Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com/
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Verb
example
Positive
I
Negative
I
work.
You
We
He
works.
dont (do
not)
You
work.
We
He
They
She
They
She
It
It
Question
Verb
example
I
Do
Does
Verb example
doesnt
(does not)
Short answer
Yes,
you
we
he
they
she
No,
work?
do.
you
dont.
we
he
they
she
Yes,
No,
it
does.
doesnt.
it
Use
Examples
Long-term situations
I live in Madrid.
Where does she work?
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Facts
Question words
In Rome.
In July or August.
By car.
Its mine.
I visit my sister.
Anna does.
Present Continuous
Positive
Verb
example
Negative
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Verb example
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m (am)
He
s (is)
He
She
You
It
We
working.
re
(are)
They
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m not (am
not)
isnt (is
not)
She
You
It
We
working.
arent
(are not)
They
Verb
example
Positive
Am
Is
I
he
Are
she
you
it
we
Short answer
Yes,
No,
Yes,
No,
working?
I
he
she
you
it
we
Yes,
No,
they
am.
m not.
is.
isnt.
are.
arent.
they
Use
Examples
Temporary situations or
actions
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Past Simple
Positive
Negative
You
You
He
She
He
started yesterd
ay
rang*
didnt
(did
not)
She
It
It
We
We
They
They
Question
yesterday.
Short answer
I
Did
Start
ring*
Yes,
You
You
He
He
start
ring*
She
yesterd
ay?
She
No,
It
did.
It
We
We
They
They
didnt.
Use
Examples
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- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like
yesterday, last week, an hour ago.
Work
Play
Wait
worked
played
waited
Live
Smile
Close
lived
smiled
closed
Stop
Travel
Plan
stopped
travelled
planned
Study
Worry
Try
studied
worried
tried
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
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Form
One
syllable
Two
syllable
s
Ending
in -y
Adjective Comparative
long
longer
few
fewer
hot
hotter
easy
easier
Irregula
r
Adjectiv
es
Superlative
longest
the
fewest
hottest
easiest
the
happy
happier
famous
Two or
more
syllable
s
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famous
crowded
expensive
happiest
more
crowde
d
famous
crowded
the most
expensive
expens
ive
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
much/many more
the
most
little
less
least
far
farther /
further
farthest /
furthest
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Use
Examples
As as shows something is
the same or equal.
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
Big
Bigger
Biggest
Fat
Fatter
fattest
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
New
Newer
Newest
Grey
Greyer
greyest
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Mass nouns
Use
Examples
Count nouns
Use
Examples
Use
Examples
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Mass (general
meaning)
Count (specific
meaning)
some
Use
Examples
any
Use
Examples
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a lot of / lots of
Use
Examples
much
Use
Examples
many
Use
Examples
In positive sentences
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Verb
examples
Positive
I
You
We
He
ve
(have)
I
arrived.
begun.
You
They
She
They
She
It
It
Question
Have
Verb
examples
arrived.
begun.
hasnt
(has
not)
Short answer
Verb examples
Yes,
have.
you
No,
you
havent.
Yes,
we
he
has.
No,
they
she
hasnt.
arrived?
we
he
Has
havent
(have
not)
We
He
s (has)
Verb examples
Negative
they
she
begun?
it
it
Use
Examples
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- contracted forms
In spoken English, we usually say Ive, youre, hes, etc.
In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he
has, etc.
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Positive
Negative
You
We
You
ve
(have)
We
been
working.
They
He
She
havent
(have
not)
They
He
s (has)
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She
been working.
hasnt
(has
not)
It
It
Question
Short answer
Have
Yes,
have.
you
No,
you
havent.
Yes,
we
he
has.
No,
they
she
hasnt.
been
working?
we
he
Has
they
she
it
it
Use
Examples
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Use
Examples
Use
Examples
With a point
in time
Since
Tuesday, 8 August, 4
oclock, last
summer, 1982...
Future: going to
Positive
Negative
m (am)
He
s (is)
She
You
re
It
I
going to
begin.
m not
(am not)
He
She
isnt
(is not)
going to
begin.
It
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We
(are)
You
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arent
(are
not)
They
We
Question
They
Short answer
Am
Is
Yes,
he
No,
she
it
you
Are
Yes,
going to
begin?
we
No,
Yes,
No,
they
am.
m not.
he
she
you
it
we
is.
isnt.
are.
arent.
they
Use
Examples
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Use
Examples
Future: will
Positive
Verb
example
Negative
You
You
He
He
She
ll
(will)
arrive.
