Allen-Infinitive in Polybius Compared With The Infinitive in Biblical Greek-1907 PDF

THE INFINITIVE
IN
POLYBIUS
The Department
of Biblical
and
Patristic
Greek
issues,
from
time to time, Historical and Linguistic Studies in Literature
Related to the
three series:
New
I,
Testament.
These Studies are grouped in
Texts; II, Linguistic and Exegetical Studies;
III, Historical Studies.
The volumes
in each series will be issued
in parts.
Ernest D. Burton.
Shailer Mathews.
Clyde W. Votaw.
Edgar
J.
Goodspeed.
THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS

COMPARED WITH THE INFINITIVE IN BIBLICAL
GREEK
BY
HAMILTON FORD ALLEN,
Ph.D.
CHICAGO
Gbe
*dniversfts ot Cbfcago
1907
press
Copyeight 1907 By
The Univebsity of Chicago
Published August
THE INSTITUTE OF
!0
EL!
AL STUDIES
TORONTO
1907
6,
DA,
DEC 17193
Composed and Printed By

The University of Chicago Press
Chicago, Illinois, U.
S. A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
---
Introduction
PAGE
Bibliography
Synopsis of the Uses of the Infinitive in Polybius
17
29
Uses the Anarthrous

Polybius
Uses the Articular
Polybius
Uses of the
Characteristic of Polybius
IV Tables of the Uses of the
Polybius and
I
of
II
of
Infinitive in
Infinitive in
Infinitive
III
45
--._.___-_
in Biblical
Infinitive in
Greek
V Comparison
Biblical
VI
Uses
of
Causes
Infinitive in Polybius
Conclusion
and
-
46
in
-51
---------.52
Infinitive
Found
in
of the Peculiarities in the
Biblical
VIII
Uses of the
of the
Greek
the
Polybius
VII
15
Books
-
Biblical
Use
-
Greek but Not
in
of the Infinitive in the

-
-54
59
Digitized by the Internet Archive

in
2011 with funding from

University of Toronto
http://www.archive.org/details/infinitiveinpolyOOalle
INTRODUCTION.
The purpose
of this study
is
to
of Polybius' use of the infinitive
make
a thorough investigation
and compare the
obtained with the use of the infinitive
in biblical
results thus
Greek, and yet
not with the whole of biblical Greek as represented
Testament, Apocrypha, and
New
in
the
Old
Testament, but with certain
selected books.
Polybius, a native Greek
b.
who
lived during the
c, wrote his history in forty books in the
second century
common
dialect,
which was then the language, not only of Greece, but of all the
And he wrote, not in a highly refined style, but as an
East.
educated
man
of affairs
might write of events
in
which he was
interested from personal experience.

It
was
just
because of the widespread use of Greek
in the
East
became necessary to have a translation of the Hebrew

sacred writings into Greek for the use of the Hellenistic Jews,
and that new writings were composed in that language and not
in Hebrew.
The purpose, then, is to compare the use of the infinitive in
that
it
Polybius with
its
use in two books (Genesis and
Wisdom
of
Sirach) which were translated from Hebrew, and in two books
and IV Maccabees) which were originally written in Greek.

"The Use of the Infinitive in Biblical Greek" has already
been investigated and the results published by Professor Clyde
W. Votaw, of the University of Chicago. He also very kindly
provided me with unpublished material on the same subject.
All of my work on Polybius was done before I discovered that
"The Articular Infinitive in Polybius" had been studied and the
results of the study published by E. G. W. Hewlett in the eleventh
>y volume of the American jfournal of Philology
When the discovery
(II
of this admirable piece of
work was made, along with the disap-
pointment there was some satisfaction
in the fact that
coincided so exactly with those of Hewlett.

295]
my
results
HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES
The
texts used in this study were, for Polybius the edition of
Hultsch, the
biblical
first
eight books in the second edition, and for
Greek, Swete's edition (Vols.
and
II) in the
second
edition, 1895-96; Vol. Ill, 1894).

I
wish to express
D. Burton for
my
great indebtedness to Professor Ernest
his assistance
and
interest in the matter of this
study, but especially for the inspiration received in past years of

association with him.
296
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
LEXICONS, EDITIONS, GRAMMARS, AND SYNTAX.
I.
olim adumbratim inde ab
Schweighaeusero
Is. et Merico Casaubonis

Aug. Ernesti elaboratum nunc ab Joanne
emendatum plurimisque partibus auctum.
Lexicon Polybianum ab
Schweighaeuser, Joannes.
Io.
passim
W. Baxter, impensis
Oxonii, MDCCCXXII.
Oxonii excudebat
et J.
Parker,
Hultsch, Fridericus Otto.
G. et
Vols.
Polybii Historiae.
92; Vols. Ill, IV, editio prima, 1870-72.
Swete,
Blass,
The Old Testament
Henry Barclay.
gint.
Vols.
I, II,
Grammar
Friedrich.
Thackery.
I, II,
editio altera,
Greek according
Ill, 1st ed.,
New Testament
of
B. Whittaker, Londini;
1888
Berlin.
in
2ded., 1895-96; Vol.
W.
Greek.
to the
Septua-
Cambridge.
1894.
Transl. by H. S.
London, 1898.
Brugmann, K. F. Chr.
Munchen, 1900.
Griechische Grammatik. 3te Aufl.
Buttmann, Alexander.
A Grammar of the Greek New Testament. Transl.
by J. H. Thayer. Andover, 1895.
Kriiger, K. W.
Griechische Sprachlehre fur Schulen. 5te Aufl. Leipzig,
1875.
Kuhner, Raphael.
3te Aufl.
by
W.
Grammatik der
griech. Sprache.
4 vols.
Leipzig, 1890-1904.
Griech. Grammatik.
Meyer, Gustav.
Winer, G. B.
Ausfiihrliche
Treatise on the
Grammar of New Testament Greek.
Transl.
New
Testa-
Vergleichende Syntax der indogerm. Sprachen.
Drei
Syntax of the Moods and Tenses
Burton, Ernest DeWitt.
ment Greek.
Leipzig, 1896.
3d ed. Edinburgh, 1882.
F. Moulton.
3d ed.
Delbriick, Berthold.
3te Aufl.
in
Chicago, 1898.
Teile.
Strassburg, 1 893-1 900.
Goodwin, William Watson. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek
Verb.
II.
Boston, 1890.
DISSERTATIONS, PROGRAMMES, MONOGRAPHS AND PERIODICALS.
Albrecht, Carolus.
Homerico.
De
accusativi
cum
infinitivo
conjuncti origine et usu
Leipziger Studien, Bd. IV, pp. 1-58.
Leipzig, 1871.
Amelung, Ricardus. De Polybii enuntiatis finalibus. Diss., Halle, 1901.

American Journal of Philology. Baltimore. (Abbreviated A.J.P.)
Anz, Henricus. Subsidia ad cognoscendum Graecorum sermonem vulgarem
et
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pentateuchi versione Alexandrina repetita.

9
Diss., Halle, 1894.
HISTOKICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES
10
Beller?nann.
van
De graeca verborum
timendi structura.
Prg., Berlin, 1833.
Diss.,
Jacobus Marie.
Observationes criticae in Polybium.
Lugduni-Batavorum, 1878.
Berdolt, Wendelin.
Zur Entwickelungsgesch. der Konstruktionen mit #<rre.
Be?iten,
Eichstatt, 1894.
Birke, Otto.
De
particularism
Straboniano.
[ir\
et ov
usu Polybiano, Dionysiaco, Diodoreo,
Diss., Lipsiae, 1897.
Schanzs
Birklein, Franz. Entwickelungsgesch. des substantivierten Infinitivs.
Beitrdge, Heft 7.
Wiirzburg, 1888.
De
Blackert, Augustus.
ones selectae.
Brief,
praepositionum apud oratores Atticos usu quaesti-
Marpurgi Cattorum, 1884.
Diss.,
Siegmund.
Die Conjunctionen bei Polybius,
II,
I,
Prg.,
III,
Wien,
1891, 1892, 1894.
Ca?npe,
J.
Quaestionum Polybianarum specimen.
F. C.
1849;
II,
I,
Prg.,
Neu Ruppin,
Prg., Greiffenberg, 1855.
De
Delbriick, Bertholdus.
De
Diel, Henricus.
infinitivo
Graeco.
enuntiatis finalibus
posterioris aetatis.
Diss., Halle, 1863.
apud Graecarum rerum
Monachii, 1894.
Diss.,
Observationum Polybianarum particula.
Eberhard, Alfred.
scriptores
Diss., Berolini,
1862.
Eichner, Uber die Partikel
De
Englich, Gustavus.
Prg.,
Prg., Gleiwitz, 1882.
wcrre.
infinitivo
Homerico.
Diss., Vratislaviae, 1867; a l so
Schrimm, 1868.
Fassbaender,
Quaestiones grammaticae ad
Franz.
Polybium pertinentes.
Prg., Crefeld, 1889.
De
Fellmann, Maximilianus,
Graec. poet,
vi et usu.
De
Fleischer, C. H.
trag.
cum
ac peculiari
infinitivo
Diss., Lipsiae, 1870.

infinitivi
temporum usu Thucydideo.
Leipziger
Leipzig, 1873.
1.
Contributions to the History of the Articular Infinitive.
Gildersleeve, Basil L.
The
The
earumque
Diss., Vratislaviae, 1883.
De
Studien, Bd. VI, Heft
Am.
wore particulis consecutivis
primordiis Graeci accusativi
eius usu Homerico.

Forrsmann, Theodorus.
Trans.
ws,
Phil. Ass., 1878.
Articular Inf. in
Xenophon and
Articular Inf. Again.
Note on Some
Plato.
A.J.P., Vol. Ill, pp. 193-205.
A.J.P., Vol. VIII, pp. 329-37.

in the LXX.
A.J.P., Vol.
Various Constructions
XXVII,
pp. 105, 106.
Encroachments
of
/jltj
on ov
in
Later Greek.
A J. P.,
Vol.
I,
p.
50, n.
1;
p. 53, n. 1; p. 54, p. 57.
Glaser, Otto.
De
ratione,
quae intercedit
qui in titulis saeculi III,

Goetzeler, Ludovicus.
Graef, Hermannus.
II,
apparet.
inter
sermonem
Polybii et eum,
Diss., Gissae, 1894.
De Polybii elocutione. Diss., Wiirzburg, 1887.

De coniunctionis ws origine et usu, Prg., Memel,
298
1874.
THE INFINITIVE
Griinewald, L.
Der
freie formelhafte
Infinitiv
der Limitation im Griech.
WUrzburg, 1888.
On the Greek Infinitive after Verbs
Schanz's Beitrdge, Bd.

Gulick, Charles Burton.
Harvard
11
IN POLYBIUS
II,
Heft
3.
of Fearing.
Studies in Classical Philol., Vol. XII, 1901.
Der Accusativ cum infinitivo bei Homer. Zeitschr. fur das

Gymnasium. Berlin, 1866.
Herbst, Ludwig.
Uber &v beim Futur in Thukydides. Prg., Hamburg, 1867.
Conjecturen zu griech. Prosaikern.
Hertlein, F. K.
Prg., Wertheim, 1873.
Zu Polybios. Fleckeisen s Jahrb., Bd. CXV (1877) pp. 33-39.
ov.
Herwig, G. L. C. De particularum conjunctione quae est
Diss.
Hentze, C.
/j-tj
Marburg, 1875.
Die Syntax des
Herzog, Ernst.
Infinitivs.
Fleckeisen 's Jahrb.,
Bd. CVII
(1873), PP- i-33.
Hewlett, E. G.
W.
On
the Articular Inf. in Polybius.
A.7.P.,
Vol.
XI,
pp. 267-90, 440-70.
De
Hoehne, Adolphus.
infinitivi
qui fertur pro imperativo.
Hultsch, Fridericus.
apud Graecos
classicae aetatis poetas usu
Diss., Vratislaviae, 1867.
Quaestiones Polybianae.
I,
Prg., Zwickau, 1858;
II,
Prg., Dresden, 1869.
Anzeige
Bd.
v.
Polybii historia ed. L. Dindorf, Vols.
XCV
Der absolute
pp. 742
(1867), pp. 289
I,
Fleckeisen' s Jahrb.,
II.
ff.
Fleckeisen 's Jahrb ., Bd.
genitiv des Infinitivs.
CXXIX (1884),
ff.
Uber den Hiatus bei Polybius. Philologus, Bd. XIV, 1859, pp. 288-319.
Zu Polybios. Fleckeisen's Jahrb., Bd. LXXV, pp. 832 ff.; Bd. LXXVII,
pp. 813 ff.; Bd. XCV, pp. 564-66, 624, 676; Bd. XCVII, p. 392; Bd.
XCIX,
p. 456;
Bd. CI, pp. 728, 735-36.
Die erzahlenden Zeitformen bei Polybius: Ein Beitrag zur Syntax der
gemeingriech.
Sprache.
sdchsischen Gesellsch. d.
1-210;
Pappus,
II.
Abhandl. des philol.-hist. Klasse der kgl.

Wiss., Bd. XXII, Nos. 1 u. 4, I. Teil, 1891, pp.
Teil, 1892, pp. 350-467.
in indice graecitatis
Jacoby, C.
suae
s.
v.
w,
fitjdafiQs, fir)d^ ix-qre.
Die griechischen historiker der spateren
abschnitt, Die litteratur von
846-1 866.
pp. 321-68.
Jerusalem, W. Die Inschrift von Sestos und Polybius.
I
zeit:
Polybius. Erster
Philologus, Bd.
XLV
(1886),
Wiener Studien, Bd.
(1879), PP- 32-58.
Jolly, Julius.
Geschichte des Infinitivs im Indogermanischen.
Munchen,
1873.
Kaelker, Friedrich.
zur k lass.
Kaiser, Bruno.
Quaestiones de elocutione Polybiana.
Philol., Bd. Ill, pp.
Leipziger Studien
217-302. Also Diss., Lipsiae, 1889.

Quaestiones de elocutione Demosthenica, Pars Prior. Dis-
sertationes Philologiae Halenses, Bd. XIII, 1897.
299
12
KajnPe,
J.
Griechische historiker:
F. C.
PP. 383-54.
Karassek, Joseph.
Der
Infinitiv bei
De
Kersten, Theobaldus.
Kobylanski,
Herodot.
Hermes, Bd.
Philologies, Jahrg. II,
Prg., Saaz, 1883.
coniunctis particulis
Zu Polybios.
Kirchoff, A.
Polybius.
Diss., Gottingae, 1875.
^77 oi.
471.
II, p.
De enuntiatorum consecutivorum apud
J.
tragicos Graecos usu ac
ratione.
Prg. 2, Kolomyi, 1894.
Krapp, Franz. Der substantivierte Infinitiv abhangig von Praepositionen
und Praepositionsadverbien in der historischen Gracitat. Diss., Heidel-
berg, 1892.
Die Prapositionen bei Polybius.
Krebs, Franz.
Schanz's Beitrage, Heft
1.
Wiirzburg, 1882.
Die prapositionsartigen Adverbia bei Polybius. Prg., Regensburg, 1882.

Die Prapositionsadverbien in der spateren historischen Gracitat. Zwei
Prg.,
Teile.
Munchen, 1884/85.
Jahresbericht liber
spateren
die
griech.
Jahresbericht iiber d. Fortschritte d.
Geschichtsschreiber,
class.
1885-93.
Altertumswiss., Erste Abteil.,
pp. 52-70, 1894.
W.
Kuhring,
F. A.
De praepositionum graecarum
quaestiones selectae.
Lammert, Edmund.
Zu
in chartis
Aegyptis usu
Bonnae, 1906.
Diss.,
Polybius.
Fleckeiserfs Jahrb., Vol.
CXXVII
(1888),
pp. 617-32.
Studien zur griech. u. latein. Grammatik, herausgegeb.

von Georg Curtius. Leipzig.
Lutz, Leonhard.
Die Casus-Adverbien bei den attischen Rednern. Prg.,
Leipziger Studien
Wiirzburg, 189 1.
Allgemeine Beobachtungen
Madvig,
iiber die Prapositionen bei
den attischen Red-
Diss., Wiirzburg, 1883.
nern.
J.
N.
lehre.
Bemerkungen
Philologus, Jahrg.
De
Merguet, Hugo.
iiber einige
accusativi
Punkte
d. griech.
Wortfiigungs-
Supplementheft.
II,
cum
infinitivo
usu syntactico.
Prg., Regi-
monti, 1863.
Der Infinitiv der homerischen Sprache. Diss., Gottingen, 1856.

Uber den accusativ cum infinitivo. Sitzungsber. der philol.Classe d. kais. Akad. d. Wissenschaft, Bd. LX.
Wien, 1868.
Meyer, Leo.
Miklosich, F.
hist.
Schanz's Beitrage Beitrage zur historischen Syntax
herausgegeb. von Martin Schanz.

Schenkel, Karl.
Polybius.
Jahresber.
iiber
d.
griech.
Sprache,
Wiirzburg.
die spateren griech. Geschichtsschreiber:
Jahresber. uber die Fortschritte
d. klass.
Altertumswiss., Jahrg.
XII, Erste Abteil., 1884, pp. 227-50.
Schmidt, Gulielmus.
Fleckeisen's Jahrb.
Schmidt, Max.
De
Flavii Josephi
elocutione
observationes criticae.
N. F., Suppl.-Bd. 20, pp. 341-550.
Uber den
Infinitiv.
Diss., Ratibor, 1826.
300
THE INFINITIVE
18
IN POLYBIUS
Die Lehre von den Redetheilen nach den Alten.
Schomann, Georg Friedrich.

