Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Latifah Mohd.
Nor, Hamidah
and Abd. Kahar Sandrang
Economic and Technology Management
Review.
Vol. 3(2008):
75 Sulaiman
82
Introduction
Due to good markets, lucrative returns,
government support and campaigns, the
floricultural industry has grown from only
773 ha in 1984 (Anon. 1984) to 2,000ha
in 1995 (Third National Agricultural
Policy, 1996). Based on the Cameron
Highlands Flower Growers Association,
Commercial Orchid Growers Association,
and Ornamental Growers Association, the
production area was estimated to have
increased to 3,370 ha in 2005.
The Second National Agricultural
Policy had targeted the floricultural
industry to increase to 7,000 ha by 2010.
The Malaysian floricultural industry plays
an important role in the development
of the agricultural sector despite the
recent economic crisis. The industry has
managed to generate lucrative returns, even
though the input prices such as fertilizers,
pesticides, herbicides and also labour
cost have increased by more than 30%
since1997.
*Economic and Technology Management Research Centre, MARDI Headquarters, Serdang, P.O. Box 12301,
50774 Kuala Lumpur
**Horticulture Research Centre, MARDI Headquarters, Serdang, P.O. Box 12301, 50774 Kuala Lumpur
E-mail: auni@mardi.gov.my
75
The hiking of oil price keeps the
cost of air transportation on the increase.
Inaddition, the industry faces lack of cargo
space. In order to be more competitive
and to increase the export market share in
Japan, MARDI had undertaken sea shipment
trials of cut chrysanthemums in 20022003
during the winter and summer seasons. The
objectives of this paper were to analyse the
prospects of exporting chrysanthemums to
Japan, and to find methods to reduce the
transportation costs.
Methodology
This study involved a case study of two
sea shipment trials. The sea shipment trials
were carried out in winter and summer. This
study also involved the collection of primary
and secondary data. The primary data
were collected by interviewing importers,
wholesalers and retailers in the Japanese
market in Fukuoka, Japan.
Overview of the floricultural industry
World
The retail floriculture trade in the world
had increased from US$12.5 billion in 1985
to US$77 billion in 2000 (Table 1). The
wholesale price of floricultural products had
also increased from US$21 billion in 1997
(Anon. 1997) to US$24.68 billion in 2000.
The United States is the major consumer of
floricultural products in the world, followed
by Germany, Japan, France, Italy and the
United Kingdom. The wholesale value in
2000 for USA was at US$4.57 billion, Japan
at US$3.65 billion and Holland at US$3.25
billion (Starman n.d.).
In the world market scenario, the
consumption of cut flowers was highly
pronounced in Western Europe, the United
States and Japan. It was estimated that
Table 1. Retail floriculture trade in the world
Year
1985
1990
1995
2000
76
Value (US$billion)
12.5
25.0
45.0
77.0
Source
de Grout (1998)
de Grout (1998)
Anon. (1997)
Starman (n.d.)
Noor Auni Hamir, Latifah Mohd. Nor, Hamidah Sulaiman and Abd. Kahar Sandrang
Table 2. World major importers of cut flowers and cut foliages in 2004
Cut flowers
United Kingdom
Germany
USA
France
Netherlands
Japan
Italy
Switzerland
World estimation
Cut foliages
Netherlands
Germany
USA
France
Japan
United Kingdom
Belgium
Switzerland
World estimation
US$1 = RM3.8
Source: Anon. (2006)
Value
Annual growth value (%)
in 2004
(US$1,000)
(20002004)
(20032004)
World
import
(%)
1,018,677
975,911
886,979
507,385
491,584
218,089
191,336
166,293
5,544,720
19
7
4
9
4
7
7
7
9
12
15
15
5
3
27
4
6
13
18
17
15
9
8
3
3
2
100
211,841
147,066
114,008
48,795
47,390
47,297
41,281
34,369
904,339
6
2
5
10
4
16
12
3
7
4
1
6
11
7
5
36
6
8
23
16
12
5
5
5
4
3
100
1997
(t)
Total
Holland
New Zealand
Republic of Korea
Thailand
Taiwan
Other countries
1998
(t)
2,864
1,267
206
3,488
1,711
4,628
2,727
1,229
797
4,212
1,347
4,915
1999
(t)
2000
2,675
1,305
1,726
4,202
2,549
5,583
2001
RM million t (% share)
RM million (% share)
19,796 591
First
Second
Tonnes Countries Share Yearly
Countries
Share Yearly
(%)
change (%)
(%)
change (%)
(20002001)
(20002001)
Orchid
6,130
Chrysanthemum
4,904
Lilies
826
Other fresh flowers 9,113
Cut foliages
11,787
Source: Anon. (2002)
Thailand
R. Korea
R. Korea
R. Korea
China
62.3
38.8
83.4
23.7
70.9
94.1
201.2
126.0
175.3
111.5
97.7
79.2
25.9
125.5
119.7
Noor Auni Hamir, Latifah Mohd. Nor, Hamidah Sulaiman and Abd. Kahar Sandrang
Table 5. Cut flower consumption and import (stems) for Japan, 19982004
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Noor Auni Hamir, Latifah Mohd. Nor, Hamidah Sulaiman and Abd. Kahar Sandrang
11,780.00
299.2
480
55
4,216.00
16,830.20
3,955.00
81
Abstrak
Industri florikultur adalah salah satu industri yang menguntungkan di Malaysia
dan diberi penekanan dalam Dasar Pertanian Negara untuk dipromosikan sebagai
industri yang berpotensi di Malaysia. Jepun ialah negara pengimport utama bagi
bunga kering Malaysia. Jepun juga pengimport kedua bagi orkid tropika, bunga
keratan hawa sederhana dan daun keratan kering dari Malaysia. Bunga keratan
yang diimport oleh Jepun menunjukkan arah aliran yang meningkat. Sebelum
menggunakan kapal laut, Holland ialah pembekal utama bunga keratan ke Jepun.
Tetapi harganya terlalu mahal berbanding dengan pembekal lain. Disebabkan
faktor harga dan kesegaran bunga, negara Jepun lebih suka mendapatkan bekalan
dari negara jiran, termasuk Malaysia. Kekwa ialah bunga yang paling popular
di Jepun. Disebabkan potensi yang baik bagi bunga kekwa memasuki pasaran
Jepun, percubaan penghantaran kekwa melalui kapal laut telah dijalankan pada
tahun 20022003 untuk mencari peluang menjimatkan kos pengangkutan. Hasil
percubaan menunjukkan kos penghantaran bunga kekwa dari Cameron Highlands
ke Fukuoka, Jepun ialah RM0.43 dan RM0.42 setangkai masing-masing pada
musim panas dan sejuk. Purata kos penghantaran melalui udara ialah RM0.79
setangkai. Dengan ini kos penghantaran melalui kapal laut dapat dijimatkan
sebanyak 88% dan 84% masing-masing pada musim sejuk dan panas.
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