paid in marks. Hence, the change in the
value of the mark relative to the dollar does not affect

the German company's return. However, the
weakening of the mark reduces the number of dollars
it will buy, and the U.S. company's return in dollars is
correspondingly reduced.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the return to the
U.S. company is adversely affected by the exchange
rate movement.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the return to the
U.S. company is adversely affected by the exchange
rate movement.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the return to the
U.S. company was directly and adversely affected by
the exchange rate movement in the short-run, but the
return to the German company was not.
[66] Source: CMA 0694 1-4
Answer (A) is correct. Exchange rates fluctuate
depending upon the demand for each country's
currency. If a country raises its interest rates, its
currency will appreciate. The demand for investment
at the higher interest rates will shift the demand curve
for the currency to the right. The reverse holds true
for a decrease in interest rates.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the currency should
increase in relative value when interest rates in the
country rise sharply. More investors will want to earn
the higher rates of interest.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the currency should
Answer (D) is incorrect because the currency should
[67] Source: CMA 0694 1-5
Answer (A) is incorrect because world output will be
maximized if each country specializes in those
products in which they have a comparative
advantage.
Answer (B) is incorrect because comparative
advantage, not absolute advantage, determines the
products in which a country should specialize.
Answer (C) is correct. The concept of comparative
advantage compares costs within a single country. It
is the ability of one nation to produce a product at a
relatively lower opportunity cost (benefits forgone)
than another nation. Absolute advantage compares
the costs of inputs between countries. One country
might have an absolute advantage with respect to
every product. However, total output will be
products in which it has the lowest opportunity costs,
that is, a comparative advantage.
Answer (D) is incorrect because, given a reciprocal
absolute advantage, a corresponding comparative

advantage will exist.
[68] Source: CMA 0695 1-23
Answer (A) is incorrect because domestic producers
of export goods are not benefitted. Indeed, they may
be harmed by retaliatory tariffs.
Answer (B) is correct. Despite the advantages of free
trade, nations often levy tariffs to discourage the
importation of certain products. A tariff is a tax on
imports intended to protect a domestic producer
from foreign competition. For instance, a tariff on
imported autos benefits U. S. auto manufacturers
because it is an additional cost imposed on U.S.
consumers of such products. The disadvantages of
the tariff are that it may protect an inefficient domestic
producer and increase prices paid by domestic
consumers.
Answer (C) is incorrect because domestic consumers
must pay higher prices for imported goods.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the foreign
producers will be forced to bear an additional cost.
[69] Source: CMA 0695 1-24
Answer (A) is incorrect because an increase in
imports drives down the value of the nation's
currency.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a high rate of
inflation devalues a nation's currency.
Answer (C) is correct. Assuming that exchange rates
are allowed to fluctuate freely, a nation's currency will
appreciate if the demand for it is constant or
increasing while supply is decreasing. For example, if
the nation decreases its imports relative to exports,
less of its currency will be used to buy foreign
currencies for import transactions and more of its
currency will be demanded for export transactions.
Thus, the supply of the nation's currency available in
foreign currency markets decreases. If the demand
for the currency increases or does not change, the
result is an increase in (appreciation of) the value of
the currency.
Answer (D) is incorrect because lower interest rates
relative to those in other countries discourage foreign
investment, decreases demand for the nation's
currency, and reduces its value.
Answer (A) is incorrect because Eurodollar
borrowers tend to pay lower, not higher, rates.
Borrowers and depositors can both receive more
favorable rates because, with its lower costs, the
Eurodollar market can offer smaller spreads between
borrowing and lending rates.
Answer (B) is incorrect because U.S. dollars are on
deposit in both cases.
Answer (C) is incorrect because Eurodollar deposits