She
It
It
We
We
They
They
Question
Will
Verb example
wont
(will
not)
Verb
example
Short answer
arrive?
Yes,
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arrive.
Verb example
will.
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You
You
He
He
She
She
No,
It
It
We
We
They
They
wont (will
not).
Use
Examples
Zero Conditional
Positive
Negative
Question
Negative
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Yes, I get.
No, I dont get.
1st Conditional
Positive
Negative
Question
Negative
Use
Examples
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- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the
if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the
main clause.
If the meeting is successful, well sign the contract.
Well sign the contract if the meeting is successful.
- For things we are certain will happen, we use when nor if.
When he returns from the USA, hell contact you. (We know he will
return.)
Well leave when we finish the work. (We know we will finish the
work.)
2nd Conditional
Positive
Negative
Question
Negative
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Yes, I would.
No, he wouldn't.
-
Use
Examples
Unlikely or unreal
situations and their
probable results
- The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the
if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the
main clause.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a Ferrari.
I'd buy a Ferrari if I won a lot of money.
- With I, he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the if
clause, especially in a more informal style.
If it was less expensive, he would buy it.
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3rd Conditional
Positive
Negative
Question
Negative
Use
Examples
Modal verbs
Can
Coul May
d
Mustn't Needn't
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Use
Examples
Necessity
Prohibition
No necessity
Advice
Possibility
Use
Examples
Permission
Ability
Requests
Offers
- The form of a modal verb is the same for all persons. We don't
add -s to the 3rd person singular of a modal verb.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They may arrive late.
He can speak German.
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- With I and we, we use shall for offers, and when asking for and
making suggestions.
Shall I close the door?
What shall we do?
Shall we go to the park?
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The Passive
Positive
Negative
Question
Short answer
Examples
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Examples
Prepositions of time
Month/season/year/century
June
Winter
In
1996
The 21st century
The afternoon
The evening
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Day/date
Tuesday
6 December
Easter Monday
On
Christmas Day
Friday morning
Wednesday evenings.
Time/meal time
Six o'clock
Lunch time
At
Midnight
At
Easter
preposition use
examples
above
across
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river.
after
against
directed towards
sth.
along
in a line; from
one point to
another
among
in a group
around
in a circular way
behind
at the back of
below
beside
next to
between
sth./sb. is on
each side
by
near
close to
near
down
from
inside
opposite of
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outside
castle.
into
entering sth.
near
close to
next to
beside
off
onto
moving to a place
opposite
out of
leaving sth.
outside
over
above sth./sb.
past
going near
sth./sb.
round
in a circle
through
to
towards sth./sb.
towards
in the direction
of sth.
under
below sth.
up
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Irregular verbs
Present
Past
Past Participle
awake
awoke
awoken
be
was, were
been
bear
bore
born
beat
beat
beat
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
bent
beset
beset
beset
bet
bet
bet
bid
bid/bade
bid/bidden
bind
bound
bound
bite
bit
bitten
bleed
bled
bled
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
breed
bred
bred
bring
brought
brought
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
build
built
built
burn
burned/burnt
burned/burnt
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burst
burst
burst
buy
bought
bought
cast
cast
cast
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
cling
clung
clung
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
creep
crept
crept
cut
cut
cut
deal
dealt
dealt
dig
dug
dug
dive
dived/dove
dived
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
dream
dreamed/dreamt
dreamed/dreamt
drive
drove
driven
drink
drank
drunk
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feed
fed
fed
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
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fit
fit
fit
flee
fled
fled
fling
flung
flung
fly
flew
flown
forbid
forbade
forbidden
forget
forgot
forgotten
forego (forgo)
forewent
foregone
forgive
forgave
forgiven
forsake
forsook
forsaken
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
gotten
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grind
ground
ground
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung
hung
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
kneel
knelt
knelt
knit
knit
knit
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know
knew
know
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
