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high-strength steel
yh
ym
mild steel
E
Plastic Deformation
ideal ductile behavior
stress
fracture
Y, Y
E, G
M, M
strain
cubic crystal
[001]
[111]
slip
plane
[010]
[100]
[110]
T1
max
=0
T4 = Tfp
T3
max = Y
T2
T4 - Tfp = 0
Y
_1
3 Y
T = (r ) r dA = 2 (r ) r 2 dr
A
0
c
r
c
plastic limit: T fp = 2 Y r 2 dr = Y
0
c3
2
2 c3
3
4
Y
3
Failure Criteria
predicts failure of material (not structure)
fracture (brittle materials) or yield (ductile materials)
fracture or yield strength is known from uniaxial tension and compression tests
interpreter between uniaxial and general state of stress
phenomenological rules based on experimental observations
1
1
tf
in compression
3
cf
Mohr Criterion
envelope
cf
tf
biaxial tension
uniaxial tension
torsion
uniaxial compression
biaxial compression
Linearized Envelope
envelope
cf
1 tf
biaxial tension
uniaxial tension
biaxial tension/compression
uniaxial compression
biaxial compression
R =
1 3
+
= ( p 1 3 ) s , where s = sin
2
2
1 (1 + s ) 3 (1 s ) = 2 p s
tf (1 + s ) = 2 p s
and cf (1 s ) = 2 p s
s =
cf tf
cf + tf
2 cf
cf + tf
and p s =
2 tf
cf + tf
cf tf
cf + tf
2 cf tf
cf + tf
1
3 1
tf
cf
Safety Factor
SF 1 3
tf
cf
= 1
1 3
2
e =
effective stress ( U od = e2 / 6G )
1
[( x y )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 + 6 (2xy + 2yz + 2xz )]1/ 2
2
y
maximum
shear stress
Von Mises
Y
Y
max =
y x y Y
1 3
= Max x ,
,
2
2
2
2 2
e = [2x + 2y x y ]1/ 2 Y