Berlin, 1862.
Zur Lehre vom
Infinitiv.
Fleckeisen's
Bd.
Jahrb.,
XCIX
(1869),
pp.
209-39.
Anzeige von F. Miklosich

Jahrb., Bd.
Schulze, Ernst.
liber
den Accusativ cum
infinitivo.
Fleckeiserts
(1870), pp. 187-92.

Beitrage zu Polybius.
Rhein. Mus., N. F. Jahrg. XXIII
(1868), pp. 427-31.
Quaestiunculae grammaticae ad oratores Atticos spec-
Schulze, Ricardus.
tantes.
Prg., Bautzen, 1889.
De
Seume, Hermannus.
Diss., Gottingen,
sententiis consecutivis Graecis.
1883.
Spieker,
Edward H.
The Genitive Absolute
in the Attic Orators.
A. J. P.,
Vol. VI, pp. 310-43.

Stick, Joannes.
De
Polybii dicendi genere.
Thiemann, Maximilianus.
Thumb, Albert.
Diss.,
Erlangen, 1880.
Quaestiones Polybianae.
Die griechische Sprache im
Diss., Halle, 1882.
Zeitalter des
Beitrage zur Geschichte und Beurteilung der Koivq.

Viehoff, Peter.
Uber
die Construction der
dem Infinitiv.
Votaw, Clyde Weber. The Use of
Partikel wore mit
Hellenismus:
Strassburg, 1901.
Pronomina o?os und 6'cros und dem

Emmerich, 1841/42.
Prg.,
the Infinitive in Biblical Greek.
Diss.,
Chicago, 1896.
De
Wagner, Richard.
iuncto.
infinitivo
Weiske, G. A.
Der Gebrauch des substantivierten
Fleckeisen 's Jahrb., Bd.
articulo con-
Infinitivs
im Griechischen.
CXXVI,
pp. 494-504, 529-42.

Uber die sogenannte absolute Participialconstruction
Wentzel, Eduard.
griech. Sprache.
De
apud oratores Atticos cum
Prg., Schwerin, 1885.
d.
Prg., Glogau, 1857.

Diss., Vratislaviae (without date).
genitivis et dativis absolutis.
ov mit dem Participium und liber ^77 ov mit

Nachtrag zu der Lehre uber
dem Infinitiv. Prg., Glogau, 1843.
Wiener Studien, Zeitschrift fur class. Philol, Supplement der Zeitschr. f.
osterreich.
Wilde, Titus.
Gymnasium, Band
De
I,
1879.
particula (bare commentatio.
Wunderer, Carolus.
Conjecturae Polybianae.
301
Prg., Gorlitz, 1861.

Diss.,
Erlangen, 1885.
SYNOPSIS OF
POLYBIUS.
THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE.
I.
i.
Verbal Subject.
i)
2)
2.
THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE
Of Impersonal Verbs in general=:a.

Of Impersonal Verbs which take Indirect Discourse
i.
Verbal Object.
1)
2)
3)
Of Verbs in general b.
Of Verbs introducing Indirect Discourse= 2 i.
Of Verbs of Hindering and the like = v.
a) Followed by the Simple Infinitive.
b) Followed by the Simple Infinitive with
fj-'fj,
3.
Apposition = c.
4.
Result.
1)
Actual or Hypothetical.
a)
b)
c)
2)
Epexegetic or Explanatory.
a)
b)
5.
Without Attendant Particle=s.

wo-re (w$)= s.
With
Stipulation.
i)
2)
6.
With ware (ws)=:f.

With uxrre (o>s) &vî.
With &<tt in Indirect Discourse= 7 f.
With
With
&<TT=*t.
e'0'
v, e0'
<2re=m.
Limiting Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Pronouns.

1)
Nouns.
a) Simple Infinitive=h.
b) Infinitive
with ws= x h.
2)
Adjectives=g.
3)
Adverbs ^.
4)
Pronouns=q.
7.
Prepositional Object (after 7r\^v)=k.
8.
Purpose.
and Specific without Attendant Particle=d.

b) Distinct and Specific with wo-re=.e.
Modified and General without Attendant Particle=o.
1) a) Distinct
2)
9.
10.
303]
Parenthetic Absolute Infinitive = r.
Predicate Infinitive=u.
15
IN
16
11.
With
12.
Infinitive with Genitive
13.
Infinitive with
Trpiv, irplv
f),
irpbrepov i]=x.
Absolute w.
Accusative Absolute=z.
II.
1.
Verbal Subject.
2.
Verbal Object.
THE ARTICULAR
INFINITIVE.
Infinitive with t6 as Subject=<2.
With to as Object=.
b) With rod as Object=<^.
c) With t as Oh]ec\.=bbb.
With Verbs of Hindering, etc. = ^.
a) With rb as Object.
b) With tov as Object.
c) With rod ptri as Object.
1) a)
2)
3.
Apposition=^r.
a)
b)
c)
4.
With
With
With
to.
tov.
tw.
Purpose.
Infinitive with Tove.
5.
Limiting Nouns and Adjectives.

a) Infinitive with tov Limiting Nouns=/&.
b) Infinitive with tov
6.
Prepositional Object=/&.
1)
2)
3)
7.
With tov after Prepositions taking the Genitive.

With t after Prepositions taking the Dative.
With t6 after Prepositions taking the Accusative.
Infinitive with
1) a)
2)
8.
t indicating Cause, Manner, Means, or Instrument = r.
Cause.
b)
Ground
c)
Point of Difference.
of
Emotion.
Means.
Infinitive with tov after

a)
The
b) ws
9.
Limiting Adjectives = \
Comparatives.
Infinitive with Tov=t.
with the Infinitive with tov= x t
Infinitive with to as Predicate=z<:.
Absolute =w.
10.
Infinitive with tov in Genitive
11.
Infinitive with
12.
Infinitive with to as
13.
Infinitive with tov as Genitive of Price=.r.
Accusative Absolute^.?.
Accusative of Relation=?z.
304
CHAPTER
I.
USES OF THE ANARTHROUS INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS.

i.
i)
Verbal Subject.
Of impersonal
verbs in general
= a). 2137 * The
with or without a subject accusative,
impersonal verb,
finite
.1.1
.
2.
3. 7
3.
Tenses,
7rapa\e\eicf>0aL crwe'/âive tov tiratvov.
I.
67. 6;
1.
75* 4*
8 eêVrat Karavoeiv.
used as the subject of an
Goodwin, Moods and
or infinite.
745; Kuhner, Grammatik, 472, a).
is
infininitive,
eSei ypac/>eiv.
8 avayxaiov virtXafiofxev elvat avvTaâcrdat.

xprj evXoyetv.
14. 5
14. 9 (TKOireiv -napeo-rtv
.15-9
(TvvaSeiv ouSa/Aws Swarcu.
30. 3 e$oev (3or)9eLV.
38. 6 TTMTTevaai paStov.
56. II
65. 9
)(firjcri}x6v
62. 8
ezrt rotcrSe
9.
oi>x olov re aTtoSovvat.
40, 5
Ian
cfaXcav elvat Kap^Sovi'ot?
Cf. G.
Trapaarrjcrai.
MT.
/cat
Pw/xatiots.
3.
2 2. 4, 24. 3
750; jO/z. 474 and b.
There is one case of this infinitive with av, the infinitive

having the potential force of the corresponding indicative or
optative.
I.
G.
75* 6 * wv
MT.
211.
o~vv($atV.
kirtfiaivetv,
aAAa
rovs Kapx^Sovtous
/zr)
olov o~TpaT07re$u) rrjs
tt^Se toi>s Kar' I8tav OeXovras 8ta7rcretv paScais
^wpas
av Svvao~0at
XaOeiv tov? v7revavrtovs.
2)
Of
discourse
impersonal verbs which take a subject infinitive in indirect
i).
I 9
The
infinitive in indirect discourse
is
used as
the subject of passive verbs of saying or thinking, or of such verbs

as 4>alveTcu or
of
any other verb.

Superior
1
305]
So/cel.
Polybius uses
G.
MT.
figures indicate the
Hereafter cited as G.
almost to the exclusion
751.
number
MT. and
So/cel
of instances of
Kiih.
17
each use of the
infinitive.
18
av Soai Ka$rJKLV.
IO. 3.
I.
I.
1.
4.
10 vofxicTTiov av/x/3dXXa
Sokci
2.
14.
2.
2 1. 8
'at.
^prjcnpiov elvat.
>)v <f>(XTov
apxrjybv yevtcrOcu.
4 7raVrws ofioXoyrjTeov
30.
3.
/txot
I.
evAoyoJS
rov
7re7roXtp.riK.iva1
tovs
77-dAe/AOv
Verbal Object. The infinitive in Greek is used as the

object of many verbs which require an infinitive to complete their
meaning. The infinitive is the accusative object of the verb, or
is an accusative of kindred meaning.
G. MT. 747; Kiih. 473.
2.
Object of verbs in general
1.
2.
6 ovS' l-rrcfSaXovTO
3.
6 iOdpprjcrav iKTCtvetv.
= b)
3S33
TrpoyprjfJieOa ypd<f)LV.
ap.cf>Lcrj3r)Te'iv.
5. 2
Siafiaiveiv
9. 2
(3ov\6pLvo*s d7roXt7retv.
II. 12
<x)pp.7)<rav.
KptV &LaKlV&VVVUV.
19. 2 7rapayyeiAas 7rpo7ropvecr6at.
40.
^prjadai.
7r/oocrTaa<;
54. 6 7retcrav (pvytlv.
43.
irapa p.u<p6v rjXBov aTroXeaaL ra 7rpdyp.a.Ta;
I.
7rttp'
33.
The
oAi'yov
Â#ov
a.7roA.iJo"ai
infinitive as object of
cf. 12.
20.
7.
rov? Kar^Tia/xevous.
commanding has not been

study.
The infinitive after
verbs of
placed under a separate head in this
verbs of bidding in salutations does not occur in Polybius, but
does occur
in biblical
for ixaXXov
7]
13. 5. 3 7raV
yap
rj
Greek.
after
{3ov\o/jlcll,
/3ovXr)6rjvaL rbv
Kiih. 540,
QiXlttttov
A.
dvaSeiaaOat
2.
rj
Karacpavr} yevicrOai
'PoStois ttjv iv tovtols avrov 7rpoatpe(TLV.
2)
"The
Object of verbs
infinitive
is
said
introducing indirect
to
discourse
stand in indirect discourse, and
correspond to those of the indicative or optative, when
i).
its
it
tenses
depends
on a verb implying thought or the expression of thought (one of

the class of verba sentiendi et declarandi), and when also the thought,
as originally conceived, would have been expressed by some
tense of the indicative (with or without av) or optative
306
(with
THE INFINITIVE
av), so that
can be transferred without change of tense to the
it
MT.
infinitive." .
I. 3.
19
IN POLYBIUS
684.
8 avay kcuov V7reXa/?o/xev aval.
I.
21. 10 aKOvcas tov crroXov crweyyv ? eivai.
I.
23. 2 TTv96lXVO<i TTOpBtlV.
I.
25. 5 vofJLLôvres
I.
29. 4
7re7reiorfAvoL 7roirjo-ear$ai.
I.
49. 3
<f>r)
28. 23. 4
I. 4. 7
Kaipov
ovk av
8. 13. 8
7rTrotrjcr0at.
elvai.
Xoyov avrov
olfxai $vvr)6r}vai
<f)r] fir]
MT.
G.
KOiXvetv.
a-rrohovvai.
685.
SoKovcrtv Tt irao-yeiv.
1.
16. II
ovros SokcT d7roXeAavKevat t^s iStas evfiovXtas.
2.
17. 12
os av 7rXtcrTOV<;
X tv & 0K {j-
*3.
9>
4-
3-7-
2 > JI 6. 7>
4- 2. 3.
av 7ra0eTv Seivov.
68.
I.
32. 7
I.
59- 3 V7roXa/x/?avovres /xova>5 av outcos 7repas 7ri#etvai

2.
7r7rtO"/jtvoi9 fxrjSkv
7.
tw
7roAe/xa.
1.
70. 5;
13. 6, 40. 5.
Future
8.
I.
with
infinitive
30. 8 rovs 8e votuVavTa? av
Infinitive in
<w?, etc.,
az>.
olkt]o~clv
MT.
208; Kiih. 398.
I,
d).
ovtws aptcrra Kara, tov X077O7AOV.
an indirect-discourse clause introduced by
three times.
AT//.
550, A.
12. 23. 7 /xot Sokcl TrucrOrjvaL Tt/xato?
31. 2 0. 4 i>7reSaKvuev
aura)
a)?,
3.
Kav avTos a^LOiOrjvat.
/caAAio-Tov
Scort
6Vt,
emxi
Kaipov
7.
15. 4.
rots
iTn<f>avr}vai
7rpayp,ao"iv.
Also
haeuser,
15. 2.
8, if
a)?
Vide Schweig-
retained in the text.
is
Lexicon Polybianum, under
article w?.
depending on an
indirect quotation which has been introduced by an infinitive.
This infinitive also occurs
Cf. G.
5.
MT.
67. 6
to,
755; Kiih. 594,

KvpLWTaTas
ecf>rj
5.
elvac /cat SiKaiOTaYa? KTrjcreis,
KaO
a? avrots KaBrjKtiv
Kara KotAr/v Suptav.
2[. 31. 8
{^4>r})
<f>epLv eVt
I 8.
in relative clauses
38. 8
et
In 34.
tv toi;tu> Se Sia/xapraVav
toi?s
7roAAovs.
re xai /xeveiv
8.
crvyKA^rov,
ii. 34. 5;
In r^v cv/x/xa^/av,
Seiv
12. 5. 8
ev
<2
2
,
9.
tt)v
opyryv
4; 18.
3. 8.
avrov? KOfxiêcrOai k.t.X.
the infinitive occurs in a relative clause which de-
pends on a 6Vt-clause:
<pr)(TLV on fiaXavoi etcrt
ev
crtTOv/xevovs
Also
tt)v
T17
avToOc OaXaTTrj
tov? ^wvous 7naiveo~6aL.
307
7r<i>rev/Aevai,
wv tov Kapirov
20
The
with av occurs twice in indirect discourse after
infinitive
of comparison:
o>?
10. 38. 2;
34. 5. 4.
infinitive is
contradiction,
which contain a negative
in
(b)
the
merely repeats the negation inherent

10; Kiih. 514, 2, 3,
2.
7. 5
Simple
tis
etc.
They may take
themselves.
the simple infinitive, or
a)
( v). 4
etc.
used as the object of verbs of
doubt, mistrust,
denial,
(a)
The
hindering, separation,
opposition,
verbs
Object of verbs of hi?idering, separation,
3)
infinitive with
in the verbs.
either
which
/at;,
MT. 807-
G.
and notes.
4, 5,
infiinitive. 33
ovk av cv\af3r}9eL7) tovtols iyêipccrai 7to\lv.
32. 8;
2.
8.
12.
55 9- 36. 10.
2. 52.
8 d7re?7rov avTio iropeveaOaL.
3. 69.
13
98. 5
4. 18. 8
14.
8.
and
X LV
5.
ovk
3. 79. 7;
72. J; cf. 7.
ovSets av liri(T\e crvv Katpu) iroi-qaacrOaL /Aerd/jaciv.
8 o{>x oAo)? d7reA7rtôvT5 alp-qcretv

2
Ko)Xv(re.
3.
'
ov yap a7reyLV(0(iKe avrbv Kopov eêiv.
13. 5
12. 5.
7roAe/x,toi<>
11 others.
ots 7]7TL(TTr]OraV
1.4
9. 6.
Shokelv Kol (TVfXTrXiKecrOai roTs
(OKvrjcra
Kal
Xiyav
ttjv Ywfxrjv.
Kal
9.
15. 25. 29;
ypaêiv.
16.
20.
1 5.
I.
4.
6.
16. 30. 5.
5;
18.
55.
9;
21. 23. 12.
b)
Infinitive with firjj
1.
78. 15 8ir)7rei\y]craTO fxrjOiva
2.
55. 9 ov eiKorcos eâpvovvrai
4. 20. 11
apvr]drjvat tl
15. 13. 9 k(i)\v(T
p,})
Kiih. 514. E.
<f>epeiv o-ttXov.
ytvoi(TKetv ovSev
fxrj
irapa&iacrOai.
18. 47. 2
7rpor)y6pevov
fx-q
29. 24. 2
d7Tt7raro
xpetav ^X etv
//.?)
cfivvat
[jlyj
7rapa
o~<J>l<tl.
ala^pov rjyovvraL.
22. II. 3.
Sia/3aiWiv.
-
There are thus thirty-three

of the simple infinitive without
cases, after eight different verbs

pr),
to seven cases, after six verbs,
which has the infinitive sevenCf. below "Verbs of hindering,"

teen times, has firj but twice.
etc., with the infinitive with rod and rov \ir}.
of the infinitive with
\xr\.
kcdXvcd,
The infinitive may stand

Apposition ( c). 81
G. MT, 745; Kiih. 472,
tion with a noun or pronoun.
3.
I.
in
apposi-
c.
85. 4 6/xoAoyi'as kirovqaaro roiaura?, eêtvat KapxiySoviois i<Xa(r6ai StKa,

tovs 8e Xolttovs acf>uvat.
308
THE INFINITIVE
103. 7 aipecrcv avrw irpovreive TOiavTrjv,
3.
11
109. 2; 8. 19. 10
Result.
4.
12. 6. 3
4. 15. I
b
12. 25
apêtv
Kara, fxipos
v}
rot? <x</>eTepois Kara, tyjv olvtov irpoatpecriv.