leap
leaped/lept
leaped/lept
learn
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
leave
left
left
lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie
lay
lain
light
lighted/lit
lighted
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
misspell
misspelled/misspelt
misspelled/misspelt
mistake
mistook
mistaken
mow
mowed
mowed/mown
overcome
overcame
overcome
overdo
overdid
overdone
overtake
overtook
overtaken
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
pay
paid
paid
plead
pled
pled
prove
proved
proved/proven
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put
put
put
quit
quit
quit
read
read
read
rid
rid
rid
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
saw
sawed
sawed/sawn
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
seek
sought
sought
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
set
set
set
sew
sewed
sewed/sewn
shake
shook
shaken
shave
shaved
shaved/shaven
shear
shore
shorn
shed
shed
shed
shine
shone
shone
shoe
shoed
shoed/shod
shoot
shot
shot
show
showed
showed/shown
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shrink
shrank
shrunk
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
slay
slew
slain
slide
slid
slid
sling
slung
slung
slit
slit
slit
smite
smote
smitten
sow
sowed
sowed/sown
speak
spoke
spoken
speed
sped
sped
spend
spent
spent
spill
spilled/spilt
spilled/spilt
spin
spun
spun
spit
spit/spat
spit
split
split
split
spread
spread
spread
spring
sprang/sprung
sprung
stand
stood
stood
steal
stole
stolen
stick
stuck
stuck
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sting
stung
stung
stink
stank
stunk
stride
strod
stridden
strike
struck
struck
string
strung
strung
strive
strove
striven
swear
swore
sworn
sweep
swept
swept
swell
swelled
swelled/swollen
swim
swam
swum
swing
swung
swung
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
thrive
thrived/throve
thrived
throw
threw
thrown
thrust
thrust
thrust
tread
trod
trodden
understand
understood
understood
uphold
upheld
upheld
upset
upset
upset
wake
woke
woken
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wear
wore
worn
weave
weaved/wove
weaved/woven
wed
wed
wed
weep
wept
wept
wind
wound
wound
win
won
won
withhold
withheld
withheld
withstand
withstood
withstood
wring
wrung
wrung
write
wrote
written
SOCIAL ENGLISH
Meeting people
Introductions
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Greetings
Hello,... (Roberto).
Good/Nice to see you again.
Good morning/afternoon/evening.
Goodbyes
I must go now.
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It was very nice meeting you. I really enjoyed meeting you, too.
Have a good
trip/journey/flight.
Telephoning
Making contact
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Leaving a message
Welcoming a visitor
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Work
The weather
The visitor
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Staying at a hotel
Booking a hotel
Arriving at a hotel
I have a reservation.
Making requests
At a restaurant
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Recommending
What do you recommend?
The... (seafood) is usually excellent here.
I recommend the... (chicken).
Ordering
I'll/We'll have... (smoked Scottish salmon).
Offering
Do have some more... (prawns).
What about... (dessert)?
How about... (some strawberries)?
Would you like... (a coffee)?
Accepting
Yes, I'd like that.
Yes, that would be very nice.
Declining
Thank you, but I couldn't eat any more.
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Making arrangements
Making an appointment
could we meet?
What time
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Changing an appointment
I'm very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on... (Friday).
I'm afraid I can't manage our meeting... (tomorrow).
Could we arrange another time?
I agree.
I certainly agree with that.
Agreeing
I agree completely.
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Making suggestions
Invitations
I'd like to invite you to... (have dinner with
me).
Would you join us... (for a game of tennis)?
Inviting
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Offers
Shall I... (open the window)?
Offering
Yes, please.
Thank you.
Accepting
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Requests
Can you... (come tomorrow)?
Could you... (write her a letter)?
Would you... (book the hotel)?
Requesting
Yes, of course.
Yes, certainly.
Agreeing
Not at all.
No, of course not.
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I see.
Showing
understanding
Let me check.
Checking
Asking for
repetition
Apologizing
Social responses
Thanking
Thanks for all your help.
Not at all.
You're welcome. (US)
Apologizing
Sorry I'm late.
It doesn't matter.
Don't worry.
Never mind.
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Sorry?
Pardon?
Could you repeat that, please?
I'm sorry, I didn't catch... (your name).
Yes, of course.
Please do.
Yes, certainly.
Refusing permission
Could I borrow your car?
Expressing surprise
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Congratulations!
That's great!
Saying goodbye
for everything.
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Thanks a lot.
Responding to thanks
I'm glad you
could come.
enjoyed it.
found it interesting.
like it.
