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Click on any subject category to see the full list of classifications for that category.
Alternatively, the JEL Classification Codes Guide is now available online. Additionally, you may now
download an xml file of JEL Codes. JEL Codes are 3-digit, but EconLit searches require the use the four
digit codes consisting of the 3-digit JEL code plus a 0. The EconLit subject descriptors are the same as
the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes.
[ (Updated!) Indicates new or changed descriptor]
A - General Economics and Teaching
B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
D - Microeconomics
E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
F - International Economics
G - Financial Economics
H - Public Economics
I - Health, Education, and Welfare
J - Labor and Demographic Economics
K - Law and Economics
L - Industrial Organization
M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting
N - Economic History
O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
P - Economic Systems
Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological
Economics
R - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
Y - Miscellaneous Categories
Z - Other Special Topics
A - General Economics and Teaching
A1 - General Economics
A10 - General
A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists
A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
A14 - Sociology of Economics
A19 - Other
A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
A20 - General
A21 - Pre-college
A22 - Undergraduate
A23 - Graduate
A29 - Other
A3 - Collective Works
A30 - General
A31 - Collected Writings of Individuals
A32 - Volumes
A33 - Handbooks
A39 - Other
B - History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
B0 - General
B00 - General
B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925
B10 - General
B11 - Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
B12 - Classical
B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Stockholm School)
B14 - Socialist; Marxist
B15 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary
B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
B19 - Other
B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925
B20 - General
B21 - Microeconomics
B22 - Macroeconomics
B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical
Studies
B24 - Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian
B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
B26 - Financial Economics
B29 - Other
B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals
B30 - General
B31 - Individuals
B32 - Obituaries
B4 - Economic Methodology
B40 - General
B41 - Economic Methodology
B49 - Other
D87 - Neuroeconomics
D89 - Other
D9 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth
D90 - General
D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Financing, Investment, and Capacity
D99 - Other
E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
E0 - General
E00 - General
E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth;
Environmental Accounts
E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy
E1 - General Aggregative Models
E10 - General
E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
E13 - Neoclassical
E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E19 - Other
E2 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
E20 - General
E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
E22 - Capital; Investment; Capacity
E23 - Production
E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution;
Aggregate Human Capital
E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy
E27 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E29 - Other
E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
E30 - General
E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E39 - Other
E4 - Money and Interest Rates
E40 - General
E41 - Demand for Money
E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System;
Payment Systems
E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
E47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
E49 - Other
E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
E50 - General
E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
E52 - Monetary Policy
E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies
E59 - Other
E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
E60 - General
E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
E62 - Fiscal Policy
E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization;
Treasury Policy
E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy
E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
E66 - General Outlook and Conditions
E69 - Other
F - International Economics
F0 - General
F00 - General
F01 - Global Outlook
F02 - International Economic Order
F1 - Trade
F10 - General
F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade
F15 - Economic Integration
F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
F18 - Trade and Environment
F19 - Other
F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business
F20 - General
F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
F22 - International Migration
F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business
F24 - Remittances
F29 - Other
F3 - International Finance
F30 - General
F31 - Foreign Exchange
F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
F35 - Foreign Aid
F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
F39 - Other
F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
F40 - General
F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics
F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
F44 - International Business Cycles
F47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
F49 - Other
F5 - International Relations and International Political Economy
F50 - General
F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism
F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
F55 - International Institutional Arrangements
F59 - International Relations and International Political Economy: Other
G - Financial Economics
G0 - General
G00 - General
G01 - Financial Crises
G02 - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles(Updated!)
G1 - General Financial Markets
G10 - General
J00 - General
J01 - Labor Economics: General
J08 - Labor Economics Policies
J1 - Demographic Economics
J10 - General
J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts (Updated!)
J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse
J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market
Discrimination
J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, and Immigrants; Non-labor
Discrimination (Updated!)
J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income
J18 - Public Policy
J19 - Other
J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor
J20 - General
J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
J23 - Labor Demand
J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies
J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
J29 - Other
J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
J30 - General
J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
J38 - Public Policy
J39 - Other
J4 - Particular Labor Markets
J40 - General
J41 - Labor Contracts
J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets
J47 - Coercive Labor Markets
J48 - Public Policy
J49 - Other
L74 - Construction
L78 - Government Policy
L79 - Other
L8 - Industry Studies: Services
L80 - General
L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
L82 - Entertainment; Media
L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services
L85 - Real Estate Services
L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
L87 - Postal and Delivery Services
L88 - Government Policy
L89 - Other
L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
L90 - General
L91 - Transportation: General
L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
L93 - Air Transportation
L94 - Electric Utilities
L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
L96 - Telecommunications
L97 - Utilities: General
L98 - Government Policy
L99 - Other
M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting
M0 - General
M00 - General
M1 - Business Administration
M10 - General
M11 - Production Management
M12 - Personnel Management; Executive Compensation
M13 - New Firms; Startups
M14 - Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
M15 - IT Management
M16 - International Business Administration
M19 - Other
M2 - Business Economics
M20 - General
O20 - General
O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy
O22 - Project Analysis
O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
O25 - Industrial Policy
O29 - Other
O3 - Technological Change; Research and Development; Intellectual Property Rights
O30 - General (Updated!)
O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
O34 - Intellectual Property Rights
O38 - Government Policy
O39 - Other
O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
O40 - General
O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O42 - Monetary Growth Models
O43 - Institutions and Growth
O44 - Environment and Growth
O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country
Output Convergence
O49 - Other
O5 - Economywide Country Studies
O50 - General
O51 - U.S.; Canada
O52 - Europe
O53 - Asia including Middle East
O54 - Latin America; Caribbean
O55 - Africa
O56 - Oceania
O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries
P - Economic Systems
P0 - General
P00 - General
P1 - Capitalist Systems
P10 - General
P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P12 - Capitalist Enterprises
Q40 - General
Q41 - Demand and Supply
Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q47 - Energy Forecasting
Q48 - Government Policy
Q49 - Other
Q5 - Environmental Economics
Q50 - General
Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
Q55 - Technological Innovation
Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability;
Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation;
Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology
Q58 - Government Policy
Q59 - Other
R - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Economics
R0 - General
R00 - General (Updated!)
R1 - General Regional Economics
R10 - General
R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and
Changes(Updated!)
R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
R14 - Land Use Patterns
R15 - Econometric and InputOutput Models; Other Models
R19 - Other
R2 - Household Analysis
R20 - General (Updated!)
R21 - Housing Demand (Updated!)
R22 - Other Demand (Updated!)
R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood
Characteristics(Updated!)
R28 - Government Policy (Updated!)
R29 - Other (Updated!)
R3 - Housing Markets, Production Analysis, and Firm Location
R30 - General
R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis
R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
R34 - Input Demand Analysis
R38 - Government Policy (Updated!)
R39 - Other
R4 - Transportation Systems
R40 - General
R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents;
Transportation Noise
R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance; Transportation
Planning
R48 - Government Pricing and Policy (Updated!)
R49 - Other
R5 - Regional Government Analysis
R50 - General
R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations
R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
R58 - Regional Development Planning and Policy
R59 - Other
Y - Miscellaneous Categories
Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts
Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts
Y2 - Introductory Material
Y20 - Introductory Material
Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified)
Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified)
Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified)
Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified)
Y6 - Excerpts
Y60 - Excerpts