3
21
IN POLYBIUS
ff.
7
J
5-
f]
91
\prjadaL
2
,
104.
etc.
427
Actual or hypothetical.
1 )
With preceding ware
a)
with
infinitive
or
cocrre
<w?
or
(=f). 383
&>?
implies no
In
more than
classical
Greek the
that the action or
state of the principal verb "is of such a nature as to
be followed
by another consequence." It seems, however, that in later Greek

the distinction between ware with the indicative and (bare with
the infinitive was obscured, and that coare with the infinitive was
often used
when
action
state
or
MT. 582
G.
VII, 161
it
was intended
the
of
XIV, 240
ff.;
was actually
verb
principal
Kiih. 584; Brief
ff.;
to state that the result of the
I,
43
p.
Gildersleeve A. J. P.
ff.;
Burton 369; Blass 69,
ff.;
realized.
3.
Actual:
KaracfjpaKTOv
20. 15 /xtas veco?
I.
7rpo7re(rov(T7]<;
wcrre
tTTOKtiXacrav
yeviaOai
TOLS P(0/ZatOlS V7TO)(ipiOV.

I.
26. 15
irrl p\iav
TrapeKTLvavT<s vavv a>s
tovs Trpb kavTOiv.
V7repreiVeiv e eKarepov
rov p,povs
2. 8. 12.
Hypothetical:
jotev
6. 52. II
tov (TTpaTOTrcSevaavTa iv avT<2 SokcXv
iv acr<pa\et (TTparo-rreheveiv.
prjOev lkclvov earou cr^/x-etov
ev Se
7roteirat 7repi
infinitive
G.
optative.
I.
37.
in potential
MT.
av
ttj<;
12, 46. 10; 8.
G.
f).
If5
The
follow ware
infinitive
to express a
form, like the potential indicative or
êt/xoov6 ko\
ra) al<f>viStu) koll 7rapa8ou>
av KpaTrjaaL
coo-re
(=
2.
T-qXiKavTcus o-vpcpopcus wcttc p-^S'
ei7retv dittos hvvacrdai.
5.97.6
c)
may
592, 211; Kiih. 585,
TrjXtKovTU) Treptiireo-ov
rjv
u>o~Te ttolv inropitveiv.
with av
with av, not in indirect discourse,
consequence
rov 7r0A.iTevp.aT0s cnrovSrj^,
Trj<s
to tolovtovs airorekeiv aVSpas
ware with the
b)
icm ware
to yutplov e7Ti7re8ov
5. 24. 5
a)(7T
is
MT.
i.
63. 7;
5.
104. II
ware paSuos
five
with infinitive in indirect discourse

times with the infinitive
594, 595, 608; Kiih. 584,

309
2,
f.
14.
6. II. II, 12. 9,
15.3; 10. 30. 3; 18.46. 9; 29.24. 14; 32.7. 9; 39.
(a)?)
used
7roA.ea>s.
KaTtirXrjâro rovs MeAiTaiets,
9. 7.
(= 7 f).
in indirect discourse.
22
15. 3* tov
I.
'Ie'pcovd
fxlv
yeveaOai tov
dAA.a
The
ware
fxovov <f>vyLV vvktos eis Ta? %vpaKOvo~as
fxrj
is
(f>povpLa Trdvra KaTaXcTreiv.
kcll tol
infinitive in these five cases
av
fxrj.
<f>poveiv
used with three
tqm
yevofxlvqv o~v}xir\oKr)v oura>s
/xera rrjv
cfrrjcn
3. 47.
is
and the negative
aorist
21. 31. IO.

is
infinitives.
2)
Epexegetic or explanatory infinitive
a)
Without attendant
22
particle (=s). 14
The
may
infinitive
be
used as an addition explanatory of the action or state of the verb
which
29. 13
II.
Kiih. 472,
limits.
it
aKaToWaKT ids
uatlovs
be tovs
77-/00S
c.
KoAdeiv avrovs
SiaKt/Ae#a,
actios.
36. 3. 6*
dAAa
yevrauos
In
KaKwj/ alpiaeuis
r)
SiSovai Trjv 7riTpo7n)v 7rept
62. 8 5
I.
KaTaAetTro/xeV^s,
twv
7roAe/xov avaSêcrOai
tov
r)
ku.0
And
clvtovs
22. 4; 3. 24. 4 3 the simple infinitive
3.
explanatory of the preceding demonstrative pronoun,

Cf. infra after
5.
35. 12 ravT^v
I.
18.
10
et?
s).
MT.
^.
588 end.
tovto
crwr/yovTO wcrre 7roAAa/as f3ovXcveo-0aL

68. 8;
2.
3. 48. 4,
63. 13, 102. 4
cocrre
with the infinitive
(= 4 f). 13
The
7rept
with
coo-re
MT.
G.
587, 2; Kiih.
2, e.
8 6
'ATreAA^'j
XvpLOLivecrQuL
ra?
iroieiTai
o~wa>/xoo"tav
a>crr'
rou /SacrtAews ^pecus, uvtos
iKetvovs
iOeXoKaKetv
Se â) pea Otis
(fipovTtêiv Iva p,r)&ipi66ev clvtu) ôprjyta irapayivrjTai 7rpos
103.
KeAevca?
eVi
roinrois
TrpoTtivetv
êiv apL<f>orepovs a vvv typvo-iv.
Cf.
2)
"Epexegetic
infinitive"
principal clause,
iirl
may
tovtco
i?ifi?iitive
in
3.
310
G.
a)(rT
apposition."
'E(/>'
to
purpose of,"
expressed or understood
take the infinitive.
e7ri/?oAds.
33. 13. 6.
(=m). 43
that, for the
Kal
XaA/a'Sa
ets
ra?
rots AirooAots
elpiqvqv
and "Infinitive
cp
correlated with an
r-qv
21. 30. 2, 3, 4;
and e<' wt ze>z//z //^

meaning "on condition
e'('
e$' cpTe,
A.
Aveiv
express a stipulation, condition, or limitation of the action
584,
5.
tov
25. 4. 5.
infinitive
or state expressed in the principal clause.
5. 2.
rola8e.
Stipulation.
5.
may
iirl
used
ty)v eirifioXiqv, wcrr' K7r/X7riv clvtov pLera xoprjytas.
r^v iroXiopKiav.
1)
is
o> m.
e'(/>'
With ore (=
0)
II. 14. 6 3 .
MT.
in
and
and
the
610; Kiih. 584,
THE INFINITIVE
I. 1 6.
Trotrjcrdixevot
13
9.
i<f>^
to.
rbv
aTrobovvai
fxkv al^/xaXcora
dpyvptov Se TrpoaOtivai rdXavra tovtols eKarov.
/JacrtXc'tt'Pw/xatots,
7.
(TvvOrjKas
8e
23
IN POLYBIUS
<'
avvOrjcrofxeOa,
<5
dpaadai
avrot?
eavai
/xt)
Trpbs
vôta?
p.r)$7roT 7r0A.ejU.0v.
8. 27.
eSoo-av 7rrTts eVl TouTOis, <'
(Note the future
<j)6povs irpdêa-dat.
<'
C7rt
occurs but twice.
re
rovra>,
icj>'
7U TOVTOIS,
a>
5.
i<j>'
7Tt TOtO-8e, </>' <
e<'
67. 10
5.
76.
kcll
fx-qre
infinitive.)
4, 13.
7. 9.
2
.
IO**,
8. 2 7
I. 2
4
.
7. 4. I, 2.
w with demonstrative omitted,
16. 9*;
i.
31.
i.
8,
88.
12; 2. 46.
etc.
3;
In
w TapavriVov? iXevBepwcruv
1.
62. 8 5
iirl rolcrSe;
3.
22. 4, 24. 3 3 the simple infinitive

,
vide "Epexegetic infinitive=s."
is
found after
Kith. 584,
A.
4.
Infinitive after Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Pro-
6.
The
nouns.
may
infinitive
be used after
nouns, adjectives,
adverbs, and pronouns denoting ability, fitness, ease, time, need,
and
their opposites; in fact, all such as express the
tions as verbs
which take an
infinitive.
G.
MT.
same
rela-
758; Kick. 473,
3.
166
Nouns (=h).
Simple infinitive.
1)
a)
I.
13.
II
I. 15.
I.
Xiyeiv oypa 7repl twv 7rpoKeipLeviov.
avdyKr) (Tvyôypclv
t<xs
dpyas koI Tas VTrodtacis
elvat if/evSets.
49. 3 Kaipov elvat irXeiv.
1. 78.
2. 8.
13
eavrov ava-rpareveLV iov<rcav eSwKe.
/u,e#'
IO 'Pw/junoi? KaXXurrov ZQos iarl p,Tairopevea6ai kol
2. 25. 11
TrpoOeo-iv )(ovt<; iroXiopKeLv tovs <ru//,7re</>euyoTa?.
3. 86. 11
irapdyyeXp,d tl SeSop.evov
3.
Il8. 4
4. 80. 12
5. 28.
eiôv eA7u8as Trjs Pw/x^s avr^s tcreaOat Kvpuoi.
^1/
TrapdKXrjCTis Oappeiv kol p,vW.
8wajats, Kvpca,
bpp.rj, ivToXr/, etc.
Infinitive with
after nouns, there
is
a)?
eyei/erd Tts /caipos
iv avrots;
2)
cf. 1.
(=
h) 1
Besides
one occurrence of
the same construction.

3. II. 3
tovs V7ro7U7rroi>Tas.
Xaj36vTes 8e crvy)(d)prjpia iroirjaaaOat ttjv d-TroXvcnv.
4 cv at?
Also
)
jU.eyaAa.9 8'
rjv (frovtvew
fiorjOeLV.
G.
MT.
a>?
the simple infinitive
with the infinitive in
588, 608; Kick. 585,
ws eVi Aoyov
49. 3.
Adjectives (=g). 12
311
d^^mi
Tr/v
5.
V7roLKovpovp,evr)V droiziav
24
I.

4 LKavov
I.
ecrrt 7rpoKa\(ra(r6ai
3 eKcjivyciv
I. 54.
oWaros
Kat 7rapoppLr)o~ai.
cov.
crot/xot 7roAe/Au/ r)aav.
I.
62.
1.
74. 9 o~vvr}0eis 7Tore p,ev viro)(wpeiv ttot\ Sk 7rd\iv Ik [XTa/3o\f}s cyêtpciv.
2.
50. 6 tovs MeyaXoTroAtras irpoBvfiovs elvac
2.
58. IO
3.
p,ei'ovos
</>epeiv.
rvyelv rjaav dtot Ttp-ooptas.
IOI. 3 Trpdêtpos wv avp,7r\Kecr0aL.
3. 102. 3
9 Setvot yap Pcop,atot Kat
3. 112.
4. 8.
ovre yap di/re^dyetv d^to^pews ^v ovre 7rapaf3or)Qeiv.
IO
Also
7rtr>;Setos, Kvptos,
Adverbs (=.
3)
0eoi.'s
etAdcrao-#ai Kat avOpw-rrovs.
KivSvvevcrai Sucr^p^crrot.
ayaOos, ZvopKos, etc.
g).
1.
51. 9 Sie/<7rAe?v Kat 7ri</>atWcr#ai doWaTtos ?ôv.
2.
50. 4 ot MeyaAo7roAtrat 7rpo^vp,ws co"ôv teVat Kat 7rapaKaAetr. 21. 22.
4)
Pronotins (olos, olos re
I.
26. 2 ol>x tot
1.
36. 3 otOL
IO. 23. 7
t'
and ocro? (=q)- 49
rjaav eVtTpe7retv.
t'
av
I.
avaffiipetv.
tSet ctvvc6l,lv eVt
Toaovrov ware
Setva)
Tw rdâ
7rpo<xdyeiv, <' otrov
o-fi>yowras Kat o"i;o"rotxot>VTas Stap,eVeiv.
39. 14. 5 $La<f>poiTO Se
7rt
rouovrov
c</>'
ocrov StSdcrKCtv Kat Treidtiv V7rep
t<oj>
dp.^)to-/377rou/xeV(ov.
In 10. 29.
1; 29. 8. 4
Hultsch corrects
Prepositional Object (=k). 2
otos to
irXr/v,
0I05 re.
which
is
used six times
as a quasi-preposition with the genitive of the articular infinitive,

is
twice used as an adverb with the anarthrous infinitive.
803 b; Kiih. 479.

6 ouSev Zrepov
8. 37.
8.
MT.
2.
6. 32-
Btacra(f><j)v
G.
Set voctv 7r\r)V 8vo
expands
crvvrjppLocrOaL.
ovhev 7r\r)v erotp-ovs etvat Trpds to 7rapayye\\6p,evov.
Purpose. 46
and specific.
The infinitive is used
a) Without attendant particle (=d). 13
to express the distinct and specific purpose of the action or state
of the governing verb. G. MT. 770-75; Kiih. 473, 7 and A. 13.
1)
2. 8.
12 ws 7ra7rocrrtAai Ttvas rbv Trapprjcrtao'dpLevov TOiV
5* 3* 5
7.
Distinct
T0 ^ ?
17. 9.
MaKeSdvas
rovs Se Sid
icf>rJKe
auToXoyeiv. 5. 8. 4
tyjs Trv\r)<s depicts etpyetv
312
3
;
7rpeo-/3ccov a7roKTtrat.
8. 33. 6.
rovs crweyytôvras.
THE INFINITIVE
5. 14. II
Sloltet ayfxevoL
olv
o)<s
pikv
25
IN POLYBIUS
7rpo? rov
'
AireWrjv
7rcur(U5
e/X7rootetv. rats
7ri/3oAaTs avrov.
i.
88. 9; 6. 58. 6; 35. 4. 9; 3. 70. 7 {vide
Hidtsch; Fleckeisen, 1864,
p. 447;
1884, p. 742).
In Polybius the infinitive
always active or middle, never
is
passive.
With preceding ware
b)
tive
may
e).
(bare with the infini-
be used to express a consequence which
a purpose.
MT.
G.
587, 3; Kiih. 584,
6 avmraprj-ye rot?
3. 92.
(or w?)
aimed
at as
2, d.
wcrre
7roXe/xtbt?,
is
Sokciv
toTs
avrwv
avixfxd\OL<i
K)((DpeLV TCOV VTTatBpOiV.
wore iTnTpiêiv
lâiricTTeiXe tovs cttiAcktoks,
16. 37. 2
4; 8. 9. 12
10. 46. 1, 46. 7;
32.
7.
rrjv AaKCDViKrjv.
12.
Modified a?id general without atte?idant particle
2)
"The
infinitive
is
3. 43.
( o). 2S
used to express, with diminished purpose force
and with a general rather than a
specific bearing, that for which,
or with reference to which, the action or state of the governing
verb
is
3. 8.
10
performed or exists."
av
rt
ei7reiv e'xot,
and
Cf. Burton 368.
4. 26. 3;
8. 13. 7;
9.
35. 5;
16.
II. 29. 7;
39- 5; 3- 9- 5; 34- io- 71.
7.9 ov
eiôy ye Troieiv ovSeV,
fxrjv
3- 3- 6
21. 7, 81. Ij 3. IO. 3;
1.
8 aTTfSeâvTO /xereêtv 'Pcu/xacovs. 3.
2. 12.
16.
20.
7;
12. 5; 4.
28.3; 12. 12. 7; 31. 21. 9; 38.

7:40; 12:4; Acts 4:14.
4, III. 6;
10,
Cf.
Luke
9.
Parenthetic
Absolute
Infinitive
51.
5,
77. 4*; 5. 83.
8. 7.
(=r). 34
This
use
occurs thirty-four times in parenthetic phrases which limit or

qualify the whole statement or only
G.
I.
MT. 776-83;
WS
I. 2
3. 49. 7
3. 6.
13 fXLKpov
Each
4. 2. 3
23. 6. 3
12
enr&v.
4 7roX\ov ye
5. 52.
Kiih. 585, 3.
7TOS et7TtV.
o>s
some word
Setv. 5
Seu/. 4
of the following occurs once.
o>5 ctKor/v
w<s i/Aol
ec aKO^s ypdcûv.
8oKtV.
313
in the sentence.
26
I.
2.
i'cr^vcos et7retv.
\
1. 4.
ocrov ye
tcAos
21. 20. 5
~.
elSevai.
koll rjpLas
8' i7Tiv.
8'
(a7rAa)s
elirelv
in a quotation
11. 13
8.
from
Theopompus.)
( u). 28
Predicate Infinitive
10.
The
infinitive
used as a predicate nominative or accusative.
however,
Polybius,
In
472, b.
MT.
745; Kiih.
only as predicate
G.
used
is
it
may be
nominative.
2.
49.
5.
99. 2
6.
avTcu (eVroAas)
Tov?
11.
x^^PX
^5
il/otV,3 7r/3l^
r/,
23
MT. 626-31, 651-54;
9.
43.
In
9. 43.
with
2 the 7r/nVclause
Infinitive with irplv
10;
12. 6
inf.), irplv
rj
is
60. 9;
5.
/at)
58. 6;
2.
a
.
Infinitive with irpiv:

16. 22. 4
inf.);
(aor. inf.).
preceded by a verb compounded

is
OaXarrav
affirmative.
ireiTOLrjo-6aL.
2.
1;
used with. the aorist
I.
1;
occurs
cpOdvo)
74.
2
i
rj
Trplv
infinitive.
12. 6
9;
24. 13. 4;
1.
with the
4. 31. 1, 85. 6;
23. 4
2
;
20. 12; 4. 85. 5;
33. 11. 5;
r]
rf
29. 27. 2; 30.
14. 2. 6, 7;
28. 6. 7;
6 (pres.
4. 85.
37.
1.
12.
eXelv rrjv M.ecrcrrjvrjv.
with indicative after negative clause.

rj
rj:
$Lecf)6eLpe
ra pLeLp&KLa.
follows a positive clause four times;
6. 23. 11; 15.
35. 6;
18. 35.
twv
verb compounded
negative clause eleven times:
18. 1; a
negative clause twice:
1.
35. 6 iracras iêXeyôyaL

Ttvos
31.
In every case, except
7.
Infinitive with irporepov
(pres.
29. 27. 2;
39. II. 6 ov irporepov eXr)e irplv
13.
I, d.
568,
irpocrQev XvaeLV rrjv noXLopKLav irplv
Cf. irplv
1.
with the Infinitive (=x). 32
Occurrences not cited above are:
1.
6. 49. 2
5.
10. 45. 4;
6. 49. 2;
5.
In the leading sentence
14. 2. 6, 7;
9;
infinitive follows a
I.
rj.
TOVr' aVOLCTCLV 7U
Tl,
66. 3; irpoadev once, 6. 49. 2; irporepov six times, 10. 32.
1.
with 7rp6 once, 12.
31.
is
rj
7T/3oeKSa7ravaT(H irplv ii<f3oXr)V ets
9. 43. 2
KCtV C^p>7
In each the leading sentence
irpo.
once,
ifr'/A.
25. 2
11.
(perf. inf.);
dAAa
10. 38. 5; 18. 9. 1: 27. 7. 11.
irporepov
G.
c-rpareLas eêXeXv ra? T^/Jas.
rrjSi
KXtyeLV,
18. 7
8.
viroSeLKvvvaL kcu SrjXovv.
avr
o\r) irpoOeaLS rjv
6 OpKOS IcTTLV p.7]8lv
33.
yap
r)
8' rjcrav
ras
crffaerepas
avayKtiLwv.
314
eA7TiSas
irporepov
rj
irapa)(<LoprjaaL
THE INFINITIVE
IN POLYBIUS
Absolute (=w). 18
Infinitive with the Genitive
12.
infinitive
27
used as the genitive subject of the neuter impersonal
is
participle in the genitive in place of the omitted
noun.
Kith. 486,
36. 8
1.
/xeAAeiv avOus
70.
2.
8'
iapTVLV
aVTOLS
TOV
Goetzeler p.
f.;
4
55. 4, 62. 4 ;
SoâvTos $
2. 26. 7
10.
cf. 8. 29. 1;
7. 7;
<t4>l<tl
Demosthenes
26.
TOVS 'PoO/XCUOUS
(TToXoV
Aij3vrjv TroietaOaL rov irXovv.
ttjv
i-rrl
Spieker pp. 336
2;
noun or pro-
2. 54.
KCLI
IO; 3. 40. 2 J
10. 42. 1.
7. 3. 7;
7rpo<rayye\6vTO<; avTui tovs IXXvptovs iropOdv tyjv ^copav.
Cf.
A.
I,
7rpO(TTTt(j6vTO<i
5- 46. 5
The
2. 5.
6; Q.
41. 4.
Cf.
^prjcraa-Oat rots 7rapoi)o-ii/.
2.
50. 9.
(ed. Baiter Kaiser) 17. 28; 23. 169; 23. 143; 24. 80;
35. 52; 56. 18; 50. 17; 59. 116.
Polybius
has several other ways
same thought.
(1) A noun may be the subject
21. 2 5- 8
7r/30cre7rcre
The
(2)
^Vf^V Kepi
rrjs
infinitive clause
Kara
in
which
to
express the
of a finite verb.
tyjv
may be
Acriav pLayrjs.
the subject of an impersonal
verb.
24.8. IO
7r/ooo"7re(re
The
(3)
irapayzvicrOai tovs 7r/oeo-/?evTas. 30. 20. 1; 31.
fact that a previous event
27. 6.
was made known could be
expressed by a genitive absolute.

2. 8.
7r/oocr7re(rovT09
13
5. 48.
17
IO. 28. 6
14. 8.
igayy eXOevros
wv
rov yeyovoro?
r^v Pw/xrjv.
1.
62. I.
clvt<3.
Staaacf>r]OivT(i)v.
The statement
(4)
eis
TOUTtol/ TrpOVTrZCTOVTUiV.
in
the form of a 6Vt-clause
may
be the
subject of an infinitive,
2.
53- 5
î"-
01
T< 7rpo(nr(Teiv
avrui 6lotl Ka.TeiXr}<f>9aL avfxj3atvei tyjv twv 'Apyetwv
7roA.1v.
The
(5)
ort-clause
may
be
in
apposition with the noun of the
genitive absolute.
37.
rov Xoyov TTpoo-rriTrTovTOS ort vlku.
2. 5
IO. 49.
yevofXvr}<;
Se rrjs 7rpocruyyeAca.s Siort
jucra T)}? oWa/xews elvat 7rept Tairovpcav.
315
crvfifiaivcL
rov /xev Eu#uS?7/xov
28
The
duced by a
(6)
5- 6l.
may
genitive absolute
be followed by a clause intro-
relative pronoun.
3 irpocnrecrovTOiv 7rapa Qeodorov ypa/Afxaruiv iv ois avrbv eKaAei k.t.A.
The
(7)
articular infinitive with rod
may
stand
in
the genitive
absolute.
1.
60.
7rpo(nr(TovTO<; avTols rov 7T7rAevKeVat crroAu) tovs Pw/xaiovs.
(8)
clause introduced by
on may take
the place of the
genitive subject of the participle.

3.
40. 14 rots
8'
iv ry
Pw^,#
7rpoo"7recroi/ros
BoiW
TTpLl\7]fJL[JLVOV V7TO T(x)V
Tro\lOpKLT(XL
ticiple of
impersonal verbs
in
2. 2.
Kilh. 487; Spieker p
9. 24.
10.
SeW
4. 27.
Kara
KpOLTOS.
30.
infinitive.
7.
16. 7; 23. 10.
43. 9
112. 6-
The par-
G.
is
MT. 851
13; 32. 13. 5.
iroiziv.
eov (conjecture) Xa/3dv.
4 w?
yap
Seov
tovs
-rrokefxiovs
iroieio-Oai
tyjv
Trapeo~KevdaavTO.
IO.
3.
336.
(TTpaT-qyov tTepov alpcicrOaL.
4 irapbv Tavavrca
3
crrpaT07reSov
the neuter accusative singular
used as an accusative absolute with an

4
to riraprov
Infinitive with Accusative Absolute (=z). 8
13.
ort
7rpo\r)\f/iv Se eêtv
irdvTwv dSyvarov.
12. 20. 7 Swa/xevov yivwcrKCtv r>)v ra>v 7roAe/xiW irapovcLav.
316
avdfSacnv,
ovtws
CHAPTER
II.
USES OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS.

Verbal Subject (=a). 25
i.
The
with to
infinitive
is
used as
the subject nominative or accusative of a finite verb or infinitive.

It
has
either the
article, as to
form of a substantivized
ty)v (2.
41. 3;
3.
substantivized sentence with
with the
infinitive
81. 6), to vlkclv (3. 63.
1),
or of a
the whole being used as the sub-
to,
ject of a finite verb or infinitive, as (1. 4. 4) vireXafiov avay/calov

elvai to
fjirj
irapaXtirelv
/jltjS'
eacrai irapeXOelv aveiricrTaTtoS to kclXXl-
cfTov a/jLa Kal wcpeXipLcoTaTOv iiriTrjhevpba tt}?
more common usage.
far the
I.I.I avayKolov
r}V
G.
MT.
The
tvX 7!^'
latter
790, 806; Kith. 478,
ivapyeaTaTOV
35. 2 to SiawLO'TeLV
I.
62. 6 tov yap avTov vop.io~riov v)yep,6vo% etvat to Svvacrdat fiXiiruv.

2.
Trj ti>X0
4, a.
icpdvr) Tracrtv.
1.
83. 3,
22. 11, 26. 8, 29. 5, 50. 6, 51. 6/63. 5; 3. 21. 9,32. 10.
Verbal Object. 58
2.
by
to 7rpoTp7reo~6ac Travras.
I.
88. 3;
is
The
infinitive
with
used as the object of verbs taking an object

genitive, or dative.
G.
MT.
to,
tov, or toj
is
in the accusative,
791, 793, 798, 799; Kith. 478,
4, b,
c, d.
with
to' is
3. 63.
to as the object of a verb (=b). 21
With
a)
1)
7rept
AitwAwv.
,rjv.
7t\lo~tov TroiovpievoL to
10. 28. 5, 37. 4;
23. 11. 3; 31. 23. 8;

b)
With tov
with tov
infinitive
used as the object of verbs governing the accusative.
6 rots eXopevoLS to
4. 6l. 6
The
is
KO/xicracr&u ttjv
11. 28. 8;
16. 10.
Ap,/3paKLav 7rapa tu>v

1
conj.; 16. 34. 11;
39. 10. 8.
as the object of a verb (=bb). 32
The
infinitive
used as the object of such verbs as take a genitive
object.
4. 19.
4.
82.
IO
8
o~TO)(al6p,evoL tov Sokclv pcovov.
KaTeKpaT-qae tov yevicrOai orrpaTrjyov 'E7r?7paTOV, tov Se Tcpioievov
K7reo-etv.
317]
2 1. 28. 9.
28. 13. 13.
29
30
3.
10 Siac^cpw;
32.
13.
7.
23. 3
11.
25
6 rrpovota)
8 7rpoo-8eo/xat
3 d7raXXao-<Tw
3c.
66.
5.
o/oeyco; 23. 10. 10 crrepew
The following
1.
12.
4;
eyyeuo/xai; 9. 12.
K/oare'o);
71.
3.
are found for the
4 wap' 6\tyov rjXOe tov p,rj /xdvov

vewat.
10. 12. 11; 18. 19. 6; 30.
II. 7.
I.
5;
cf.
1.
12. 20. 7;
43. 7;
tcls 7ra.pao~Kevds.
dAAa
XpwpLevos to>
d<f>opp.rj p.ev
dAAa
ttr;8'
C7ri
33.
I.
4.
The
2.
case.
10. 6.
oiov 7rapayeyoverai tov
/xt)
with
infinitive
in the dative
Ovo/xao*rov,
171/
Object of verbs of hiuderi?ig, separation^
infinitive
oAois kivou-
toi<j
crweyyvs tottwv yeyovcvat.
rcov
30. 8. 8 7rpocraviê Ta>
2)
kcu
I.
33. 3.
as the object of a verb (bbb).
23. 9 7rto*Tevovre? 8e tu TayyvavTtiv.
2 2. 18. 3
<f>ir)p,L.
Polybius:
in
used with such verbs as take an object

s
28. 9. 4
1.
irapa puKpov eXOoc tov Aa/3e?v t6v Att(xAov.
With these
) With to)
raj is
23. 9
on
K7reo~eiV
10.
16 oAiywpew; 2
10.
time
first
avTe^w
II
a/a^co;
/aereâ)
45. 14 Trap* ovSlv i\66vT<; tov 7rdo-as a-n-ofSaXttv
2. 55.
I.
20.
6;
23. 16. 13
32. 2
9.
100.
5.
(=^). 8
etc.
The
used as the object of verbs of hindering, separation,
is
denial, doubt, mistrust, contradiction, opposition, omission, etc.
verbs which contain
simple infinitive with or without

with
infinitive
with to
infinitive
MT. 807-14;
44.
4 to
Kiili.
54. 5
38.
p.ev SiaKooAveiv
3- 21. 6, 74. 5
13";
1.
pitf,
to
/-it)
514,
2,
5- i- 5>
2
;
9. 20. 6;
10. 39. 7;
to pxv xoprjyeiv diroXiyei.
2.
60.
outoos CKAi7retv to ?}v.
IO to
may
take
3, 4,
5,
A.
the
(a)
The
pirj.
occur in
Polybius.
9.
Also
a7ryvu)crav.
7- 2
8.
36. 2;
iS. 48. 9;
I.
48. 10; 2.65.
14. 10. io
to irapafSdXXecrOai kox 7rpocrdyeLV d7reSo/a/Aao-e.

i
63.
b)
does not
ov
tov zttittXovv
2.
3. 106.
these verbs
2*
2
;
pu],
Besides the
the infinitive with tov or rov
(b)
Infinitive with to.
a)
I.
or
to,
themselves.
a negative in
31. 23. 8.
3. 86. 8,
95. 5
6.
31. 17. 3.
ypdcpetv Traprjaopiev.
7rAeta>
Infinitive with tov. 52
I.
29. 5 tov pev Trapa<pv\(XTT.LV tov zttittXovv direyvaio-av.
I.
31. 5
d7To-ôv TOii pi-Ktiv Tais yvuipats.
74. 7; 6. 58. IO; 9. 36. 4;

6. 2;
23. 17. 4
2
;
12.
2.
d
-
2;
6.
9% 57.
15. 5. 5;
3;
21.
48.
1.
3. 8.
n;
20. 9;
9.
7.9.
5. 9. 9,
22. 4. IO,
24. 10. 9; 24. 11. 14; 32. 14. 8, 23. 1; 39. 15. 2, 18. 6.
318
THE INFINITIVE
1.
39.
68. 3
aTri(TT7]crav.
l6
14-5-5;
15. 8;
2.
aOpoûv
tov
31
19. 4; 4. 7 1
2. 5,
I*j
'
IO
tov xprjo-Oai.
a(f)fxevoL
87. 2; 3.
I.
31
IN POLYBIUS
104. 5
5.
11. 14. 6;
15. 29. 7
16. 6. 7;
18. 3. 3; 20. 9. 9; 31. 7. 3.
3.63. 12
SuuJ/cvSo)
13. 3. 2 d7raAAorptow
6 AetVei
2. 14.
roi)
crvva.TTTe.LV
///*)
37. II StaAXdrretv tov
5. 4.
15. 10. 7
SuTpeif/av tov
IO
21. 25.
Sokwv
This
last
pose, but
classify
p.ias
fir)
fir)
rd
r)acf>a\icr$at
it
dp-apTavw.
may
to)
TroAeco? Stdêcrtv *X LV
Cf.
AtrwAtav tov
Tr)v
KaTot.
I 8.
SvvacrOai
fx-qhiva
3. 3.
The
infinitive
Vide Kiih. 478,
with the article
4, c;
to, tov,
stand in apposition with a preceding noun or pronoun.
accusative.
may
with to
infinitive
G.
MT.
be in apposition with a nominative or
804; Kiih. 478,
5.
Infinitive with to.
a)
2
ov yap
or)
3. 4. 12 tovt
tovt' etvat tcAos V7roXr)7TTeov iv Trpdyfiacnv, to VLKrjaai
7rdvTa?
7roir)crao~6aL
3. 7
avrw.
as a genitive objective infinitive.
it
A. 10, o.
6
3. Apposition (c).*
3. 4.
16. 3. 12
AeiVa)
example is classified by Hewlett as infinitive of purseems better to explain the sense of the passage to
514,
The
a.7reA.7rt'<o
18.
12.
12;
17.
TeXecr tov pyrjo at tyjv kcltolXtjiJ/lv Trjs 7rdAea)s.
KCLK07rOLLV TTjV )(li)paV OLVTWV.
or
10.
Infinitive with rod firjJ
^)
2.
d7roSeiAidco
11.
4.
v<'
kou
eavrovs.
TtXecnovpyrjixa, to yvooyai T^y KaTaaTacnv 7rap' eKao-TOis.
co-Tat
Tpo7ros io~Ttv ovtos oramypta?, to o"weâs Kaivoiroieiv del Tas
tooj/
avfifid)(o)v A7ri8as.
3. 84. 7
4.
57-
tovto
II
TTOLOv/xevot,
v7ro\afi/3dvovTe<s
to
7rdAtv,
87- 3;
"
5-
b)
2.
2
;
<f>evyeiv firjde
yap
tovto Te'Ao?
25
6. i. 3
k
.
7;
1. 6,
a
.
elvat
to.? Taet?.
16;
7. 82
;
dAAoTpiav
tov KaTao-êtv
3. 20. 4;
18. 14. 13, 33. 2, 33. 4
>
4. 79. 3
2
;
4. 80.
2
-
21. 22. 7
2
;
9-
3-
95
12.
27. 8. 8; 32.
Infinitive with tov.
35 8 ovtc av tis a7roo~Tair)
8.
cVtos.
AaVeiv
37. 5.2.
cr^>Tptts
3.
fir)
yevio-QoLL tcov 7rvAwva)v
5. 11, 25*. 2,
11. 2
to
IO
Trjs
TcAevTtuas
cAtti'Sos
tov Siayooviêcr&u
7rept tz}?
^wpas.
7rotov
irpayjxa tovtov SiKoudVepov,
dSiK^p-aTwv.
319
tov e/<Sovvai p,v tov atViov tojv
32
Infinitive with
c)
4 TO
4 29.
5.
38. 7 rovTU)
T/0O7TO)
0~<j>dXXeraL, Tip
fJLYj
TO. SlKCLLa.
to>
Stacf>ep(Dv,
7roieio*#ai
rrjv
Scatrav
iv
pLut,ovL
8eo~fiu)T7)pLU).
2.
TW
TOJV kXcTTTWV <f>vXoV TOVTU) fxdXiO~Ta
aXXrjXoLS
7T0LLV
toj.
4
37. II TOVTW
2.
[AOVIO
TW
$LaXX<XTTLV,
//.^
TOV CLVTOV TTtpifioXoV Virdp^LV TOIS
KOLTOLKOVO-LV O.VTY)V
Purpose
4.
purpose.
The
I2
<?).
MT.
67.
CXXIX,
infinitive
798; Kilh. 478,
with rov
used to denote
is
Hultsch, Fleckeisen, Vol.
4, c;
pp. 742-44.
1.
12. 6
draSpa/xoyres
en
rot? ^povois rov fxrjSkv a.7ropr)ixa KaraXnreiv.
2.
34.
eairevcrav rov
/xr]
avyyoipyjOrfvai tyjv elprjvrjv avTois.
5.
102. 6 (Tvvv7roKpi0els rov
18. 35. 3; 28. 8. 6;
36.
s
.
avvayayelv rd
Also
is
(cf.
(if kcu
10. 46. 3,
be omitted);
KaKOirdOuav rov
V7rofxeixevrjKvat Sa7rdvr)v kol
777)0?
rov
is
I. I. 2
Limiting Nouns and Adjectives.
Infinitive with rod after
fx6vr]V $L$do~K<xXov
49. IO
I.
22. 2
62. 6
The
nouns (=h). 66
rov $vvao~$ai
8, if
toO
infinitive with rov
MT.
798;
infinitive
with
G.
The
VTro<\>peiv.
re rov vixdv cAtti'Sos.
rrjs
7rp6s 7rapao-Kevr)v rov vavfxayelv.
tw
re tov wkSi/, o/xotoo? Se xai rov tov AetVeo-ât Katpov.
There are are thirty-one nouns used with

avvrjOaa,
2.
TeAos, 4.
15. 6
this limiting genitive:
20. 8; alria, 2. 38. 9; dpx^yos, 2. 38. 9; f3e/3aat)Trjs, 2. 40.
iovo~La, 3. 29. 7;
6.
ra Aiyuan>
used as a limiting genitive after nouns.
I.
5;
at
to of Hultsch.
used as a genitive limiting nouns and adjectives.

a)
9.
fjLrj.
rov be read with Hultsch; 4. 74.
if
7. 16. 7;
footnote in text).
Kilh. 478, 4, c.
I.
31. 3;
c;.
7rap' Ao~o~vpLU)v VTrOfxvrjfxaTa xai ttoXvtt pay /xovrj
be read instead of the

5.
70. 7
3.
avrbs yovv rr/XiKavr-qv
11
29. 9. 12 (?); 4. 18.
All the above have rov

12. 2 8
Sokclv Xiav eVoi/>tos etvat.
cws be omitted),
(if
/at)
2
;
57. II
7rtfteAeta, 6. 35.
voia, II. 2.
IO
2
;
T05,
2J
108. 5; ^povos, 3. 1 12.