Business correspondence
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CUNNINGHAM ASSOCIATES
26, Trent Rd, Bicester, Oxon OX6 8RN
Tel: 0861 204950 Fax: 0861 204900
22 February 1996
Dear Mr Lederc
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Yours sincerely
David Cunningham
President
Opening
Dear
Sir
Madam
Mr... Murphy
Mrs... Hobbs
Miss... Young
Ms... White
.... George
Dr... Green
- When you don't know the receiver's name, use Sir or Madam.
For a man, use the receiver's family name with Mr.
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For a married woman, use the receiver's family name with Mrs. or
Ms.
For an unmarried woman, use the receiver's family name with Miss
or Ms.
For a close business contact or friend, use the receiver's first
name.
For a doctor, us Dr. and the family name.
With reference to
Further to
Apologizing
I apologize for
the delay.
not replying sooner.
ask you...
enquire about...
inform you that...
confirm...
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Agreeing to requests
I would be
Delighted to...
pleased to...
I am afraid that...
Unfortunately...
Requesting
Enclosing documents
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Finishing
Please let me know if
Closing
Yours
faithfully
sincerely
Best wishes
- When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours
faithfully.
When you open the letter with the receiver's family name, use
Yours sincerely.
For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes.
American English
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have/have got
To express possession, British people often say have got.
British
British/American
Yes, I
have.
I have an Italian
car.
No, I
haven't.
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
British/American
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
American
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British
American
We already met.
Dates (written)
British
American
2.11.94
November 2 1994
Dates (spoken)
British
American
Prepositions
British
American
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British
American
at the weekend
on the weekend
write to me
write me
meet someone
stay at home
stay home
Tuesday to Saturday
Visit somebody
Vocabulary
British
American
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British
American
Flat
Apartment
car
automobile
taxi
cab
chemist's
drug store
lift
elevator
autumn
fall
tap
faucet
ground floor
first floor
motorway
freeway
petrol
gas
post
cinema
movie theater
trousers
pants
wallet
pocketbook
railway
railroad
toilet
rest room
return ticket
pavement
sidewalk
tube / underground
subway
holiday
vacation
Mathematical terms
+
3 + 5 = 8
7 1 = 6
20 / 2 =
10
3 x 3 = 9
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3 + 5 = 8
1 + 4 = 5
75%
1/4
A quarter
1/3
A third
1/2
A half
1 1/2
Nationality
Country
Nationality
America (the
USA)
American
India
Indian
Australia
Australian
Ireland
Irish
Austria
Austrian
Italy
Italian
Belgium
Belgian
Japan
Japanese
Brazil
Brazilian
The
Netherlands
Dutch
Canada
Canadian
Norway
Norwegian
China
Chinese
Poland
Polish
The Czech
Republic
Czech
Portugal
Portuguese
Denmark
Danish
Romania
Romanian
Finland
Finnish
Russia
Russian
France
French
Slovakia
Slovak
Germany
German
Spain
Spanish
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Country
Nationality
Country
Nationality
Great Britain
(UK)
British
Sweden
Swedish
Greece
Greek
Switzerland
Swiss
Hungary
Hungarian
Turkey
Turkish
Grammar timelines
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Phrasal Verbs
VERB
MEANING
EXAMPLE
drop off
decline gradually
drop off(3)
drop out
cease to participate
Some particles can be separated from the verb so that a noun and
pronoun can be inserted, and some particles can't be separated
from the verb. In addition, some phrases are intransitive, meaning
they cannot take a direct object.
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Separable
add up
(meaning: to
add)
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get around
Inseparable (meaning: to
evade)
catch on
Intransitive (meaning: to
understand)
Separable
add up - add
back up - cause to move backwards; support; blow up; cause to
explode; destroy by explosives
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Inseparable
068
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turn in - go to bed
turn out - succeed; come; appear, as at a public meeting
turn up - arrive; be found unexpectedly
wait up - remain awake in anticipation
wake up - awaken
walk back - return on foot to where one was
walk over - walk to where someone is
wash out - fade or disappear from washing
watch out - be careful
wear off - fade; disappear through use or time
wear out - become unusable through use; become used up
work out - be successful
Our father who art in heaven, hollowed be thy name thy kingdom
come.
Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven give us, this day,
our daily bread and forgive our trespasses as we forgive them that
trespass against us and lead us not into temptation but deliver us
from evil. Amen
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