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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

I Main Topics
A Introduc<on to stress elds and stress
concentra<ons
B Stresses in a polar (cylindrical) reference frame
C Equa<ons of equilibrium
D Solu<on of boundary value problem for a
pressurized hole

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

hMp://www.pacicautoglass.com
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hMp://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/Kilauea_map.html
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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

II Introduc<on to stress elds
and stress concentra<ons
A Importance
1 Stress (and strain and
displacement) vary in
space
2 Fields extend
deforma<on
concepts at a point
3 Stress concentra<ons
can be huge and have
a large eect
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hMp://pangea.stanford.edu/research/geomech/Faculty/crack.html
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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

II Introduc<on to stress
elds and stress
concentra<ons (cont.)
B Common causes of
stress concentra<ons
1 A force acts on a
small area (e.g.,
beneath a nail
being hammered)
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hMp://0.tqn.com/d/homerepair/1/0/l/7/-/-/nail_set.jpg

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

II Introduc<on to stress
elds and stress
concentra<ons (cont.)
B Common causes of
stress concentra<ons
2 Geometric eects
(e.g., corners on
doors and
windows)
hMp://www.basementsystems.com/founda<on-repair/images/Door-Crack.jpg

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

II Introduc<on to stress
elds and stress
concentra<ons (cont.)
B Common causes of
stress concentra<ons
3 Material
heterogenei<es
(e.g., mineral
heterogenei<es
and voids)
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Cracks near a uid inclusion in halite

hMp://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/arc/img/halite41.jpg

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

III Stresses in a polar (cylindrical)
reference frame (on-in
conven<on)
A Coordinate transforma<ons
1 x = r cos = r cosxr
2 y = r sin = r cosyr
3 r= (x2 + y2)1/2
4 = tan-1(y/x)

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

B Stress transforma<ons
ij = aik ajl kl
1 rr = arx arx xx + arx ary xy
+ary arx yx + ary ary yy
2 r = arx ax xx + arx ay xy
+ary ax yx + ary ay yy
3 r = ax arx xx + ax ary xy
+ay arx yx + ay ary yy
4 = ax ax xx + ax ay xy
+ay ax yx + ay ay yy
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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

IVEqua<ons of equilibrium (force balance)
A In Cartesian (x,y) reference frame

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

IVEqua<ons of equilibrium (force
balance) (cont.)
1 Fx = 0 = [ xx ](dydz) + [ yx ](dxdz)
+[ xx +

2 Fx = 0 = [
3 F

= 0=[

4 xx

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yx
xx
dx](dydz) + [
dy](dxdz)
x
y

xx yx
+
](dxdydz)
x
y

yx
y

yx
xx
dx](dydz) + [ yx +
dy](dxdz)
x
y

=0

The rate of xx increase

is balanced by the rate
of yx decrease

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

IVEqua<ons of equilibrium (force
balance) (cont.)
1 Fy = 0 = [ yy ](dxdz) + [ xy ](dydz)
+[ yy +

2 Fy = 0 = [
3 F

yy
y

= 0=[

yy

xy
x

dy](dxdz) + [ xy +

dy](dxdz) + [

yy

yy

=0

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xy
x

xy
x

xy
y

dx](dydz)

dx](dydz)

](dxdydz)
The rate of yy increase
is balanced by the rate
of xy decrease

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

IVEqua<ons of equilibrium
(force balance)
B In polar (r,) reference
frame (apply chain rule;
see supplement)
1 Fr = 0 = rr + 1 r + rr
r
r
r
1 r 2 r
+
+

r
r

2 F = 0 = r
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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

IVEqua<ons of equilibrium (force balance)
C Comparison of Cartesian and polar equa<ons
yx

yy

1a + = 0 1b
xx

2a r + 1r + r = 0 2b 1r
rr

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rr

xy

=0

r 2 r
+
=0
r
r

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value problem for a pressurized hole

A
B
C
D

Homogeneous isotropic material

Uniform posi<ve trac<on on wall of hole
Uniform radial displacement
Radial shear stresses = 0 because
radial shear strains = 0

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value
problem for a pressurized
hole
E Governing equa<on for
an axisymmetric
problem
1 For constant values
of r, stresses and
displacements in a
polar reference
frame do not change
with , so (ur, qrr,
etc.)/ = 0
2 By symmetry the
shear stress r = 0

1 r 2 r
+
+
=0
r
r
r

0+0+

2 (0)
=0=0
r

rr 1 r rr
+
+
=0
r
r
r

rr

+ 0 + rr
=0
r
r
d rr rr
+
=0
dr
r
Governing equa<on

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value problem for a pressurized hole
F One General Solu<on Method
1 Replace the stresses by strains using Hookes law
2 Replace the strains by displacement deriva<ves to yield a
governing equa<on in terms of displacements.
3 Solve dieren<al governing equa<on for displacements
4 Take the deriva<ves of the displacements to nd the strains
5 Solve for the stresses in terms of the strains using Hookes law
(not hard, but somewhat lengthy)
d rr rr
+
=0
dr
r

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value
problem for a pressurized hole
F One General Solu<on
Method
6 The general solu<on will
contain constants. Their
values are found in
terms of the stresses or
displacements on the
boundaries of our body
(i.e., the wall of the hole
and any external
boundary), that is in
terms of the boundary
condi,ons for our
problem.
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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value problem for a
pressurized hole
G Strain-displacement rela<onships
Cartesian coordinates

u
x
v
yy =
y

ur
r
u
yy = r
r

xx =

xy =

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Polar coordinates
rr =

1 u v
+
2 y x

r = 0

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value problem for a pressurized
hole
H Strain-stress rela<onships: Plane Stress (zz = 0)
Cartesian coordinates

1
xx yy
E
1
yy = yy xx
E

1
[ rr ]
E
1
= [ rr ]
E

xx =

xy =

Polar coordinates
rr =

1
xy
2G

r =

1
r
2G

From specializing the 3D rela<onships

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value problem for a pressurized
hole
I Strain-stress rela<onships: Plane Strain (zz = 0)
Cartesian coordinates

Polar coordinates

xx =

1 2
E

1 2

=
xx 1 yy rr
E

yy =

1 2
E

rr

yy 1 xx =

1
E

xy =

rr 1

1
xy
2G

r =

1
r
2G

From specializing the 3D rela<onships

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value problem for a pressurized
hole
J Stress-strain rela<onships: Plane Stress (zz = 0)
Cartesian coordinates
E
1 2
E
yy =
1 2

xx =

Polar coordinates

E
[ rr + ]
1 2
E
=
+
(1 2 ) [ rr ]

xx + yy

rr =

yy + xx

xy = 2G xy

r = 2G r

From specializing the 3D rela<onships

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value problem for a pressurized
hole
K Stress-strain rela<onships: Plane Strain (zz = 0)
Cartesian coordinates

Polar coordinates

xx =

xx +
xx + yy

1
+

( )

rr =

rr +
( rr + )

1
+

( )

yy =

yy +
yy + xx

1 2
(1 + )

( + rr )

1 2
(1 + )

xy = 2G xy

r = 2G r

From specializing the 3D rela<onships

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21. Stresses Around a Hole (I)

V Solu<on of boundary value problem for a pressurized hole
L Axisymmetric Governing Equa<ons (Incomplete)
Plane Stress (zz = 0)
In terms of stress

Plane Strain (zz = 0)

In terms of stress

In terms of
displacement

rr rr
d 2ur 1 dur ur
+
=0
+
=0
dr 2 r dr r 2
r
r

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In terms of
displacement

rr rr
d 2ur 1 dur ur
+
=0
+
=0
dr 2 r dr r 2
r
r

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