3. 69. 8;
i7n/3oXr}, 5. 62. 7; 7raodSay/xa, 5. III. 7; Kvpta,
7rpocf>acrL<;, 3.
dcfjop/Jirj,
12; 7re?pa, 8. 9. 6; o-vvOrj/xa, 8. 27. 3; 7rpo-
12. 16. 12; 7rapd7rTa>o-i9, 12. 25
320
k
.
IO; cvvota, 15.
THE INFINITIVE
I2
I.
15. 4. 8; Karapxrj, 15. 33. I
bpixrj,
33
IN POLYBIUS
aSvvafxta,
5.
34. 5; irpoXvpjtis,
16. 32. 4; Ao'yo?, 18. 15. 15; /X7ro8tov, 18. 22. 4; o-PXOj 22
23.13.
with tov
The
infinitive
used as a limiting genitive after adjectives.
is
atrtos, I. 40. 16
21. 13. io
7raAcv avada pprjaaL Tas 7TîKas
alVtos eSoxei yeyovcvac tov
oWa/xeis Kat KpaTrjcrou rdv viracOpoiV.

2
24. 11.
23. 14. 6;
ovk aAAoT/oiog
21. II. 2
8. 8; <rY)pL&ov,
I.
x8
Infinitive with toO after adjectives (=-).
'
2
;
43. 8, 57. 7
27. 15.
g. 3. 9
13. 4. 8;
tov KOtvwveTv.
77V
29. 9. 9 rov cveyKetv TavYa kv/oio?
39. 9. 12 a7T600S TOV
I.
V7rrjp)(ev.
l/ir.
Of the four adjectives used with this limiting genitive,

aWorpLos, /cupto?, and aweLpos, are each used but once.
1238
The infinitive with the
6. Prepositional Object (=k).
used, like a noun, as the object of a preposition, the
article
is
article
being
in the
case required by the preposition.
G.
MT.
800; Kuh. 478, 4, c; 479, 2.

The following is a list of the prepositions and quasi -preposi-
by Polybius:
tions used
With the
7T/oo
12
eew?
8
,
genitive:
"fcdpiv
TrXrjv 6 , %a)pt?
5
,
90
,
irepl 29 , virep 29 ,
2
fiexpL 3 , eôo , avev
Trapa 1
eveicev
or
eve/co, 15 ,
10
24
25
e7ri \ eV
irpos
With the dative: a/xa
I5
With the accusative: 8m 5 4 7r/oo? , et? 74

115
e/c
e7rt>, /xerd^, 7re/n' 12 ,
The
superior numbers refer, not to the
number
of the occur-
rences of the preposition to which they are attached, but to the
number
of infinitives which are thus used, two or
more
infinitives
sometimes appearing with one preposition.

Three of these prepositions are used with two cases: irepC with
genitive and accusative, eVt and tt/oo? with the dative and
accusative.
1)
Prepositiofis
with the genitive. 5
yapiv, for the sake

I.
39. 8
k^rjKovra
Se
of, is
p,6vov
prepositive in Polybius.
eTrXrjpuxTav vavs
X^P LV T0 ^ T * ? dyopas
KO/xtêtv
toTs crTpaT07re'8ots.
3. 42.
7rA.?7#05
rjOpoiaO-q ftapfidpwv
X^P iV T0 ^ KwXvew
hcd/Sao-iv.
321
rrjv
twv Ka/o^8ovt'<ov
34
By
allowing the infinitive to take a subject accusative Polybius
uses this construction to express purpose.

8. 28. I
eireir6pio~ro
tovs
(TKrjif/LV
ws
appo)o~ru)v,
X^P LV T0 ^ PI Oavp.dew a.KOvovra%
5. 88. 6; 9. 41. 9, K.r.X.
'Pco/xaiovs.
Because of the frequent use of
number
Fassbaender and Brief
this construction the
of cases of iva, etc., to express purpose (see

is
comparatively small.
This
irepC.
is
common
classical
usage
a) After verbs of saying, writing, etc.,

is
necessary.
I.
18. 10
wore iroXXaKis /3ovXeveo~0aL

Tots
24. I. 5
Be
Where
rov
where the preposition
Xvew
rrjv iroXtopKtav.
cftvydcnv eir-qyyeiXaro ypdxf/ew irphs
KareXOelv avrovs
b)
irepl
rovs
Aâtovs
irepl
rov
19 rrjv oiKetav.
the genitive without irepl
is
admissible and irepi
is
pleonastic.
10
8. 18.
Se rov irapeicreXOeiv
irepl
eKeXeve
rov 'Aptavbv
Kal irdXtv direXOeiv ckcwov
<j>povri,eiv.
30. 2 2. 5 irapaKovaavres 01 'PoSioi irepl rov ras <f>povpa<; câyayeiv.

virep.
Used
Where
a)
in
the same
virep is
way
as irepL
necessary to the sense.
crvXXaXrjcravres avrolq virep rov rr)v iroXtv evSovvat rots Pw/xcuois.
1.
43.
5.
18. 6 virep
8e rov
to Sclvov
rjeiv
eirl
cr<as
ovruis
oêtos
ov&e
hievoetro
irapdirav avru>v ovSec's.
Where
b)
virep
is
3. 87. 5
is
admissibleand
pleonastic.
liroiovvro crirovhr)v Kal irpovoiav virep
irpa.yp.aai.
5.
the genitive without a preposition
Cf. II.
2.
io
Cf.
I.
49. 10;
I.
p.r)
âpvvdr)o~eo'dai rats
62. 4.
e/C.
1)
2.
21. 2
lraXta.
94. 9 eyevero rats re iroXeaiv eXirls virep rov

pats.
rov eiriKovpetv rots ev
From, of departure.
K rov tflv eieyoip-qo-av.
23. 16. 13 tovtols eirerae irapa)(prjp.a irdvras avrovs e^dyeiv Ik rov
322
r}v.
elo~<j>o-
THE INFINITIVE
a)
2.
22. 13. 3
14. 2. 7
From,
source of knowledge.
by, of
wv ^ avTov tov
&7A.0S
o"ia)7rav oti SvcrapecrTeiTai.
6 No/xas etruadt] Ik tov <f>avai tovs 7rp0~/3eLS
o~eo~6aL 7r/oiv
r)
Xa(3eiv ras
irpoTtpov airaXXayr]-
/ay]
airoKpicrei^.
From, of source of advantage or disadvantage.
b)
4 7roAAa Trpoopw/xevos evxprjcrTa
3. 17.
35
IN POLYBIUS
7roos to fieXXov k tov
Kara Kpo.ro? eXtiv
avrrjv.
3. 63.
8'
(<??) etvat
eveicev
or
evetca.
Ik tov vlkolv aOXov, K Se tov fxaôpiivov? tl iraOtiv.
Used
like
X^? lv ^for
ê
sa ^ e
f>
ana
like
it,
prepositive in Polybius.
IO ovtc yap
3. 4.
tois
TroAe/xet
ovoas
7reA.a?
vow
^<ov
avTou tov
cvckcv
KaTay(x)VLO~ao~6ai rovs avriTaTTO/xevov?.

3
15. 16. 3 tovs
eve/cev is
Kap^Sovtovs
tov 7rpoeKXvaai, a^petwtrat, dvay/<ao"at.
ZOrjKe V/x
used for eVe#a to avoid hiatus.
"Uber
pp. 288-
Cf. Hultsch,
den hiatus bei Polybius," Philologus, Vol. XIV (1859),

"Aehnlich unterscheiden sich evetca und eve/cev, nur dass
319.
letzteres nicht ausschliesslich vor vocalen sonden haufig auch vor
consonanten steht.
Hiatus macht evefca nur 2. 36. I, wo es mit
Benseler zu elidiren ist"
Trpo
2.
Used
as a subititute for irplv.
63. 2 vpb tov crvveivai
3. 25-
(p. 290).
TrpocnreTrTOiKOTa ras Suva/Acts.
tol
crvvOr)Ka$ iroiovvTat Pw/xatot, irpo tov o~vo~TrjO~ao~dai tov? K.ap)(r)8ovLOVs
tov 7roXefxov.
eo)9, #?z#Y,
or
1.
eia)?
so
far
3 dAAa
jtxe^pt
irXriv, except,
2.
ou
with indicative or subjunctive.
69. IO ova avTo tovto TrepL/xetvavTCi
5. IO.
eW
which was generally expressed by
as,
tovtov
same
0)s
tov yvtovtu TTOTcpov k.t.X.
7roAe/xcov /cat cfaXovetKiiiv , ea>9
as
tov Aa/?etv
a<t>op[xds.
%ft>/H?.
60. 8 ovSevos Tvê Seivov 7rA>)v tov KaTairovTLa6r)vai.
8. 9. 5
cfiovXevvavTO
klcls
Cf.
eXeiv
to.<s
Traa-rj?
cAtti'Sos
Treipav Xa/JL/Sdvetv
HvpaKOvcras.
7rX^ with anarthrous
infinitive.
323
7rXr)v
tov
Sea.
TroXtop-
36
X<pfc>
Without.
a)
2.51. 6
rov KOfxtaacrBat
/3or)6rjcrcu xaypis
rov AKpOKoptvdov
koll
Aa/3eiv opfxrj-
rrjpLOv.
1 1
rov Trapacnrovhrjcrcu Mcao-rjviovs
et fiev \(x)pl<i
8vvr)
Kparetv rov tottov
tovtov.
b)
3. 32.
Besides, apart from.

4 x<opis yap rov 7roAAa7rAa(riovs auras
6. 46.
6 x 40
Aoyov iv
37.
T0 ^ 7rapaf3\7rew
fj/xerepixyv
viropLvr)-
TyXiKavras Siacôoas. kcu
rots
ttoX.vv Brj
riva
KparrjcraL
kcu
p-^XP 1 T0 ^ wvauf/cu rot? T07rois (T7rev8e.
6 irportpov
I.
t&v
e7rtjaerpa SiaTi#evrai.
&(i/3lo<; Se
3. 02. 5
v7rdp)(LV
ovhk KaraXajSetv i avrwv /ê/Sauos ov&tv olov re rovs drayivoocr/<oi/Tas.
Ploltiov,
yap
fikv
Tract
Tre7ro\ep.rjKvaL
Tv
fx^XP L
crvyxioprjcrai rovs avTiTaâfxivovs.
Iepwva
15. 3
rov
jxkv
30. 4. 5
(*>
TOV <f>pOVLV yv6fMCVOL.
I.
is
ef-fo
cf>r]cn
ovtojs tto yevecrOat rov <f>povuv.
used but twice, as cited,
oneself.
avev, without
common
in the
phrase=^
be beside
usage which has but one example
in Polybius.
22. 13. 8 ahvvaTOv ctvat to KivqcraC tl
kol
to.
StKata kol
twv
V7roKt/xeVa)v
dvV rov 7rapaj3rjvaL
to. octux.
With the dative. 200
2)
aLia, at the
same time
in classical prose,
to hia to.
with, together with.
rare construction
used very frequently by Polybius, second only
The main verb
is
often modified by a temporal adverb:
eu#ea>?, 7rapa')pr}Lia, irapavriKa.
a)
With the present
infinitive
used thirty-one times,
it
repre-
sents an action which began just before the action expressed
the main verb, and

1.
23. 5
2.
II.
may
continue with
0-p.a he T(3 TrXrjcriaêLV

o.fxa
Se to>
by
it.
crvvOewpovvTes rovs KOptiKaq.
7rpo<TXtv eKaTeoa.? opiov rot? Swa/xeis, 7rapa)(pr)pLa
avrjx6r]<Tav
324
7raAii/
THE INFINITIVE
With the
b)
is
37
IN POLYBIUS
used eighty-four times, the action
aorist infinitive,
represented as taking place immediately before the action
expressed by the main verb.

1.
68. 8 afxa
twv
to) crvyôjprjaai tol 7repl
6\J/(x)vl(DV
olvtoXs tov<s
Jâp^rjBovtov?
n
Vt7W9 7Te,JaLVOV.
{\ >
4 afxa yap tw KaTao~\elv
2. 57.
tyjv 7t6Xlv
"Aparos rrapavTiKa iraprjyyeXe, k.t.X.
Present and aorist infinitives
c)
may be used
in
the same
sentence.
a/xa
76. 7
I.
Se
tov?
t<3
tyjv 8e Xo67r^v
VTroo-rfjvcu,
i7T7reis
Bvvafxtv
iirdyeiv,
evOeay? e<f>evyov.
3. 65.
4 a/xa Be tw
TrXr)0~Ld,eiv
ovtol? Kal cvviBeiv tov Kovioprov
iâipofxevov
evOeui? crvveraTTOVTO 7rpo? pia.^rjv.
eVt.
Used with the
articular infinitive to denote (1) purpose,
but chiefly to denote (2) cause.

(1) Purpose.
1.
45. II
7rt
avTu> tovtw 7rap' d/x<oiv ra^devTe?, 61 piev
epymv
ol 8' inl
tu
pJrf
6 irepiâpr)? yevop,evo? 7U rw Bokclv AtTtoXov?
2. 27.
i-xl
tw
Tpeif/a&dai tov?
TrpoeaOac Tavra.
Cause, with verbs expressing emotion.
(2)
2. 4.
7r'
Tu>v
veviKrjKevai.
veA7rts yevopêvo? 67rt TO) 8o/cctv p.eo~ov? Kara. iropeiav
a.7retXr]<f>evaL
TOV?
KeArovs.
2.
41. 5 SvcrapecmycravTe?
3. 78. 5
The
BvaêpaivovTa?
7rt
7rt tu>
perfect infinitive
15. 5. 13 crvyâpets
tw
7rt Ta>
/at)
vop.iputi? ap)(LV.
tov TroXettov Xa[xj3dveiv

is
ty)v Tpifiyjv.
used sixteen out of fifty-one times.
7ravras V7rr)KOov? 7r7roif}o~0aL tov? nporepov %6<f>aKL
7ru6ofxcvov<i.
I.
41.
Trepc)(apeLS ycrav
ov% ovt<o?
7ri
tu tov?
7roXep,LOv? Â.aTT<ij<r#ai a>s 7rt
to) toi>s ioYov? TeOapprjKevai.
iv.
(1)
1
1.
51.9
07T60 iv Tip vav/xa^ctv o~tl n polktlkwtoltov.
62. 4 7ra(ra5 Ta?
2. 29.
(2)
6. 53. 2
I.
Local sense.
tot;
viKav iv tcu 7roAe/xeTv
A.7ri'oas.
d7T0KKXet/x,v^? 7rdo-r)? rrj? iv Tip XeiirecrQai awTYjpta?.
Temporal.
ras 7rtTTDytiVas cv
to) t}v Trpdêi?.
23. 8 ev 8e rep crwfyyt'êcv OewpovvTe? to avpL/Se/S-qKO?.
3. 79. 9
/uuv nape'xop.eva ^peiav ev
tu> ireo-eiv rots dvOpdiiroi?.
325
38
Nine of the ten occurrences
7rpo?.
yivofjLat,
7rpo?
777)0? ra>
2.
32. II 7T/oaavTs 8e Tavra 7rpos
or
tw
8ia/av8weveii/
T^crai/.
eyi'vero 7rpos to) o~t paT-qyeiv tovs vTrevavTcovs.
3. 71.
3. 04.
IO MapKOS
7rpos to) 7rapafidXXeo~0ai koX
In 12. 28. 12, where the text
tw Sia/avSwevetv
weak,
is
7//^ /$<?
This
accusative*
is
^v.
used
77790? is
ordinary sense, besides: 7rpo? tw KareêvaOai
hid.
elfxC
to vavpâêlv ovras.
50.
3)
are with
sense of being intent or determined upon, busy with.
in the
1.
of
the
in
eiceivov.
13
the preposition used most frequently by Polybius,
The present infinitive