tend to be for larger, not smaller, amounts.
Furthermore, smaller deposits tend to earn lower, not
higher, rates than larger deposits.
Answer (D) is correct. Eurodollars are U.S. dollars
deposited in banks outside the U.S. Because it is
outside the direct control of the U.S. monetary
authorities, the Eurodollar market has lower costs.
For example, U.S. reserve requirements and FDIC
premium payments do not apply in this market. A
lower cost market can offer depositors higher interest
rates.
Answer (A) is incorrect because Eurobonds are not
always denominated in Eurodollars, which are U.S.
dollars deposited outside the U.S.
Answer (B) is correct. Eurobonds are, by definition,
always sold in some country other than the one in
whose currency the bond issue is denominated. Their
advantage is that they are customarily less stringently
regulated than most other bonds. Hence, transaction
costs are lower.
Answer (C) is incorrect because foreign bonds are
denominated in the currency of the country in which
they are sold.
Answer (D) is incorrect because Eurobonds are
usually issued not as registered bonds but as bearer
bonds, so names and nationalities of the investors are
not recorded.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the total balance of
payments surplus or deficit, which is the sum of the
current and capital account balances, is what
determines changes in official reserves and pressures
for exchange rates to change.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the total balance of
payments surplus or deficit, which is the sum of the
current and capital account balances, is what
determines changes in official reserves and pressures
for exchange rates to change.
Answer (C) is incorrect because, given an
appreciation of the currency, the short-run effects are
likely to be a balance of payments surplus and
growing official reserves.
Answer (D) is correct. In a freely floating
exchange-rate system, exchange rates automatically
adjust so as to eliminate balance of payments
surpluses or deficits. For example, if U.S. demand for
country X's currency increases, the result is a U.S.
deficit at the existing exchange rate because demand
now exceeds the supply of X's currency at that rate.
However, the system of floating exchange rates
allows the change in the relative strength of the
currencies to be reflected in their exchange rate. The
appreciation of X's currency against the U.S. dollar,
that is, the increase in the amount of U.S. dollars
exchangeable for a unit of X's currency, makes U.S.

products cheaper to buyers in country X.
Furthermore, X's products are more expensive to
U.S. buyers. Consequently, U.S. imports will fall,
U.S. exports will rise, and the balance of payments
deficit will decrease.
Answer (A) is incorrect because, if incomes in
country 1 rise, the result will be a tendency for it to
devalue relative to the currency of country 2.
Answer (B) is incorrect because, if incomes in
country 1 fall, consumers in country 1 will reduce
their imports. The resulting decrease in the supply of
currency 1 will result in a tendency for it to appreciate
relative to the currency of country 2.
Answer (C) is correct. If incomes in country 1 rise,
consumers in country 1 will increase their imports
from country 2. The resulting increase in the supply of
currency 1 will result in a tendency for it to depreciate
relative to the currency of country 2.
Answer (D) is incorrect because, if incomes in
country 1 remain constant, the currency of country 1
will not tend to appreciate or depreciate relative to
the currency of country 2.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the franc is

depreciating, not appreciating.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the franc has
depreciated by 9.09%.
Answer (A) is correct. If the real rates of interest are
equal, the country with the higher nominal interest rate
is expected to experience a higher rate of inflation. A
higher rate of inflation is associated with a devaluing
currency, so the currency of the country with the
higher nominal interest rate will likely be selling at a
forward discount.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the currency of
country A will be selling at a forward discount.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the spot relationship
between the two currencies cannot be determined
from the information given.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the spot relationship
between the two currencies cannot be determined
from the information given.

Answer (A) is incorrect because a forward market
sale of foreign currency is appropriate to hedge a
receivable denominated in a foreign currency.
Answer (B) is incorrect because waiting to buy the
currency in 60 days does not eliminate the risk of an
adverse exchange-rate movement.
Answer (C) is correct. The company can arrange to
purchase the foreign currency today rather than in 60
days by buying the currency in the forward market.
This hedging transaction will eliminate the
exchange-rate risk associated with the trade payable.
Answer (D) is incorrect because this strategy would
be comparable to a future sale of the foreign currency
at a rate known today, which would not provide the
currency needed to pay the invoice. However, the
opposite strategy would be an effective money
market hedge. If the company converted domestic
currency to foreign currency in the spot market today
and invested in a foreign bank deposit or treasury bill,
it could then use the proceeds from the foreign
investment to pay the invoice in 60 days.
Answer (A) is correct. If the exchange rate changes
from $1 being worth 5 francs to $1 being worth 5.5
francs, the U.S. dollar has appreciated by 10% [(5.5
- 5) 5].
Answer (B) is incorrect because the U.S. dollar has
appreciated in value. It will now purchase more
francs.
Answer (A) is incorrect because domestic producers

