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23. Disloca/ons
I Main Topics
A Disloca/ons and other defects in solids
B Signicance of disloca/ons
C Planar disloca/ons
D Displacement and stress elds for a screw
disloca/on (mode III)

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23. Disloca/ons

hHp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Photoglossary/ssure4_large.JPG
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23. Disloca/ons

hHp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Mackenzie_dike_swarm.png
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23. Disloca/ons
II Disloca/ons and other
defects in solids
A Disloca/ons
1 Originally, extra (or
missing) planes or
par/al planes of
material (e.g.,
atoms)

hHp://www.T.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html
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23. Disloca/ons
Transmission Electron Micrograph
Of Disloca/ons

II Disloca/ons and other

defects in solids
A Disloca/ons (cont.)
2 Evidence for
disloca/ons from
electron
microscopy

hHp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disloca/on

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23. Disloca/ons
II Disloca/ons and other
defects in solids
A Disloca/ons (cont.)
3 Con/nuum
mechanics usage:
surfaces across
which
displacements
are discon/nuous
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hHp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Photoglossary/fault2_large.jpg

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23. Disloca/ons
II Disloca/ons and other
defects in solids (cont.)
B Point defects
1 Originally, extra (or
missing) volumes
(e.g., atoms)
2 Displacements are
discon/nuous
across point
defects
hHp://www.ndt-ed.org/Educa/onResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Chrystal-Defects.jpg
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23. Disloca/ons
III Signicance of
disloca/ons
A Account for permanent
plas/c deforma/on in
crystals
B Account for the low
observed strength of
crystals rela/ve to
theore/cal predic/ons
hHp://www.ndt-ed.org/Educa/onResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/Chrystal-Defects.jpg
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23. Disloca/ons

Transmission Electron Micrograph

III Signicance of
disloca/ons
C They provide useful
quan/ta/ve
descrip/on of rela/ve
mo/ons across
surfaces across a broad
range of scale (crystals
[10-6 m] to plate
boundaries [106 m])
~12 orders of
magnitude!
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hHp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disloca/on

Disloca/on model of subduc/on zone

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From Bevis and Martel, 2001

23. Disloca/ons
III Signicance of
disloca/ons
D Disloca/ons induce
tremendous stress
concentra/ons and
account for large
deforma/ons under
small average
stresses
hHp://pangea.stanford.edu/research/geomech/Faculty/crack.html
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23. Disloca/ons
IV Planar disloca/ons
A Represented
mathema/cally as
innitely long cut with
a straight edge
B Rela/ve displacement
(of one side of the
disloca/on rela/ve to
the other) across a
disloca/on is called the
Burgers vector b.
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23. Disloca/ons
D Edge disloca/on
1 Accommodate opening
or sliding mo/ons
2 Displacement is
exclusively
perpendicular to the
disloca/on edge
3 Displacement can be
parallel or
perpendicular to the
disloca/on plane

View along edge of edge disloca/on

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23. Disloca/ons
D Edge disloca/on (cont.)
4 Analogy: an extra row of corn kernels on
a cob of corn

Extra row of kernels in an ear of corn

Extra half-plane of atoms in lajce

hHp://www.T.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html
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blog.faTreevegan.com
13

23. Disloca/ons
D Edge disloca/on (cont.)
5 Macroscopic geologic
use: modeling dikes
or faults

hHp://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erupt/24ds182_cap/on.html
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hHp://www.experimentalstress.com/topic/reect.jpg
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23. Disloca/ons
Disloca/on edge

C Screw disloca/on
1 Accommodate a
tearing mo/on
2 Displacement is
exclusively parallel to
the disloca/on edge
3 Analogy: a lock
washer or a 360
spiral staircase

hHp://www.T.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html

hHp:///www.boltsplus.com
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23. Disloca/ons
C Screw disloca/on
4 Macroscopic geologic use: modeling faults

hHp://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Photoglossary/fault2_large.jpg
hHp://www.T.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_ge/kap_5/backbone/r5_2_2.html

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23. Disloca/ons
V Displacement and stress elds for a
screw disloca/on (mode III)
A Displacement parallel to the
disloca/on edge (w) increases
uniformly along a spiral-like
circuit from one side of the
disloca/on to the other (for a
right-handed screw
disloca/on, point your right
thumb along the disloca/on
edge; displacement parallel to
the edge increases in the
direc/on your ngers curl.
B Angular posi/on: = tan-1(y/x)
C w = b/2
D An/-plane strain (u,v = 0)

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23. Disloca/ons
Cylindrical Reference Frame
ur = 0, u = 0, w = b/2
Normal
Strains

Shear
Strains

1 u u
rr = r + r
2 r
r
rr = 0
1 1 ur u u
+

2 r
r
r
r = r = 0

r =

ur 1 u
+
r r
= 0

1 w w
+

2 z z
zz = 0

zz =

1 w ur
1 u 1 w
+
+

zr =

2 z r
2 r
z
b
zr = rz = 0
z = z =
4 r
z =

* The deriva/ves are very easy to do. Check them to verify the solu/ons.
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23. Disloca/ons
Cartesian Reference Frame
u = 0, v = 0, w = b[tan-1(y/x)]/2
Normal
Strains

Shear
Strains

1 u u
+

2 x x
xx = 0

1 v y
yy = +
2 y y

xx =

xy =

yy = 0

1 u v
+
2 y x

xy = 0

yz =

1 v w
+
2 z y

b
x
4 x 2 + y 2
b x
yz =
4 r 2

yz =

1 w w
+

2 z z
zz = 0

zz =

1 u w
+

2 z x
b
y
xz =
2
4 x + y 2
b y
xz =
4 r 2

xz =

* The deriva/ves are s/ll rather easy to do. Check them to verify the solu/ons.
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23. Disloca/ons
Strains

Stresses

r = r = 0
z = z =

Gb
4 r

r = r = 0
rr = 0
= 0
zz = 0
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r = r = 2G r = 0
z = z = 2G z =

Gb
2 r

r = r = 2G r = 0
rr = 0
= 0
zz = 0
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23. Disloca/ons
Strains

Stresses

xy = yx = 2G xy = 0

xy = yx = 0
yz =
xz =

b
x
2
4 x + y 2

b
y
2
4 x + y 2

yz = zy = 2G yz =

xz = zx = 2G xz =

Gb x
Gb x
=
2
2
2 x + y
2 r 2

Gb y
Gb y
=
2
2
2 x + y
2 r 2

xx = 0

xx = 0

yy = 0

yy = 0

zz = 0
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zz = 0
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23. Disloca/ons
Key points
a Only the shear stresses
ac/ng on a plane normal to
the z-direc/on or in the z-
direc/on are non-zero
b The stresses are singular
(i.e., go to innity) near the
disloca/on edge: a powerful
stress concentra/on exists
there.
c This theore/cal singular
stress concentra/on exists
no maHer how small G or
the rela/ve displacement b
is, provided G > 0 and b > 0.
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z = z =

Gb
2 r

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23. Disloca/ons

SUPERPOSTION OF TWO (INFINITE) SCREW DISLOCATIONS (A,B)

TO FORM A FINITE DISPLACEMENT DISCONTINTUITY (C)

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