504 infinitives with to occurring after it.
is used 339, perfect infinitive 124, aorist infinitive 39 times, and
the future infinitive three times.
The
infinitive generally
tion being a
has a subject accusative, the construc-
much-used substitute
other constructions
for the
expressing cause.
Present infinitive:
ToboKelv 6<fiBaXpLOv elvai
r)7r6pr)a'av Sia
dXoytav
rrjv
I.
IO. 3
I.
IO. 8 ep,eXXov T019 ^vpaKOvcras eiraveXeaOai 8ta to

Trjs
1.
crêSov hecnroêLV
aXX-qs SiKcAias.
41. 6 Sia to
10. 8. 4
7rdo~r)S
rrjs f3or)6eia<s.
o.v
eirjaav
eh
KaTaXet7rea$aL
fxrjSe/jLtav acfaoppirjv
with
the present
infinitive:
)(lXlovs 8ia to pi-qoeva /XTySeVor'
cr<icriv.
6\kovo)v
6tl
/xa^t/xot
av V7roXapLJ3dveiv otl
/xkv
avopes
e7nvor)o~ei tls
k.t.X.
Aorist infinitive:
2.7.6
2. 18.
ee7reo~ov Ik ty}s iSi'as 81a. to 7rapao-7rov$f)o~aL toi>9
3. 3. 31
Kara tci^t} era i ra? Swa/xeis.
av with aorist infinitive:
dv6poi7ro<i wv, 8ta to, kciv
iXwcâ
p,-qo'i7roT
Treir eio-p.ai
tyjv VTrodeviv
oi;S'
8e
/x^Seis
av ToA/x^crai tovt'
evTV)(rj, tyjv
ei7reiv
ye Trepl tov pteXXovTOs
(3ej3ai<x>o-ao~0aL pirjoeva t<ov
vovv eôvTOiv, k.t.X.
of av with infinitive present and aorist

hia to with the future infinitive.
pxv ydp kov

:
el
Kara to irapov
av evXoyw<;
With the two cases

compare three cases of
8
oikciovs.
6 ovk eToXpnqcrav dvTeâyayeiv 'Pw/xatoi ra o-TpaToVcSa oia to irpoKaTa-
XirjcfiOrjvat /cat jur)
3. c.
avTwv
tl avpLJ3rj Trepl rjpids dv$pii)7nvov,
diropy)o~eiv
av&piov dîo^pewv 8ta
KaTeyyvrjOrjoreaOai Kal o~7rov$ao~eLV inl tc'Aos dyayelv avryjv.
326
ovk dpyrjaetv
to KaAAovs
7roAAoi>s
THE INFINITIVE
32.
fiov\6fXvo<s ttlctlv irapao Kvdeiv rots fxeWovcTL Xiyecrdai 7TpL
1 6.
39
IN POLYBIUS
7T/30S
to
Sia7ropeiV tovs olkovovtols
fJLrjre
ravra
roiv arv/jif3aLv6vTO)V p-CTa
ire.pi
avrov,
to rrapdoogd riva (fiavyaeauau
Sia
avTOV.
Perfect infinitive:
Sta to ttoXXyjv cVSeittv yeyovevat ro>v l-rnT-qheioiv
I. 16. 7
IO Sia to
1. 20.
2.
60.
fxrjSiva Ke^prjaOat tolovtols crKd<f>ecnv.
Sia to ttcoi tt/s avroiv iXtvOepias o~vvco~Tavai tov oXov dywva.
7T/30?.
After verbs,
(1)
7r/oo?
to
and
end of
infinitive signifying the
motion.
I.
wpp, ^crav 7roos to ctToAoyeiv.
17. 9
I.
69. 3.
It pair -quay irpos to /?A.a7TTtv a^TOv?.
4. 32. 6
32. 14. IO 7rporjXde 7rp6s to (J)lXoSo$lv.
Purpose.
(2)
After adjectives and adverbs
<z)
3. I7. II
TrpoOvpLOTtpOVS 7T005 TO Ktv8wVtV.
3. 64. II
7ravTO)v IkQvixws ^6vt(dv 7rp6s to KivSwevecv.
3. 109. I
toijs
apôvTa?
TOLp,ov<;
to fxivetv kox /xTêtv
7rap0"Kva/<ap,v 7rpos
Twv avraJv dydivwv.

12. 2 1. 5
b)
IKaVOV T077W 7TpOS TO
flT]
ToXs
7ToA.ejUt'ot?
VTTOTTCKTaiKivai.
After nouns.
3. 63.
6 Sia
3. 68.
9 ov
t*)v 7rpo5
p.r)v
to
Qrjv eirtOvpLiav.
rjTTopovv ye
o~Krjif/e(x>v
7rp6s
to
p.?;
Sokciv auTois rjTTav eivat to
yeyovos.
3. 69. 3
<;)
Seiyp,a fiovXopievos ii<cf)peiv 7rpos to
p/>)
SeSioVas
d7r/\.7ri'eii/.
After verbs.
I.
48. 5 7rapeo~Ke.vao~p.{viov 7rpos to paSuos
I.
62. 5 ovSev KaTeXetVeTo 7rp6s to
I.
88. II
Cf.
ipLirpr)0-&rj vac.
I.
88. 9.
o~<joetv.
dcûws 8taKip,cvot 7rp6? to
7rdA.1v dvaXa.pL/3dveLV
tyjv
7rp6s
Pcop,cuov5
d7T^êtav.
,
3. 2.
6 o~vvej3dXeT avTots Trpos to
3. 60. 13
p.6vov dvaKTrjo-aaOat, Ztl 8k 7rpoo"Aa/?eiv.
TrpaTTEiv tl 7rpos to OapprjaaL tovs /SovXopctvovs.
d) In free relation to the

I.
p/*)
whole sentence.
79. 12 T7P-W iyKpaTrj yeveaOat o~Trov$dovTa 7rpos to

i^p,ds dp,a Ttp,oopr;a"ttO"âi.
327
p.?)
Ttvas
dAAa
TrdvTas
40
3. 46. 3
tyjv
irXevpdv rjacfjaXcXovTo,
to avfifxeveuv Kat
7T/oo?
p,r)
7rapw0eTo"0ai to
6\ov epyov.
With
(3)
I.
ovrcov 8e
26. 3
I. 29.
and
tow
<yivofxai.
pcev irpbs
Compare
7rpo? to
/xev
7iy)os
ktous
with the meaning,
to
Taêws
/my)
#.$
36. 5
55* 5*
regards, as far as
7rp6s 8e to
a7Ti6eLV
o-vfjL<f>povr)0~avTa<s
eivat toTs y)yovp,ivoLS 6p0u>s
Svvap.LV,
I.
....
is
found but once.
cojicerned, is
67. 4
77-/90? ra>.
to KtoAvetv twv Se 7rpos to /?tdeo-#at.
eytvoi/TO 7rpos to 7roAtopKiV avTTjv.
(4)
I.
elfii
ptrjSe
oWKaTa7rA>7-
aTo^dôvTai ttoiovvtzs Ik iroXkoiv yevu>v
St8dat Kat
irpavvai
koX p,eTa#eii/at tovs
tyjv
rjyvorjKQTas
b\oo~yepios dcrTOxovatv.
eh.
(1) After verbs of emotion, indicating the

1.
41
7reppioa0r)aav els to eKirepvirew.
end of motion.
fiovXoLievos 7rapacrTr)o-ao-dai tovs olkovovtcls els to p,dAAov avTu> crvvaya-
2. 50. 5
VaKTELV.
i7TLO"TroipLvov
3. 40. 9
tov
7r
pea /3vt epov Kat 7rapaKaAowTos eh to
o-vp,7rpaaL Kat
crvpLTrepnroir)o~ai tyjv o\p^qv ai>T(3.
Purpose.
(2)
a) After adjectives
2.
and adverbs.
46. 3 7rao~av LKavrjv woLOvpievovs
4. 85. 6
b)
p-rjBev 7rapaAt7rtv
7rp6<f>ao~LV
twv oWaTu>v
ets
66. 3 /3ov\6p,evos avacrT pocpy)v StSdvat
2.
48. 5 bppvqv
117. 4
Trapeo-T-qo-e
eh to
tî/ p,eyio~TK]v
5. 49. 5
TTOir)orap.evov o-n-ovSrjv els
6. 52.
c)
4. 48.
6 coWai/
I
7rpecr/3eveLV.
eh to StaAwai
(fuXoveiKLav
6. 18.
ets
to
(f>6dveLV.
4. 61. I.
5. 36. 8.
\petav eh to vlkov.
4. 49. 2
5. 63.
to yi/wrat t^v dAêtav.
XxifSovTes tyjv e-rriTpoTT-qv els to SiaAvcrai.
3. 15. 7
.
7roAep,etv.
After nouns.
1.
eh to
dcf>oppids els
tt)v
e^Bpav.
to SiaAvetv. 5. 67.
2.
to XafteTv. 3. 59. 4.
TOLavTrjs ovo-qs tyjs $vvdp,ea)s els to Kat /?Aa7TTtv Kat o~vvepyeiv dAAÂots.
ira.pkyeTu.1 poirr/v els
to vlkov.
After verbs.
10
4. 60. 4.
tyjs
twv oÂwv
o~vvecf>p6vr)o~av
bppvqs avvepyova-qs els to StdS^pxi 7repL0eo~6aL.
dAAÂots
els
to
llyj
328
Tekeiv, avo-TrjaacrdaL, acr<pa\iXecr6aL.
THE INFINITIVE
Independent, limiting the whole expression.
d)
2.
68. 7 tfxevov
to
eis
8.
e7rt
twv
a.Kp<x)Vy o>s
aua
evpoi/Tes Se
yjp-qfxaroiv eis
to
/x-qSev
eXXetVeiv
X e W a KaTao~ Ke.vdo~ao~6ai KapôWiovs.
tois veots toioiItov
evreroKacrt
TrpaypuxTLKiov Aoycov p/^Se T-qv
eVL
The
in a
>}Aov,
Tvôvaav
infinitive with eVt to
to avvepfiaLVUV.
is
I.
eis
to twv
p.ev
-qOiKUiv
Kat
lirtvouxv 7roteTcr#at.
found after verbs of motion
Compare
metaphorical sense.
wppirjcrav eVt
20. 7
v rots tpLrrpocrdev ^povot? Kat irpoei-
7rtKeKotp.77p,eVous
a"<jf>as
fxevovs eis to p.eydX-qv
I.
twv
irpoe&iSov
ytvicrOcu tois 7ro\e/xtOL<s.
Result.
I3.4
used
kccl Kprj/xvioSr]
ras eVi/JoAas.
(3)
12. 26
p.ei/
tovs V7revai/Tibus
avoiTOLTOi (T7rev8ovTe9 Aa/?eTv
TYjv (pvy-qv iwl 7roX.v Ka.Ta<f>epr}
o T StoO"t'/?ios
17. 7
eis
2.
41
IN POLYBIUS
25.
5,
7r/?o?
and
et?.
29. 6, 70. 4, 87. 7; 2. 13.
3> 34. 2.
In the majority of cases

1.
a,7ro-ôi/
31. 5
IO
2. 35.
3.6.
eirl
to
is
used after
to p7rav Tats yvujpms eVt to

to
TrapoippnqO-qv eVt
7roteti/
opfAaco.
Tt to>v Aeyop.ei/a>v.
Trot.rjo~ao~6aL.
eVt to Kpwai TrapayLVO/xcda.
II. 20. 7
eVi to o-vyxpyjcrdai KaT-qviyBr). 29. 5. 3.
21. 28. 3
KaTrjvTf)o~av eVt
^^. 18. II
yr}s.
o~vyKaTrjVx$rjo~av eVi to ypa<petv Soypux tolovtov.
36. 5. 6 7rdvT0)v
/jLerd.
to p.eTaAAeveiv Kat xprjcrdai toTs SpvypuicrivvTrb
cf>epop,V(ov
Of the
eVt to TretOapêtv toTs 7rapayyeAAop,eVots.
thirty-three infinitives used with fMera to, twenty-
nine are in the aorist tense, the clause expressing the time after
which something else occurs.

3. 4. 12
Tt? rjv p.Ta
7TOLa
to KaTayiovio-Orjvat
tol
oAa Kat
Treaetv eis
T-qv
TOiV
'VwpxiLiDV eovo-Lav.
to KaTaA.ixrao*#at Kapx^Sonous
3. IO. I
P-ctol
0. 32. 7
t fxev
/jLera
to
used, only with the aorist infinitive, as a substitute
for an aorist participle in
irepi
41. 6
Used with
I.
66.
7rept
genitive absolute or for a temporal
ore.
yivo/juai, irepl
be busied with something.

1.
Tapa^qv.
eVtye'yove Tt p,eTa to Oiadai T-qv o~vp,puayiav {yxas.
is
clause with
T-qv Trpoup-qfxivqv
to
fiorjOeiv
Cf.
to with the infinitive
iywT0
irept
to
777)0? tco.
iytvovTo koI 7rapa/3d\\ecr6ai Kat 7raV vnofxeveLV VTrep Tr}s
7roAeojs.
I
means
to irepaiovv tovs CTpaTtwTas
329
eis T-qv At/Sv-qv.
42
Cf. irepl rod with the infinitive.
except
yivo/mcu
after
22.
11;
52.
(6.
Polybius uses
4.
only
irepl to
after aTrovSr),
4)
and
aTTOvhdô).
irapa
irapd.
and that
to with the infinitive occurs but once,
in a causal sense.
29. 27. 12
oicrre
<f>9do~ai
rd kutol
KptOevTa
AXegdv&petav
tyjv
Kara tov Heparta
tol
Infinitive with
7.
or Instrument (=r).
78
I.
7raA.1v 6p0o)6rjvat, irapa.
to
-rrpdypxira.
Denoting Cause, Manner, Means,

The infinitive with the article T<y is used
tQ>
or state of the principal verb.

a)
tovto
manner, means, or instrument of the action
to indicate the cause,
1)
-rrapd
G.
MT.
799; Kiih. 478,
4, d.
Cause.
68. 12 Sokovvtcs ov^ r)KL(TTa
81'
ckcivov oXiympeio'Oai
t<x>
pLrjre 7rp0~f3eveLV 7rp6s
clvtovs.
1.
79. 7 to! 8e 7roAAoi)5

yjyovp.eO
2.
39. II
5. 48.
elvat
V7Tp avTrjs 7re7rotr}o~6ai
T(2 pvq
tw
rjvvev
hvvaaOat cpvvat
OappovvTas
3. 18. 3
to) Sokelv avTrjv
9 iêvtôvTO tw to
4 evOapaeis
3. 106.
t<2 Sokelv.
$Lr)7ropovv ra> 7re7reta6ai.
5*
SvcrapecTTovpievai
<;)
27. II
2)
dvdXaiTOV VTrdpêtv.
tu
Trapa r^v 7rpoo~8o/aav.
SoKeTv.
Point of difference.
to) p.cv
See also
I.
97. 6,
5. 56. 5.
I.
5.
2. 5, 4. 2.
2. 4,
o~vpL/3e/3r)Kos cJvat
4. 71.
#
avTrjv irapucnrcaovTa.
After verbs of emotion, indicating the ground of emotion.
#)
57
Trpoo~Ta.Tr\v d^tov rrjs Trpoaipecrcws.
<p0do-ac Aioyevrjv ets
I02. 3; 6. 29. 4; 8. 32. 12; 9.
3. 68.
Xoyov ovk avayKcuov
TavroXoycw.
ovk iyivtTO
14 ovSkv
7roAw
/<at
TayyvavTeiv iroXv
with
infinitive
-rrepirjo-av.
tQ> in
1.
51. 4.
apposition.
Means.
46. IO 6 8e
P 0810s
our (os KaTavecrTr} to>v 7roA.ep,<W
rfj
re ToAp.77
kcli
to>
TaxyvavTCLV.
3. Il8.
T77
TOV 7ToAlTUpX(.TOS
iSiOTrjTL KCLL
6. 51. 8.
Also
10. 33. 5;
l6
4- 9-
330
TW
fioV XVeO~6a.L KaAuJs dv.KTrjO~aVTO.
the infinitive
Infinitive with tov after Comparatives. 18
8.
The
a)
G.
MT.
2. 7.
IO
798; Kick. 478,
ovBcv
61. 3
4, c.
tov
irpovy io.lt epov
iTTOLrjcravTO
ipifiaXeLV
KaraaTrjaai.
kcu
8. 27. 6.
Kvpnorepov
Tt p,etov
3. III. 2
tov yvoivai.
etvat
tov StaKpiOrj vat. g. 14. 10.
31. 4 ovScv dvayxatoTepov efvat tov

(H>Scv a'icr^LOV
6. 56. 2
18. 53. 3 to
KaAaJs
p,r)
crvp,7r\eKew. 8. 34. 4.
tov SwpoSoKeiaOai.
tov
OLTToOaveLV
aia^pws
t,rjv
irepi
TrAetovos
7roir]crdpLevo<;.
64. 6 conjecture.
2.
30. 7.8. ov yap iXarrov
Icttl
tov Trapd to KaOrJKOV
The comparative with

occur
b)
used after comparatives (t). 17
is
otKetoVepov virdpôv tov lTrio~r}pxxiveo-6ai.
3. 81. 1
5.
with tov
infinitive
4. 66. 2;
2.
43
in polybius
and tov with the
rj
in
Polybius.
o>?
with the infinitive with tov
ovSevos /uaAAov
3. 12. 5
Predicate
9.
ws
<povTtetv
without a preceding
oirrcos,
= u).
15
</>tAoa)etv.
roiS
jO^.
The
(=
does not
infinitive
/).
Aav^dveiv
p,r)
540, A.
Ta?
Trpoatpctret?,
5.
infinitive
with the article to
is
used as a predicate noun.