will sell more, and domestic consumers will consume
less, as a result of the imposition of a protective tariff.
Answer (B) is correct. Domestic producers are not
subject to the tariff and will therefore have a price
advantage over their foreign competitors. However,
absent such competition, the domestic price of the
item will be higher. Domestic producers will sell more
at a higher price, and domestic consumers will
consume less following the price increase.
Answer (C) is incorrect because domestic producers
Answer (D) is incorrect because domestic producers
Answer (A) is incorrect because a tariff is a tax levied
by a foreign government against certain imported
products. A firm exporting to that country must
accept lower profits, absorbing the tariff, or increase
selling prices in the foreign country to compensate.
The tariff reduces profitability or competitiveness in
the foreign market but does not exclude the firm from
exporting to that country.
Answer (B) is incorrect because a quota is a limit on
the amount of goods that an importing country will
accept in certain product categories. The effect of a
quota is to restrict the quantity the firm can export to
that country but not to exclude the firm from selling in
that market. The effect on revenues and profitability
depends on market conditions in that country.

Answer (C) is correct. An embargo is a total ban on
some kinds of imports. It is an extreme form of the
import quota. Embargoes have the effect of totally
excluding the exporting firm from selling in that
country and are the most restrictive type of
import/export law.
Answer (D) is incorrect because exchange controls
limit the amount of foreign exchange that can be
transacted or the exchange rate against other
currencies. These controls limit the ability of a firm
selling in the country to repatriate its export earnings
but do not exclude the firm from selling in that
market.
Answer (A) is incorrect because licensing
requirements limit exports, e.g., of militarily sensitive
technology.
Answer (B) is incorrect because prices paid by the

German buyer will increase. It must adjust payments
in marks upward for both U. S. inflation and German
monetary depreciation.
Answer (C) is incorrect because prices would
increase by 3% simply because of inflation. This
answer disregards the effect of the currency
depreciation.
Answer (D) is correct. Assuming the original
exchange rate is $1 to 2 marks and that U.S. inflation
is 3%, the cost in marks to purchase what once cost
$1 will now be 2.06 marks (2 x 1.03). However, if
the mark also depreciates by 12%, that is, if the mark
is expected to be worth 88% of its current value, the
exchange rate (before inflation) will be $1 to 2.2727
(2 .88) marks. At this rate, 2.3409 marks (2.2727
x 1.03) will be required to purchase $1. Costs in
marks will therefore increase by just over 17%
(.3409/2.00).
Answer (B) is correct. Tariffs are excise taxes on

imported goods imposed either to generate revenue
or protect domestic producers. Thus, consumption
taxes on imported goods are tariffs.
Answer (A) is incorrect because Iceland has the

absolute advantage with respect to cheese.
Answer (B) is incorrect because Holland has the
Answer (C) is incorrect because unreasonable

standards pertaining to product quality and safety are
nontariff trade barriers.
Answer (D) is incorrect because domestic content
rules require that a portion of an imported good be
made in the importing country.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a protective tariff
can only increase the domestic price of the imported
item.
Answer (B) is correct. A protective tariff adds to the
purchase price of imported goods. If an imported
good's sales price is higher than a comparable, less
expensive domestic good, consumers will purchase
the domestic good. Thus, the direct effect of imposing
a protective tariff on an imported good is lower
domestic consumption.
Answer (C) is incorrect because, as the imported
item's domestic price increases, demand for domestic
goods will increase. Thus, domestic production will
increase, not decrease.
Answer (D) is incorrect because, as the imported
item's domestic price increases, demand for the item
decreases. Lower sales revenues will result.
Answer (A) is incorrect because prices paid by the
German buyer will increase. It must adjust payments
in marks upward for both U. S. inflation and German
monetary depreciation.
absolute advantage in soda production.

Answer (C) is incorrect because Holland has the
absolute advantage with respect to soda.
Answer (D) is correct. Comparative advantage
compares costs of multiple products within a single
country. For example, Holland has a comparative
advantage in soda because it can produce soda more
cheaply than cheese. Absolute advantage compares
the costs of inputs between countries. In Holland, the
price of 10 million pounds of cheese is 30 million
cases of soda, or a 1-to-3 ratio. In Iceland, the price
of 10 million pounds of cheese is 10 million cases of
soda, or a 1-to-1 ratio. Thus, Iceland has an absolute
advantage in cheese because it can produce cheese
more cheaply than Holland.
Answer (A) is incorrect because it is based on a
reversal of the beginning and ending spot rates.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it is based only on
the change in spot rates--not the 10% return.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the nominal return
must be adjusted for the change in spot prices.
Answer (D) is correct. The $100,000 divided by .65
resulted in $153,846.15 being invested in terms of
Canadian dollars. A 10% return would increase that
amount to $169,230.76 in Canadian dollars.
Converting $169,230.76 in Canadian dollars to U.S.
dollars (by multiplying by .7) results in $118,461.53
in U.S. dollars. Dividing the $118,461.53 by the
$100,000 original investment results in a return of
18.46%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the inclusion of the
tariff increases the domestic price.
Answer (B) is incorrect because foreign sales in the
domestic market decline from ad to bc.
Answer (C) is incorrect because domestic production
increases from Oa to Ob.
Answer (D) is correct. Without the tariff, domestic
production is determined by the intersection of the
Pw line with the domestic supply curve at the quantity
Oa. Domestic production increases from Oa to Ob
as a result of the introduction of the tariff. Supply
intersects the Pt line at a higher price and at a greater
domestic quantity, Ob.
production without specialization.

Answer (C) is correct. If the U.S. produces 20 units
of lard and keeps only 8 units, 12 units are being
traded. At a 3-to-1 trade rate, the U.S. will receive
36 beef sides for its 12 units of lard.
Answer (D) is incorrect because only 36 sides will be
available at a 3-to-1 ratio.
Answer (A) is incorrect because you have to give up
only 1/3 of a tractor to get 1 car.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the cost of 1 tractor
is 3 cars.
Answer (C) is correct. In Bulgaria, 300 cars have to
be given up to get 100 tractors, or 3 cars for 1
tractor. Thus, the cost of 1 tractor is 3 cars.
Inversely, the cost of 1 car is 1/3 of a tractor.

Answer (A) is correct. The U.S. must give up 8 beef
sides for each 4 units of lard, or a ratio of 2 beef
sides to 1 unit of lard. In Canada, the same ratio is 12
beef sides for 3 units of lard, or 4 beef sides to 1 unit
of lard. Thus, the exchange rate will be somewhere
between 2 and 4 beef sides to 1 unit of lard.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the exchange rate
for lard will be between 1/4 and 1/2 unit to 1 beef
side.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the exchange rate
side.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the exchange rate
side.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the cost of 3

tractors is 9 cars.
Answer (A) is incorrect because this statement is
true.
Answer (B) is incorrect because this statement is
true.
Answer (C) is correct. Andorra should not specialize
in the production of tractors because it does not have
a comparative advantage in tractors. Total output is
maximized when each country specializes in the
products in which it has the lower opportunity cost
(or comparative advantage). The cost of a tractor in
Andorra is 5 cars (1,000 200), whereas the cost of
a tractor in Bulgaria is 3 cars (300 100). Thus,
Bulgaria has the comparative advantage with tractors.

Answer (A) is correct. Canada has a comparative
advantage with respect to beef and could produce 60
units, enough to cover exactly the current production
in both countries (24 + 36). The U.S. could produce
20 units of lard, which is 6 units greater than the
current demand of 14 (8 + 6).
Answer (B) is incorrect because the total increase is
only 6 units.
Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no increase
in beef sides.
Answer (D) is incorrect because there is no increase
in beef sides.
Answer (A) is incorrect because there is an increment
of 12 over the current production of 24.
Answer (B) is incorrect because 24 is the current
Answer (D) is incorrect because this statement is

true.
Answer (A) is incorrect because Andorra would not
be willing to pay more than 5 cars for each tractor,
since cars can be produced domestically for that
price.
Answer (B) is incorrect because Andorra would not
be willing to pay more than 5 cars for each tractor,
since cars can be produced domestically for that
price.
Answer (C) is correct. The cost of a tractor in
Andorra is 5 cars (1,000 200), whereas the cost of
a tractor in Bulgaria is 3 cars (300 100). Thus, the
terms of trade will be somewhere between 3 cars and
5 cars for each tractor.
Answer (D) is incorrect because Bulgaria, the
country with the comparative advantage in tractors,
will require at least 3 cars for each tractor.

