Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
James M. Sorokes
Manager of Development Engineering
Harry F. Miller
Product Manager - Marketing of Turbo Products
and
Jay M. Koch
Manager of Aero/Thermo Design Engineering
Dresser-Rand Company
Olean, New York
ABSTRACT
This work describes the potential consequences associated with
operating a centrifugal compressor in overload. Nomenclature is
offered to explain what is meant by overload operation, and
methods that are used by original equipment manufacturers
(OEMs) and end users to define overload limits are presented. The
paper also describes the conditions that can lead to overload
operation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are used to
illustrate the forces acting on an impeller when it operates at very
high flow. Finally, this paper suggests considerations that should be
addressed when designing (or selecting) an impeller that could be
subjected to extended overload operation.
Harry F. Miller is the Product Manager Marketing of Turbo Products at DresserRand, in Olean, New York. His career in
turbomachinery began 31 years ago with
Dresser Clark, and Mr. Miller has held
a variety of design engineering and
marketing positions, most recently, being
Manager of Development Engineering and
Leader of the DATUM Development Team.
His prior work experience consists of four
years as a mechanical construction engineer for the Pennsylvania
Power & Light Company.
Mr. Miller received a BSME degree from Northeastern University,
and an MBA degree from Lehigh University. His areas of expertise
include turbocompressor and gas turbine design and application.
INTRODUCTION
It is common knowledge that operating centrifugal compressors in
surge can have detrimental effects on the mechanical integrity of
parts. Prolonged excursions into surge have caused damage to
impellers, bearings, seals, and other rotating components. The violent
nature of surge events makes it necessary to install sophisticated
control systems to prevent compressors from operating in surge.
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DEFINITIONS
Unlike surge, there is no commonly accepted definition
for overload or operation in overload. The compressor
aeroperformance maps given in Figures 1 and 2 will be used to
illustrate the various definitions. The maps show the head
coefficient and polytropic efficiency plotted against the normalized
inlet flow coefficient.
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POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES
OF OVERLOAD OPERATION
Two examples are presented to illustrate the potential
consequences of overload operation. In both cases, the compressors
were known to have operated for extended periods in the overload
region. Note: Before proceeding further, it must be noted that end
users and OEMs are often very reluctant to provide details on
difficulties resulting from off-design operation. End users do not
want details of their operating practices made public and OEMs
typically do not want any suggestion that their products are
anything but perfect. For that reason, limited details will be
provided on the two sample cases.
The first example is taken from a high-pressure gas reinjection
compressor. The compressor experienced repeated impeller
fractures. The welded impeller was a low flow coefficient design,
having a very short blade height relative to the impeller diameter
(low b/r). Essentially, the impeller disk was fracturing at or around
the leading edge region of the impeller. In the worst case, the inner
portion of the impeller disk separated from the outer portion.
Following an investigation by the OEM and end user, it was
reported that the impeller had been run extensively in the overload
region of its performance map when a parallel train was taken
offline. Dynamic forces caused by the combination of high
impeller leading edge incidence, and a nonuniform pressure
distribution caused by the downstream discharge volute, were
sufficient to initiate cracks in the impeller, leading to the fractures.
The compressor had to be taken out of service for several days to
allow installation of the spare rotor.
It should be noted that the forces that led to the fractures were
significantly lower at the design flow condition. That is, at design
flow, the dynamic forces due to incidence and the volute pressure field
were not sufficient to initiate the cracking. Further details on this case
can be found in Borer, et al. (1997), and Sorokes, et al. (1998).
The second example is from a compressor processing heavy
hydrocarbons. The subject impeller was a high-flow coefficient
design, implying that the leading edge was quite tall (high b/r).