2.
43. 8 tovto
7)v
to MaKeSoras
8. 2. 6 Sevrepos av
8. 4. 4 TOVTO
8' <TTt
tovto
11. 17. 2
et'77
8'
ftev K/3aAiv.
7rAovs to tcdv kclto.
TO V7TO
^v to
fJLUlV 0LPX*) V
pvq ScacpvyeXv
Xoyov
tov M.aâviSav.
Genitive Absolute (=w). 9
10.
<f>povTiew.
dyayeTv.
The
infinitive
with tov
is
used as the genitive subject of the neuter impersonal participle

in the genitive in place of the
798; Kiih. 478,

I.
60.
G.
MT.
4, c.
7rpoo-7recrovTO<j
omitted noun or pronoun.
atrots
tov TrewXevKivai o~toXw tov?
Pa>p,atbus
xat
7rdAtv avTitroLeicrBai Trjs OaXaTTrjs.

6. 24. 7
IO. 36.
dSryAov yap ovtos

2
/cat
tov
iroirjaaL /cat
tov iraOeiv tl tov
rjyepLova.
p-eyaXov yap ovtos tov KaTopOovv iv irpdypxicrt koX 7reptytvcr#at Toiv
i)(0pQ)v iv TaTs 7rt/3oAaTs.
12. 6
b
.
15. 30.
4 evAoyov yap 6Wos tov

I
18. 34. 7
Trpocnrc7roir)o-6aL.
KKpip,eVov tov Kaivoropctv tois dv8pao"tv.

t>}s 8(opo8o/aas 7ri7roAaoiKn7S Kat
331
tov pvq&iva
p.r)8kv
Soopeav npaTTetv.
44
This construction, which, according to Spieker

"altogether rare
Attic prose,"
in
326),
(p.
found six times (nine
is
is
infini-
tives) in Polybius.
Accusative Absolute {=z)S
11.
The
sonal verbs in the neuter accusative singular

sative absolute, with an infinitive with to.
4, b;
478,
487,
LLvrjfxrjv,
crOai roiv 7rpaavT(DV oiKtioTepov V7rdp-ôv
twv tpywv
is
used as an accu-
G.
MT.
852; Kiik.
3.
ovSe Kara ttcktov iTroirjcraTO
2. 61. 3
participle of imper-
wcnrep to Tas d/xapTtas lâptOfxu-
r^s tcrroptas tov
tol kclXol
Kat StKata
kTno~y)pjaiv0~6ai.
Accusative of Relation (=n). 7

The infinitive with to
may stand in free relation with a whole sentence. Hewlett p. 278;
12.
G.
MT.
O. 9. 2
796; Kith. 479,
to
7rLpa0rjvaL
Voi/xrjv, k.t.X.
5. 31.
4 to
8'
Xvetv
Tt?
end; 412,
ttjv
TToXtopKtav,
etrai
29. 8. 5
Xaîov
6
fxev
7rao'
7r'
tov
lit]
avTwv
yap EvpeV^s
avTrjv
7rt
6pfxrjo~aL
ttjv
tovtois fjyeLiova;
yLvecrOai ttjv hirjyqo-iv ovhev avayKato-
o~a<f)f}
used as the genitive of price.

3. 96. 12
to
o-VLiirXtKeiv aXXrjXaLS rots 7rpaets.
Genitive of Price (=x)S
13.
Kat
ovk av OavLidaau tov Trpoup-qfxevov
ev7rapaKoXov6r]Tov Kat
Tepov rjyov{x^
3.
infinitive
Cf. Kilh. 418,
xprjfJuiTa
r/ret
The
tov
tov
fir)
p.kv
Pw/xatot? irevTUKocna rdXavra, tov Se
332
with tov
is
7, b, /3.
7rop0rjaai tyjv )(wpav.
rjav^tav *X UV Kat
tirj
o-vo-tpar evaai
StaAwat tov 7r0A.ep.0v ^t'Ata
?revTaKocrta.
CHAPTER
III.
USES OF THE INFINITIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF POLYBIUS.
Simple Infinitive. The simple infinitive is not used by

Polybius in any new ways, nor does he employ any of the established usages to such an exceptional extent as to make them
characteristic of his style.
Articular Infinitive.
first,
in
Polybius uses the
articular infinitive,
placing the article before a simple infinitive which gives
him a noun, to r)p, to vc/cdv; and, second, in placing the article

before a whole sentence, which may then be governed by a preposition, thus supplying a new form of clause to indicate time,
cause, purpose, etc.
This substantivized sentence may become
so involved that an infinitive with the article
may
be used as the
subject of another infinitive with the article.
Polybius uses the articular infinitive very frequently, standing
second only
to
Demosthenes, whose use per page
is
higher,
if
only the prepositions (not the number of infinitives) be counted.
And
yet he has not used the articular infinitive in
many ways
other than those employed by classical writers.

Polybius' innovations are
rep like fiera to;
and (d)
(c)
ttjoo?
the genitive of price; (#) afia

to and 7T/oo? tu> with ytvo/mai and elfit;
(a)
7rpo? to in final clauses.
In regard to frequency of use X^P iV T0 ^ l ar g e ty takes the place

of eve/ca (eve/cev^j tov; Sea to, iirl tw of cause of emotion, 7T|0o? to
and
fieTa
to
are
very
frequently used.
To express purpose
besides toO with the infinitive, Polybius uses x^P iV T0 ^> cvexa tov,
eVl to), et? to' and 737305 to.
333]
45
CHAPTER
IV.
TABLES OF THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE

IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
TABLE
IN
POLYBIUS AND
I.
Symbols, Designating the Various Uses of the Anarthrous and the

Articular Infinitive, amd Their Equivalents. 1
subject anarth.,
a,
= subject
x
i
ject
of
artic.
with to.
impersonal verb taking infinitive of indirect discourse as sub-
anarth.
b, b, bb, bbb
= object anarth.,
with to, tov,
artic.
toj
respectively.
= object, after verbs of bidding anarth.

= object, after verbs introducing indirect discourse anarth.
v, v object of verbs of hindering, etc. anarth., artic.
k, k object of prepositions anarth., artic.
d, e, e purpose, distinct and specific anarth., anarth. with wore,
o = purpose, modified and general anarth.
1
f,
p,
5 f,
T{,f result,
actual
hypothetical
or
anarth.,
artic.
anarth. with were,
oxrre av, wcrre in indirect discourse, artic. with tov.

r
s,
h,
h,
= epexegetic or explanatory 'anarth., anarth. with wcrre, artic. with tov.

h = limiting nouns anarth., anarth. with ws, artic.
anarth.,
anarth.
g = limiting adverbs
limiting
g,
x
s,
adjectives
q = limiting pronouns
anarth.
= apposition anarth.,
with
tw.
with
m = stipulation anarth. with
parenthetic absolute anarth. with and without
in
c, c
4
artic.
r = cause, manner, means
with rw.
with tov,
u,
w,
w = genitive
absolute
c^>' a>, c^>'
= artic.
t- after comparatives
anarth.,
u = predicate
t,
to, tov,
wcrre,
f,
artic.
= accusative
artic.
7rptv, Trplv
anarth.,
artic.
artic.
rj,
of
those
Symbols
in
<Ls.
with tov.
with to.
tov.
artic.
roman
in italics, to
with tov and
rj
artic.
7i
artic.
with to.
absolute
.*
w<s.
artic.
anarth.,
x = with
irporepov anarth.
= genitive of price
with
accusative relation
with
z,
wre.
letters refer to the
to.
anarthrous infinitive (abbreviated " anarth.");
the articular infinitive (abbreviated "artic").
These symbols are
same as those used by Votaw where the use of the infinitive in Polybius is the
same as the use in biblical Greek, other symbols being added for uses of the infinitive
which are found in Polybius, but not in biblical Greek.
the
46
[334
THE INFINITIVE
The second column
47
IN POLYBIUS
shows the
average number of infinitives per page, the count being based on
Hultsch's edition of Polybius and Swete's edition of the Septuagint.
of figures in the following table
Since, however, the pages in these editions are unequal in
length, these figures require correction to
and
of frequency, the pages of Genesis
II
show the actual ratio

Maccabees containing
about one-fourth more words, the pages of the
Wisdom
of Sirach
about one-fourth fewer, than those of Polybius, and the pages

of
IV Maccabees about
the
same
as those of Polybius.
The
column gives the figures of the second column corrected

these inequalities and reduced to the basis of a page of the
third
for
length of the Polybius page.
TABLE
Relative Frequency of Infinitives
in
II.
Polybius and in Biblical Greek.

Average Number
Polybius,
No. of
No. of
No. of
14 1 2
pages
to
Page
infinitives
anarth. infs
infs
artic.
Genesis, 103 pages

No. of infinitives
No. of anarth. infs

No. of artic. infs
Wisdom of Sirach,
111 pages
No. of infinitives
No. of anarth. infs
No. of artic. infs
II Maccabees, 46 pages
No. of infinitives
No. of anarth. infs
No. of artic. infs
IV Maccabees, 33 pages
No. of infinitives
No. of anarth. infs
No. of artic. infs
Table
of the
III
shows the
infinitive
in
total
number
of occurrences of each tense
each of the several uses of the
infinitive.
For the meaning of the symbols, a, i, b, etc., see Table I.

Of the whole number of occurrences of the infinitive, 11,265,
there are 7,074 presents, 2924 aorists, 726 perfects, and 541
futures. The ordinary grammatical distinction between the different tenses
in indirect
is
preserved.
The
chief use of the future infinitive
is
discourse 437 times, mainly after verbs of hoping,

335
48
TABLE
The Tenses
of the Infinitive in Polybius and Their Uses.
Anarthrous
ii
....
2i
V
f
Aor.
1344
76
2394
1399
28
50
260
679
14
5f....
7f....
....
ih.
7
7
19
6
18
124
34
75
145
17
98
17
15
nepi
vnep.
bbb....
365
3
1
....
10
8
18
13
Total.
evenev
23
24
rrpd.
n\rju
ii
13
47
14
15
avev
ajua.
372
705
152
3
1
84
28
IQ
7
5
..
Sid ....
338
98
38
30
39
..
771 ....
IXT<X
irepi
20
60
12
IV
28
5942
2350
napa.
15
16
1
5i
124
1
34
9
29
3
11
31
7rpo?
ei?
5
3
rrpos.
em' ....
13
4
3
2
2
ev
2
/xe'xpt..
eto ....
11
8
Fut. Perf
49
10
17
.
XU>pi5.
5
2
39
16
12
eoi; ....
18
23
10
7i
43
....
43
....
bb
g....
b,
18
Aor.
Pres.
g
q
k
d
65
437
Aor. Fut. Pref.
Pres.
107
16
10
11
9
27
105
Perf.
Fut.
Articular
m
.
270
IS
4f
Articular
Pres.
1056
III.
1
1
53o
542
Total
1132
11
574
Total..
184
705
37 2
152
1
1
promising, swearing,
in direct
etc.,
which allow the object
and indirect discourse.
II times, 9 of these instances
It is
infinitive
both
used with the article but
being after prepositions.
The predominance of the present over

marked as compared with the use of these
the aorist
is
very
tenses in biblical
In Polybius for every aorist infinitive there are 2.42
Greek.
In biblical Greek, according to
present infinitives.
Votaw
(p.
49)
Greek 8,972 infinitives, of which 3,327

are in the present tense and 5,484 in the aorist tense. Therefore
in biblical Greek the aorist predominates over the present in the
Biblical Greek does not use the future infiniratio of 1 .65 to I.
tive with the article, a use which is found twice in Polybius
(3.48.2; 7. 1 5. 4) after e\7rt?, and 9 times after prepositions: X^P iV
there are in
all
rov, 4. 9. 5;
irepl tov, 14. 3. 3;
virep tov;
If
24. II. 14;
we compare
in biblical
bees),
biblical
inrep tov, 5. 18. 6;
Sia to, 3.
5.
2
;
32.
94. 9 (eX,7rk
16. 2; efc to, 9. 8. II.
the uses of the infinitive in Polybius with those
Greek (Genesis, Wisdom of Sirach,
we obtain
5.
II
and IV Macca-
the following statistics (Table IV):

336
THE INFINITIVE
+
t^
HMO
O w
ro m
VO 00 VO VO t^
ro
m h
~
1
CO
COO
N
m
CO
ro ro n- ro
i-
Cn
".
O
N
roo
ro ^- ro
On
'.
49
IN POLYBIUS
o
H
'
>
w
W
H
O
H
O
ro
CO
CO
PI
...
,,
:
>-.
ro
o
u
u
(N
00
1)
ii
c
H d
1
w
w
N i-H
Pi
<J
_]
PP
z
<
t^ ro
jdsit
Ci
:
:
ii
ii
,,
'
r>J.3r1
J1L3
'
'
'
roô
ro
O
ro
'
'
'
'
S13
O
i-l
ydvu
cr
-*
CO
6j0
'
'
'
DDE
<*
:
,,
11
CO
Sodii
v>9
Spdu.
in
ro
ro
m h
M
m
'.
'.
1-1
>
W
Q
<
(/)
D
>
J
O
OX
a
H
a n>ooo
>
11
43
Tj- -.JCI
C)
Jt3
vrlv
in
-t
On
pq
OH
<
cs
î
ro
cn
ci
ro
<N
;ep
CO
Fh
O
w
^-
ro
*S8
Vi
CO
00
in
-*
<*
H
in
tv
UH
vb
1/1
co
<+*
CO
1
CTi
o^ o^
H M
CO
...
>
m
"
ro in
CO
PQ
ii
N M
,
r^
*K>
in
ro
v
<o
Q\
in
(N
<
H
ro
"in
ro
ci
ro
m
m
CI
'
SjdmX
IT)
,,
"
/ikyu
oo ro
9^^
^133/3/13
VO
',?
11
'
ro
ci
0.3AV
S(r
CO
icfXaW
ii
N H
,,
1 1
CO
1410
P-
m&
oo
co m
ro
r->
N CO
*x
'
ro
h M
*j
3/3
>>
dsun
,,
id?u
(NO
in
IT)
O
CI
W
>
<:
rt
ro
:
.
rn
:
.
>*
O.
m*
'uaB ,ndyX
CI
On
'
CI
(*;
-<
P-c
S
o
.3 .a
U M
y
>c
tfl
t.
Sir
15
_>
Mace
Polybius
>
337
Mace
Genesis
Wis.
II IV
50
Again, comparing the uses of the tenses of the infinitive in
Greek (LXX, Apocrypha, and New Testament), using Votaw's results, we obtain
the following statistics, reckoned absolutely and by percentages:
Polybius and in the whole
field of
TABLE
biblical
V.
Comparative Statistics of the Infinitive in Polybius and Biblical

Greek, According to Tenses.
Percentage
No. of
"
"
all
it
it
'
" perf.
Pol
infs. in
" Dre^
" aor.
"
"
"
"
it
"
a
"
"
"
11,265
7,074
2,924
541
'"
.628
.26
.064
.048
726
I.
No. of
all
Gk
infs. in bib.
"
a
" pres.
aor
"
U
"
"
"
lt
"
" perf.
"
"
"
"
8,972
3,327
5,484
74
87
.3708
.6112
.0082
.OO98
I
No. of Anarthrous
"
a
"
"
'
it
"
infs. in
Pol
pres. infs. in Pol

"
"
"
aor
"
"
"
perf.
"
.0000
9,364
5,942
2,350
.635
.25
530
542
057
.058
No. of Anarthrous
"
"
"
((
it
"
"
(<
"
infs. in bib.
Gk
pres. infs. in bib.
<(
r.,..
(<
t<
..
,.
"
perf.
"
"
6,197
2,357
3,7o8
Gk
(<
(<
No.
"
"
of Articular infs. in Pol

"
pres. infs. in Pol
"
"
"
"
"
aor.
(<
<<
'
"
"
j.
perf.
<
i<
(<
"
"
"
1,901
1,132
"
"
"
"
ft
<<
tt
"
"
a
a
infs. in bib.
11
184
Gk
pres. infs. in
aor.
..-
nerf
'*
((
.000
2,775
bib.Gk...
it
"
a
it
"
''
"
"
.000
.595
.302
.006
097
574
No. of Articular
.000
.38
.60
.Oil
.009
74
58
"
00
"
97o
1,776
35
.64
.00
29
.01
1
338
.00
CHAPTER
V.
COMPARISON OF THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE

AND IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
IN POLYBIUS
In looking at the foregoing tables of the average use of the

infinitive per
page
in the
books under examination, we are struck
with the fact that Polybius has the highest average of

that there
and
all,
a large difference between the averages of the trans-
is
Wisdom
lated books (Genesis and
of Sirach)
and the untrans-
IV Maccabees). We also see that the averand IV Maccabees stand much nearer to Polybius than
lated books (II and
ages of II
they do to Genesis and the
Wisdom
of Sirach.
Considering that Polybius does not use the
infinitive in
any
unusual ways, and that there existed usages which he did not
employ, the question
What
arises:
causes the low averages in
numbers and the comparatively few usages which Genesis and

Wisdom of Sirach employ, and what is the reason for the high
averages in II and IV Maccabees and for the large difference in
the number of occurrences of the infinitive in all four books of
biblical Greek?
Looking at the tables, we find 27 uses of the anarthrous infinitive:
u,
r,
a,
i,
w, x,
v, c, n,
b,
z;
t,
t,
i,
v, c,
f,
f,
s,
s,
and 18 uses of the

h, g, k, e, r, u,
f,
w,
f,
m,
h,
h, g, *g, q, k, d, e, o,
articular infinitive:
x, z.
Of these 45
a, b, bb, bbb,
uses, Genesis
employs 20, viz.: a, b, i, c, s, h, g, k, d, e, o, bb, v, c, s, t, h,g, k, e

W isdom of Sirach employs 18, viz.: a, b, i, v, s, h, g, k, d, o, x, a,
2
bb, v, k, g, k, e ; II Maccabees employs 14, viz.: a, b, i, f, s, h, g,
d, e, x, a, b, k, e ; and IV Maccabees employs 16, viz.: a, b, i, v,
2
f,
h, g, d, e, x, a, b, bb, v, h, k.
339]
51
CHAPTER
VI.
USES OF THE INFINITIVE FOUND IN BIBLICAL GREEK BUT
NOT
we
In Genesis
usage s;
find the
Sirach, the usage/; in
IN POLYBIUS.
Wisdom
in
Wisdom
Genesis and
of
and II Maccabees, the

usage p; in II Maccabees, the usage 1; and in IV Maccabees,
curb rod with the infinitive, none of which is found in Polybius.
1. The Infinitive after Verbs of Bidding (
1).
of Sirach
Mace
II
1:10
âtpCLV
rj
yepovala koI
IouSas
Aptcrro/JovAa)
KOLL VyLOLLVELV.
rots 'IouSatois 7roAAa âipetv
9:19
1 1
'IovScua koI
of cv rfj
6 Avcrias r<Z
This use
is
vyiatvuv koa ev irpaTTtiv (SacnXevs Avrtoôs.
/cat
7r\r}6ei rtov 'IouSai'wv âtpetv-
merely a sub-class of the object
infinitive,
the verb
which the infinitive is the object being omitted. It is the

stereotyped form of address used in letters, and is not confined
to biblical Greek, but is found in II Maccabees only because
It occurs also in I Esdras and
several letters are there quoted.
If Polybius had quoted letters, the usage would
I Maccabees.
have been found in his history.
of
2.
1)
Result.
Actual or hypothetical.
a) Without attendant particle
Wisdom
nor
in
Wis.
of Sirach
and
Attic Greek.
Sir.
5: 5
irep\
This usage, found
Maccabees, does not occur
II
G.
(==p).
MT.
eiA.aoyxot>
585, 775; Kiih. 473, 7;
/xt]
a<j>o/3os
yivov,
TrporrBeivat
in
in
Polybius
583,
2.
afxapTtav
ec'
apxtpTLas.
II
Mace. 3:24
Kara7rA.ayVTa,s tyjv tov Oeov Svvafuv, ets k\vctlv kgu
8aAtav
rpairrjvai.
12:42
7rapKa\ecre to irXrjdo^ avvTrjpetv avrovs ava/xapTrJTOvs eTvou.
(Homer and Hesiod) the simple infiniresult.