Answer (A) is correct. Under specialization, each
country produces those products for which it has a
comparative advantage. Thus, Bulgaria would
produce 500 tractors, while Andorra would produce
4,000 cars. Under alternative C for Bulgaria and
alternative B for Andorra, the total production of cars
would be 3,900 (900 for Bulgaria plus 3,000 for
Andorra). Thus, the 4,000 under specialization is an
increase of 100 cars. Bulgaria would produce 200
tractors, while Andorra would produce 200, a total
of 400 tractors without specialization - again, an
increase of 100.
Answer (B) is incorrect because specialization will
result in production gains of only 100 units of each
product.
Answer (C) is incorrect because specialization will
product.
Answer (D) is incorrect because specialization will
product.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $0.20 is based on
an inversion of the numerator and denominator in the
calculation.
Answer (B) is correct. At a 1-for-9 rate, the price in
U.S. dollars is $5, calculated by dividing 45 pesos by
9.
Answer (C) is incorrect because $45 is the price in
pesos, not dollars.
Answer (D) is incorrect because $405 is based on
multiplying 45 and 9.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $.20 is the exchange
rate for the dollar, not the pound.
Answer (B) is correct. Dividing $100,000 by
20,000 produces an exchange rate of $5 to the
pound.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the exchange rate is
$5 to the pound.
Answer (D) is incorrect because the exchange rate is
$5 to the pound.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the franc will
depreciate rather than appreciate.
Answer (B) is correct. Currently, the franc sells for
$.90. In a year, the price will drop to $.85. At $.90,

a person can purchase 100 francs for $90. Next
year, the same 100 francs will cost $85, meaning the
franc will be less valuable (in terms of dollars). Thus,
the value of the franc will depreciate against the
dollar. The amount of the decline of $5, divided by
the original price of $90, will result in a 5.56%
depreciation.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the franc will
depreciate rather than appreciate.
Answer (D) is incorrect because it uses .85 in the
denominator instead of .90.

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PART 1 C

International Business Environment

B. Greater availability of goods and services in

D. A subsidy to both exports and imports.

D. Increased profits and wages earned by firms and

A. Being quoted at a premium.

[15] Source: CMA 1285 1-26

C. Impose countervailing duties.

A. Relatively scarce resources.

[16] Source: CMA 1285 1-27

A. An attempt by the government to bring about a

[13] Source: CMA 1282 1-19

B. Encourages trade between the member nations

A. A form of unilateral import quota.

C. Requires the adoption of a common monetary

D. A violation of the World Trade Organization.

[18] Source: CMA 1285 1-30

A. Higher rates of dividend and interest income

B. Discourage exports without having to impose

A. Promote multilateral tariff reductions among

D. Slow what is regarded as too rapid an

B. Provide long-term loans to member countries that

[19] Source: CMA 1285 1-31

C. Provide a means of financing food imports so that

A. Foreign investments in the United States.

D. Provide short-term loans to member nations

[24] Source: CMA 0686 1-23

B. An expanding U.S. economy with stable money

D. A significant increase in the level of U.S. tariffs.

B. Balance on the capital account.

A. Is a fixed (pegged) exchange rate.

D. Balance on the goods transactions in the current

[22] Source: CMA 1285 1-34

B. Are based on the value of a basket of five

B. Sell pounds in the forward exchange market.

[27] Source: CMA 1286 1-18

C. Increase by about 5%.

A. The pound sterling is at a discount against the

D. Increase by about 16.6%.

C. The forward pound sterling is at a discount against

A. Represents a tax on exports and a subsidy to

D. The forward pound sterling is at a premium against

[Fact Pattern #1]

C. Encourages reductions in trade barriers between

C. Both produce some of each item and use trade to

[34] Source: CMA 1287 1-25

[30] Source: CMA 1286 1-22

B. A decreased variety of consumer products.

[35] Source: CMA 1287 1-26

A. Protection is necessary in order to keep U.S.

A. United States dollar.

[36] Source: CMA 1287 1-27

A. Lower prices for domestic products that compete

[41] Source: CMA 0688 1-22

C. Additional consumption of the affected imported

B. The International Monetary Fund.

C. U.S. tourists in Germany will find their dollars will

D. U.S. exports to Germany should decrease.

[38] Source: CMA 1287 1-29

[43] Source: CMA 0688 1-24

D. The demand for dollars to increase.

[44] Source: CMA 0688 1-25

In trade discussions between the United States and