Blade fractures occurred near the impellers leading edge. In a few
of the blades, a portion of the blade broke away as indicated by the
crosshatched area in Figure 4. Again, based on an analysis
conducted by the end user and the OEM, it was found that the
DESCRIPTION OF FORCES
Although the forces resulting from operation in overload have a
similar root cause to those found in surge or stall, the true nature of
those forces is radically different. The violent forces associated
with surge are typically very low frequency (6 Hz or less) and
result from the flow reversal through the compressor when the
impeller or impellers can no longer overcome the downstream
static pressure. When in surge, the inability of the compressor to
overcome such pressure is directly related to the increase in
incidence or other losses in the compressor components, i.e.,
impellers, diffusers, return channels, etc. That is, as the flow rate in
a compressor is reduced from design toward surge, the angle at
which the flow impinges on the bladed or vaned components
increases, thus increasing the incidence (or delta angle between the
flow angle and the blade/vane angle) (Figure 5). At some point, the
incidence angles lead to flow separation or other anomalies that
cause very high losses within all of the compressor components,
making it impossible for the compressor to overcome the
downstream pressure. Because flow moves from the region of
higher pressure to a region of lower pressure, the flow reverses
direction and goes backward through the compressor. The resulting
forces on the compressor internals can be destructive.
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Wake Effects
ANALYTICAL METHODS
CFD can also be used to develop pressure loads or net impeller blade
forces that can be applied when conducting finite element analyses to
assess the structural integrity of designs. CFD can also be used to
determine how said forces vary with flow rate. Historically, CFD was
limited to providing steady-state (or time averaged) pressure
distributions that could be applied as pressure loads in FEA studies.
However, in the past decade, advances in CFD have made it possible to
generate unsteady or transient pressure distributions. These unsteady
pressures can be translated into a force at a frequency and imposed as a
boundary condition in an impeller natural frequency analysis. This
offers designers the opportunity to assess possible excitation and
determine if changes are needed to avoid a resonance problem.
High-flow coefficient impellers that may be subjected to overload
operation are of particular concern. For clarity, high-flow coefficient is
defined herein as any impeller having a flow coefficient, , of 0.12 or
greater, where or phi is an internationally accepted, nondimensional
flow coefficient relating flow, speed, and diameter. By their nature,
such impellers have very tall leading edges, that is, the length of the
blade from hub to shroud at the leading edge is large. The excessive
length makes it possible for the blade to flex or flutter if it is subjected
to a sufficient dynamic force. The impeller blade leading edge is most
susceptible to flexing because it is the tallest and often the thinnest
portion of the blade. If the magnitude of the vibrations becomes
sufficiently large, a fracture could occur. Therefore, it is imperative that
designers understand the magnitude and the frequency of the forces
acting on such impellers.
The above issue is of even greater concern on unshrouded or open
impellers. Without a cover or shroud to help hold the blades in position,
the blades have significantly more freedom to flex or flutter. As a result,
operation near stonewall on open impellers is strongly discouraged.
As noted, operation in overload causes high levels of negative
incidence on the impeller blade leading edges. This negative incidence
causes unbalanced pressure forces between the two sides of the blades.
If these forces become dynamic or unsteady because of the presence of
upstream IGVs or some other circumferential asymmetry in the flow
field, the fluctuating pressure forces could be more than sufficient to
induce alternating stresses in the impeller. Assuming the excitation
force does not change in frequency, and assuming the frequency aligns
with an impeller natural frequency, resonance could occur and
ultimately result in the loss of mechanical integrity.
As an illustration, the pressures acting on the leading edge of a
high-flow coefficient impeller are shown in Figures 12 and 13. The
analytical results given in Figure 12 are for the impeller operating at its
design flow rate while the results in Figure 13 are for overload
operation. In both cases, the plot on the right is for the pressure surface
of the blade, while the plot on the left is for the suction surface. Also,
the pressure scales are consistent among all of the figures.
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Provide
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CONCLUSIONS
The most important conclusion to be derived from this work is
that, contrary to many commonly held beliefs, operation in
overload can subject a centrifugal compressor to adverse forces. In
fact, in some circumstances, overload operation can be just as
detrimental to component structural integrity as surge.
Of course, it is critical that the end user and OEM come to an
understanding on the meaning of overload operation. The term
NOMENCLATURE
ACFM
A0
b
Cm
D2
IGV
LSD
N
Q
r
U1
U2
U2/A0
V
W1
REFERENCES
Borer, C., Sorokes, J. M., McMahon, T., and Abraham, E. A., 1997,
An Assessment of the Forces Acting Upon a Centrifugal
Impeller Using Full Load, Full Pressure Hydrocarbon Testing,
Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Turbomachinery Symposium,
Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas, pp. 111-122.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS