Foundation for high rise

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Phases of foundation design

Soil report
Project site
Geology
Tectonics
Geological specialties
Hydro geology
Hydrogeological specialties
Ground water investigations
Ground water
Building pit

Foundation
Uplift / Buoyancy
Interaction with neighboring
structures
Displacement
Ground risk

Important Engineering parameters

Strength
Compressibility
Shear stress
Iso shear lines upto 1/3 of applied force
Pressure bulb

UBC (Clay)
Very stiff boulder clays and hard clays
420650 kN/m

Stiff and sandy clays

220420 kN/m

Firm and sandy clays

110220 kN/m

Soft clays
55110 kN/m

Very soft clays

<55 kN/m

UBC (Sand)
Compact graded sands and gravels
430650 kN/m

Loose graded sands and gravel

220430 kN/m

Compact sands of consistent grade

220430 kN/m

Loose sands of consistent grade

110220 kN/m

Silts
55110 kN/m

Plate Load Test

Increment of 1/5 of
anticipated Ultimate
load

Deflection measured
upto 2mm in 24 hrs

Types of Foundations
Shallow Foundations versus Deep Foundations
Foundations
Shallow Foundations

Spread Footings

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Mat Foundations

Deep Foundations

Driven Piles

Drilled Shafts

Auger Cast Piles

Mat/Raft Foundation
A foundation system in which essentially the entire building is placed on a
large continuous footing.
Usually large concrete slab supporting many columns.

Commonly used as foundation for silos, chimneys, large machinery.

It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced with steel, which carries the
downward loads of the individual columns or walls.
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Mat Foundation
The spread footings cover over 50% of the foundation area because
of large column loads.
The soil is soft with a low bearing capacity.

Hydrostatic uplift resistance is needed etc.

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Serviceability criteria

Raft foundation
Bossinesqs Theory
Construction joints for raft
Large differential settlement

Design stresses in raft foundation

SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS

NO SETTLEMENT *

TOTAL SETTLEMENT

DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but differential settlement can cause severe structural damage

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Types of Mat Foundations

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To Design Mat Foundation:

Determine the capacity of the foundation

Determine the settlement of foundation
Determine the differential settlement
Determine the stress distribution beneath the foundation
Design the structural component of the mat foundation using the stress
distribution obtain from 4.

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2). Settlement of foundation

The settlement tends to be controlled via the following:
Use of a larger foundation to produce lower soil contact pressures.
Displaced volume of soil (flotation effect); theoretically if the weight of
excavation equals the combined weight of the structure and mat, the
system "floats" in the soil mass and no settlement occurs.

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Bridging effects attributable to

a. Mat rigidity.
b. Contribution of superstructure rigidity to the mat.

Foundation type

Expected maximum
settlement, mm

Expected
differential
settlement, mm

Spread

25

20

50

20

By IS Code 2950 (Part-1)

Mat

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Construction: Unrestricted Site

Bench and/or Angle of Repose
Must have perimeter clearance
Considerations
Bank Erosion
Water Diversion
Safety
Storage of Backfill (& cost)
Most likely - least expensive

Benched Excavation

Solder Beam & Lagging

Sheet Pile Options

Slurry Wall
Steps
Layout
Excavate the soil

Interject Slurry to
prevent Collapse as
Excavation Continues

Install Reinforcing
Place Concrete
(replaces the slurry mix)

Tieback Installation

Rotary Drill Hole

Insert & Grout Tendons

Tendons Stressed & Anchored

Bracing

Crosslot

Rackers

Tiebacks

Bank Requiring a Retention System

Retention System Depends On:

Proximity to Buildings
Type of Soil
Water Table Level
Temporary or Permanent
Contractor Preference
Cost - KEY Consideration

REINFORCEMEN
T DETAILS
OF MAT FOUNDATION

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MAT
FOUNDATION
WITH REINFORCED BARS

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PILES
A slender, structural member consisting steel or
concrete or timber.

It is installed in the ground to transfer the structural

loads to soils at some significant depth below the
base of the structure.

PILES

PILES FOUNDATION
The soil near the surface doesnt have sufficient bearing capacity (weak)
to support the structural loads.
The estimated settlement of the soil exceeds tolerable limits
Differential settlement due to soil variability or non-uniform structural
loads is excessive
Excavations to construct a shallow foundation on a firm soil are difficult or
expensive.

There 2 type of End Bearing Piles That is Preformed Timber Pile & In-Site-Reinforced Concrete Pile

Pile foundation
Raft unstable with increasing height
Transfer load to ground with adequate factor of safety
Differential settlement
Pile positioning
Pile geometry

Design stress on pile foundation

CHOICE OF PILE

Availability
Location & type of structure
Ground Condition (soil type)
Cost
Durability

TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION

Displacement Piles
- It cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as pile
shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.
Non Displacement Piles
- It cause the soil to be removed and the resulting hole filled with
concrete or a pre cast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and
grouted in.