The tendency, however, was to
In the older language
1
used to express
the use of ware with the infinitive as being more exact, and this
In
use superseded the former in later Greek, especially Attic.
tive
is
Karassek, p.
fxalveadou-, vii.
13;
Herodotus
194 diroXeaOai after
i.
176 Kalcadcu;
ii.
7 ehai;
iii.
149
vor\aai\
iv.
79
o'vto).
52
[340
THE INFINITIVE
IN POLYBIUS
53
the use in biblical Greek of the simple infinitive to express result,

besides the use of
with the
cocrre
infinitive,
times
in
form was
The
in
used at
language of daily speech even when the recognized
least in the
&)
a partial
may have been
return to the older construction, which
literary
we have but
coctt
with the infinitive.
with tov (=/).

This usage, found three
Genesis and twice in Wisdom of Sirach, does not occur
infinitive
Polybius nor in classic Greek.
Blass 71,3.
Kith. 478, 4, c;
Actual:
Gen. 16:2
Wis.
lo\>v
Sir. 44: 8
(TvveKXet(rev /xe
Kvpios tov
tlktuv.
fxrj
elalv avTOiv 01 KareXnrov ovo/mx tov iK8LY)yr}crao~$ai iiraLVOvs.
Hypothetical:
Gen.
Wis.
19: 20 iSov
Sir. 42:
2)
rj
koX
77-oA.is
avTr) iyyvs tov KaTa<pvyeiv
Xaftys
fxr}
7rp6o~<i)7rov
//,
ckci.
tov ajxapTavetv.
Epexegetic or explanatory
infinitives
with tov
= s). The
employed "for epexegesis, where the simple

without cocrre might have been used, and where
infinitive
with tov
infinitive
with or
is
the meaning of the genitive has been lost in the mixture of con-
sequence and purpose.

with
the
infinitive
{Winer- Moulton,
p.
This
is
very
denoting both
"We
410, b).
common
design
and
must recognize
in
LXX,
the
consequence"
usage an
in this
exaggeration of declining (Hellenistic) Greek, unless we prefer
would seem that the

be regarded by the Hellenists as
to resort to unnatural interpretations.

infinitive
with tov had
the representative of
come to
the Hebrew
fold relations; and, as usually
It
infinitive
happens
with b in
its
mani-
the case of established
in
formulas, the proper signification of the genitive was no longer
thought of"
{ibid., p.
411)
Gildersleeve, A.J.P., Vol.
cf.
XXVII,
pp. 105, 106.
Gen. 3:22
19:19
3.
'iSov 'A8a/x yiyovev
O 7TOtl9
7r'
Ipk TOV
ws
ets e ^/xdv,
^TjV T7)V ^/V^Tfjv [XOV.
Prepositional Object
tov
yivuio-Ketv
$11 20J 47:
= &). In
koXov koX irovqpov.

29.
IV Maccabees
the
used once with airb tov to express source or cause

where Polybius would have used i/c.
infinitive is
IV Mace.
6: 7
K0^ 7ri7TTa)v eis to eSacôs, dirb tov
Sovas, opObv tx ev Kai a/cAivi} tov XoyLcrpiov.
341
fxr)
<f>pav
to
troi/xa
ra? dXyr}-
CHAPTER
VII.
CAUSES OF THE PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE INFINITIVE IN THE BIBLICAL BOOKS.
We
I.
ask then:
What
books under discussion?
biblical
II.
are the peculiarities of the use of the infinitive in the
What
Each
are the causes of these peculiarities?
books must be examined separately,

since no two of them were written by the same person, and differences of style must be taken into consideration, and since two
of the books, Genesis and Wisdom of Sirach, were translations
from Hebrew into Greek. Translations differ according to the
method and purpose of the translator, and his knowledge of the
languages with which he has to deal.
If the purpose is to make an extremely literal translation,
reproducing each word and construction of the original, the result
will be a translation which will be worthless from a literary point
one which may even obscure the thought of the original
of view
of the four biblical
method.
If, on the other hand, the purpose be to produce a translation
which shall be good from a literary point of view, the translator
may change the thought of the original, because of inability to
reproduce the thought of the original in the translation.
Aside from the purpose of the translator, his knowledge of
as a result of this literal
either language will play an important part in the result of the
work; for
it
can be easily seen that, no matter what the transla-
tor's ability
may
language
deficient, the resulting translation
in
is
be
in
other directions,
if
his
knowledge of
will
literary value or in the reproduction of the
either
be wanting
thought of the
original.
It is
well
known
that the
Hebrew people
the value of the letter of their sacred writings, so that
became necessary
to translate
them
54
it
on
laid great stress
when
was but natural, from
it
their
[342
THE INFINITIVE
55
IN POLYBIUS
point of view, to endeavor to present the original as closely as
Moreover, the translation was made
possible in the translation.
The Jews
for Jews, not for Greeks.
of the Dispersion, for
whom
the translation was made, had so far forgotten the language of

their nation that
gogue,
even the efforts of the interpreter
who turned
of no aid to
them
in
the syna-
the Scriptures into the spoken Aramaic, were
in
The Jews
understanding the lessons.
of the
Dispersion above mentioned were descendants of those Jews
who
had fled or been carried to Egypt and who had grown up under
Greek influence, chiefly in Alexandria, where they had been given
a part of the city to themselves and had been granted civil rights.
The language of these Jews was Greek, and they must have the
Law in Greek if they were to understand it. Their Greek, however, was not the Greek of the educated native Greek, but was
presumably the language of the Alexandrian streets and markets
a composite of the terms of the Egyptian seaport.
Alexandria
was a thriving city, and, situated as it was, with its population
made up of many different peoples, the one language of intercourse between all the inhabitants must certainly feel the effects
of the mixture of races which spoke it.
The speakers would
naturally be affected by their native idiom, and by their manner
of life and thought.
Genesis.
Turning now to the Book of Genesis, fresh from
the reading of Polybius,
we
feel at
once that
this
is
not Greek
such as a Greek would have written or even have spoken in ordinary life.
If it was a spoken or written language, it must have
been that of persons whose manner of life and thought was very
different from that of native Greeks.
Not to speak of other nonGreek aspects of the language (for that would lead away from
the study of the infinitive), there
is
here no balancing of sen-
tences, no subordination of part to part in order to
orderly whole.
The
narrative
is
made up
make an
of short declarative
statements connected in groups by the simple connective.
Quo-
being given in the subordinate form of indirect

discourse, are quoted in the words of the speaker.
If Polybius
tations, instead of
had written
in
this
style,
the two great groups of subject and
object infinitives would have been reduced to a

343
minimum, and
56
number
would not
have been any higher than in Genesis. Polybius' history would
have become as formless as the Greek of Genesis, and would have
the whole average
of simple infinitives used
given no pleasure to the reader.
Out
of 187 simple infinitives, Genesis has
infinitive
J J times to express
used the simple
purpose (d), which Polybius has
used very sparingly, only 13 times in his whole work.

In Genesis there are but 4 occurrences of the infinitive with eh to, and
but 7 of the infinitive with coo-re to express purpose, and we look
in vain for the many other ways which Polybius had of expressing
it.
We
why
see, therefore,
of this infinitive.
there
is
such a large use
because the translator has used
It is
it
made
almost
ways of expressing purpose. Very

likely it was the form used most frequently in the dialect which
It certainly was the simplest
he employed in everyday life.
form he could have used.
In comparison with its use of the simple infinitive, Genesis
makes a very large use of the articular infinitive, but this large
to the exclusion of the other
proportion
infinitive
due rather
is
to
the infrequent use of the simple
than to an abnormally frequent use of the articular
Nearly
infinitive.
all
of the uses of the articular infinitive are
with prepositions in clauses to express time, ev

before, fxerd to after,
The usage
though
it
eft)?
tov
tco while,
irpo rod
until.
has been largely affected by Hebraistic influence,
may
not have been due merely to the effort of the
have been used

whatever way
usage f [tov
c.
it
in
the speech
may be
infinitive
b with the infinitive, but
may
of the Alexandrian Jews.
In
Hebrew
translator to reproduce
viewed,
it
is
but an extension of the
= Result).
The epexegetical character

seen in the infinitive with
of the articular infinitive
to, tov, or tco in
may be
apposition with a pre-
ceding demonstrative in the accusative, genitive, or dative, the
when some other case would be

expected being due to the influence of the Hebrew particle b.
Wisdom of Sirach. The average of infinitives in Wisdom of
Sirach is almost the same as that in Genesis and the causes of
The translator has shown in his prologue
this are the same.
fact that
it
is
used with
tov,
344
THE INFINITIVE
57
IN POLYBIUS
what he might have done in the way of writing better Greek, if

he had not been hampered by the form in which his translation
is
In the prologue of only 22 lines there are 13 infinitives,
cast.
used as follows:
a, b,
i,
d, o, k-
goodly array
for so short a
But though the translator could write Greek, he did not

He has
feel at liberty to present the translation in Greek form.
simply turned the writing of his grandfather into Greek words,
bit.
Hebrew
clinging to the parallelism of the
Of the
original.
31 occurrences of the articular infinitive 24 are with
denoting time while, 4 with pera to of time after which, 2

with et? to to denote purpose, while the one occurrence of irpb? to
ev tQ>
is
due to the prologue.

the translator of
If
Wisdom
of Sirach could have brought him-
throw aside the characteristically Hebrew form of the

original and clothe it entirely in a Greek dress, he might have
As it
left us a better monument of the Alexandrian dialect.
self to
is,
he employs two uses of the
common
has in
II
with Genesis, the
Maccabees.
II
infinitive,
and IV Maccabees.
other,
Looking
when we come
at
one of which,
p,
in
common
f
}
he
with
the tables of the uses
and IV Maccabees we are

prepared for a different state of things. We see that the average
of use of the infinitive is high, and the tables tell us the reason.
There is large use made of all the uses of the infinitive which
of the infinitive,
these books have in

infinitives
down,
common
to II
with Polybius.
Subject and object
occur very frequently, the infinitive of purpose drops
cqo~t
with the infinitive appears again, the infinitive of
indirect discourse
is
found more frequently, the uses of the articu-
and several prepositions are used with

When we read II and IV Maccabees, we
lar infinitive are scattered,
the articular infinitive.

see the reason for this.
subordinated to part,
that
we
shall not
The sentences
in the effort to
have a
are balanced, part being
produce a flowing style so
series of statements strung together like
beads upon a string, but so that the thought shall be expressed

as a united whole, each link in the chain being necessary to the
unity of the sentence.

all
its
The frequent use
of the participle in
significations appears again, while subordinate clauses of

345
58
purpose and
result,
time and cause, are used,
up the sequence of thought
The only
in
all
of which builds
orderly style.
uses of the infinitives in these two books, which are
and
the use of airo rod with the infinitive.
But each of these might
have been used by him and do not show Hebraistic influence.
not also found in Polybius, as has been stated above, are
346
1,
p,
CHAPTER
VIII.
CONCLUSION.
From
the foregoing
we conclude:
That the translators of the books of the Old Testament

were largely influenced by their desire to keep as close as possible
This influto the form of the language of their sacred books.
ence was responsible for the style and grammar of the translaOwing to the simplicity of the
tions which they produced.
Hebrew style, which is retained in the translation, the structure
of the Greek is very simple, so that subordinate sentences are
few, and the highly developed and varied syntactical structure of
Still, such grammatical
the Greek language finds no use here.
constructions as are used are in the main Greek, though some are
found which, while Greek in form, owe their frequency of use to
1.
the influence of the
Hebrew
original.
That the authors of those books which are not translations,

but were originally written in Greek, show a much greater free2.
dom
in the
They
use of the language.
are not
effort to preserve as nearly as possible the
hampered by the
form of an original,
the very letters of which were sacred, so that, while the thought
which they wish
to express
is
foreign to the native Greek and
somewhat the language in which it is expressed, still the

language is a living one, Greek at heart, though tinged by elecolors
ments which it has absorbed in a foreign land. If the reader will

ignore the thought and read the language alone, he will feel and
see that he
is
reading Greek.
That the same is true of the authors of the books of the

New Testament, though true of some more than others. Thought
will color language, and when the thought is foreign to the people
in whose language the thought is expressed, the language will be
affected, chiefly, of course, in the new meanings given to words,
not necessarily in new syntactical uses. The syntax depends
upon the ability, purpose, and linguistic knowledge of the author
3.
347]
59
60
or translator.
is
The syntax
like that of the
Greek.
It
of the infinitive in the
New Testament
books of the Apocrypha originally written
uses those infinitival constructions
(1
in
times, p 12
times,/ 3 times, s once) which were found in the four Old Testament and apocryphal books, but not in Polybius; and in addition
the imperative infinitive, a true Greek use
474, a) which
is
found once (Philippians
348
(G.
3: 16).
MT.
784; Kith.
ctf
to
-H CO
3
UD
H rO CV
rQ H
CQ
a, -h
(D
>
<D
H
-P
H S
-P H
H Ch
M
>
fc
H -H
H
M ^
-P
<D
II
2 6>8 G

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THE INFINITIVE

time to time, Historical and Linguistic Studies in Literature

These Studies are grouped in

Texts; II, Linguistic and Exegetical Studies;

III, Historical Studies.

in each series will be issued

THE INFINITIVE IN POLYBIUS

HAMILTON FORD ALLEN,

Composed and Printed By

Synopsis of the Uses of the Infinitive in Polybius

Uses the Anarthrous

of the Peculiarities in the

Greek but Not

of the Infinitive in the

Digitized by the Internet Archive

2011 with funding from

of Polybius' use of the infinitive

and compare the

obtained with the use of the infinitive

Greek, and yet

not with the whole of biblical Greek as represented

Testament, Apocrypha, and

Testament, but with certain

lived during the

c, wrote his history in forty books in the

might write of events

interested from personal experience.

because of the widespread use of Greek

became necessary to have a translation of the Hebrew

use in two books (Genesis and

Sirach) which were translated from Hebrew, and in two books

and IV Maccabees) which were originally written in Greek.

of this admirable piece of

work was made, along with the disap-

pointment there was some satisfaction

in the fact that

coincided so exactly with those of Hewlett.

HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES

texts used in this study were, for Polybius the edition of

eight books in the second edition, and for

Greek, Swete's edition (Vols.

edition, 1895-96; Vol. Ill, 1894).

great indebtedness to Professor Ernest

interest in the matter of this

study, but especially for the inspiration received in past years of

olim adumbratim inde ab

Is. et Merico Casaubonis

Hultsch, Fridericus Otto.

92; Vols. Ill, IV, editio prima, 1870-72.

The Old Testament

Ill, 1st ed.,

2ded., 1895-96; Vol.

Grammar of New Testament Greek.

Vergleichende Syntax der indogerm. Sprachen.

Syntax of the Moods and Tenses

Burton, Ernest DeWitt.

3d ed. Edinburgh, 1882.

DISSERTATIONS, PROGRAMMES, MONOGRAPHS AND PERIODICALS.

conjuncti origine et usu

Leipziger Studien, Bd. IV, pp. 1-58.

Amelung, Ricardus. De Polybii enuntiatis finalibus. Diss., Halle, 1901.

pentateuchi versione Alexandrina repetita.