Displacement Pile

Replacement Pile / Non Displacement Pile

Wests Shell Pile

Franki Pile (Driven Cast in situ / Driven cased Pile)

TYPES OF DISPLACEMENT PILES:

Totally Preformed Displacement Piles

(precast concrete or steel pile)

Driven & Cast-In-Place Displacement Pile

Helical Cast-In-Place Displacement Piles

Totally Preformed Displacement Piles

- Precast Concrete or Steel Pile
Driven & Cast-In-Place Displacement Pile
Uncased

Cased

TYPES OF PILES

Concrete Piles

Steel Piles

Cast-In-Place Concrete Piles

Precast Concrete Piles
Drilled Shafts
H-Piles
Cylindrical
Tapered

Timber Piles
Composite Piles

CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE PILES

Formed by driving a cylindrical steel shell
into the
The steel shell doesnt contribute to the
load transfer capacity of the pile.
Its purpose is to open a hole in a ground
and keep it open to facilitate
Vigilant quality control & good construction
practice are necessary to ensure the
integrity of cast-in-place piles.

Advantages of Cast-In-Place

Can sustain hard driving

Resistant to marine organism
Easily inspected
Length can be changed easily
Easy to handle and ship

PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

Usually have square/circular/octagonal cross sections.

Fabricated in a construction yard from reinforced or pre-stressed

concrete.

Disadvantages of this pile are problems in transporting long piles,

cutting and lengthening.

It has higher capacity than timber piles.

STEEL PILES

It comes in various shapes & sizes

Steel H-Piles are rolled steel sections

Steel pipe piles are seamless pipes that can be welded to yield lengths up
to 70m.

They are usually driven with open ends into the soil.

A conical tip is used where the piles have to penetrate boulders & rocks.

However it needs to be treated before embedded in corrosive

environment.

Helical Cast-In-Place Displacement Piles

The soil is however compacted, not removed
as the auger is screwed into the ground.
The auger is carried on a hollow stem which
can be filled with concrete
required depth has been reached concrete
can be pumped down the stem & the auger
slowly unscrewed leaving the pile cast in
place.

METHOD OF INSTALLATION

Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers

Diesel Hammers

Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive granular soil

Vibratory Hammers or vibratory method of pile driving

commonly used method of insertion of displacement piles

very effective in driving piles through non cohesive granular soil

excites the soil grains adjacent to the pile making the soil almost free flowing
result in the settlement of nearby buildings.

Jacking Method Of Insertion

Pile Driving Rig - raise and temporarily support the pile that being driven and
to support the pile hammer.

Pile Driving Rig

Dropping Weight / Drop Hammers

A weight approximately half that of the pile
is raised a suitable distance in a guide and
released to strike the pile head.
When driving a hollow pile tube the weight
usually acts on a plug at the bottom f the
pile thus reducing any excess stresses along
the length of the tube during insertion.

Jacking Method Of Insertion

Jacked Piles are most commonly used in
underpinning structures

By excavating underneath a structure

short lengths of pile can be inserted and
jacked into the ground using the underside
of the existing structure as a reaction.

NON DISPLACEMENT PILES

Small Diameter Cast-In-Place

Large Diameter Cast-In-Place

Partially Preformed Piles

Grout or Concrete Intruded Piles

CAISSON FOUNDATION

WHAT IS CAISSONS?
Its a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.
It is sunk into the ground to some desired depth and then filled with
concrete thus forming a foundation.
Most often used in the construction of bridge piers & other structures
that require foundation beneath rivers & other bodies of water.
This is because caissons can be floated to the job site and sunk into place.

 Its created by auguring a deep hole in the

ground.
Then, 2 or more stick reinforcing bar are I
inserted into and run the full length of the
hole and the concrete is poured into the
caisson hole.
The caisson foundations carry the building
loads at their lower ends, which are often
bell-shaped.

Caissons

TYPES OF CAISSONS
Box Caissons
Excavated Caissons
Floating Caissons
Open Caissons
Pneumatic Caissons
Sheeted Caissons

Reinforced Concrete Caissons

Caissons

Caisson As One Of The Elements In This Structure

Piled Raft Foundation

Behavior of raft

Pile Foundation

Combined Pile Raft Foundation (CPRF)

Load transfer
skin friction
end bearing
contact pressures of the raft foundation

The piles are used up to their ultimate bearing capacity

higher than the permissible design value for a comparable single pile

Qualified understanding of the soil-structure interactions.

CPRF

Combined pile raft action

Case study

Area 5400sqm
Height 76.8m
3 basements

Raft: 900sqm & 2.5m ht

32 piles 1.2m dia
10.5 to 16.5m