CEVB 211

SURVEYING PRACTICAL TRAINING

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO 6
TACHYMETRY
SECTION
NAME : Zulaika Binti Mohd Fauzi

:
:

03
CE087587

GROUP NUMBER

03

GROUP MEMBERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Norshamirra Binti Mohd. Hijazzi

Antar Ali
Mohammed Noaman
Mohammad Ali Moayed
Haithm Awadh
Raziq Ahmad
Khaled Omar

DATE OF LABORATORY SESSION :

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION
LAB INSTRUCTOR

CE087565
CE087529
CE088674
CE088416
CE087546
CE087570
CE087550
27.12.2012
:

26.12.201 2
:

Criteria
A. Appearance, formatting and grammar/
spelling.
B. Introduction, objective & theory
C. List of apparatus & procedure
D. Results: data, figures, graphs, tables, etc.
E. Discussion

F. Conclusions

SIVADASS A/L THIRUCHELVAM

Scale
Poor

Acceptable

Excellent

2 3

4 5

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2

4
4
4
4

2 3

3
3
3
3

5
5
5
5

4 5

Table of Contents

Title

Page

Abstract

Objective

Instrument

Procedure

Data Collected and Results

4-5

Calculations

6-7

Discussion / Analysis

8 -9

Conclusion

Appendix

9 -10

Reference

10

Abstract
Tachymetry is a geodetic method enabling to measure angles and distances. The aim of this
practical training is to obtain the distance indirectly by using Tachymetry (stadia method). Our
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lab instructor was told us to do this tachymetry at the same location as before when we are doing
theodolite surveying which is at BJ building. All measurement from one station to another station
had been measured before. Tachymetry was performed by the means of polar method in local
coordinate system with relative heights. The advantage of this method is its good regional
availability even at places far from the workplaces.
Objective
The objective of this practical training is to obtain the distance indirectly by using Tachymetry
(stadia method). This method is derived from optic principal.
Instrument
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Digital theodolite (1 unit).

Tripod (3 units).
Target (2 units).
Staff (2 units).
Measurement tape (1 unit).
Hammer/nail/spray.

Procedure
1) Racky the area and the suitable location of the stations are determined.
2) The digital theodolite is set up on station 1 and the bearing is set from station 1-2. This
will be the datum for beginning the work.
3) The observation data is recorded i.e bearing, vertical angle and the staff readings (upper,
middle and lower stadia). The codes for each surveyed features is noted.
4) Once complete, the digital theodolite is shifted to the next station and the back bearing is
set (bearing 1-2). Step 3 is repeated.

Data collected and result

Tachymetry Booking Form
Inst

Staf

Horizontal

angle

Stn.

Vertical
angle,

stn.

And

Vertical distance

V Mid .
Reading

H 100s cos 2

1
V .100 s sin 2
2

(m)

(m)

4.600

0.046

-1.415

100.00
0

4.500

0.045

-1.404

100.01
1

4.500

0.045

-1.275

5.000

0.050

-1.525

Uppe

Middl

Lower

Horizontal

Stadia

distance

Stadi

Stadia

(5.297m

a (m)

(m)

Ht.

(m)

Ht.

R.L. at

of

staff

inst
.

Remarks

(m)

of
inst.
Axi
s

A1

255645

1.484

A2

873214

1.470

A3

A4

1084311

003404

1.461

1.438

1.449

1.425

1.320

1.297

1.342

1393506
1.600

1.575

1.52

100.14
0
99.900

1.550

A5

1695156

B1

281244

B2

494450

B3
B4

B5

C1
3

C2
C3

803187

011157

1.544

1.515

1.485

1.330

1.315

1.300

1.120

1.100

1.080

1.266

1.247

1.229

1190950
1.292

1.277

1.260

1.379

1.362

1.343

1450236

230720
1.230

1.225

1.210

1.088

1.069

1.050

555543
751738

012124

0.930

0.910

0.889

5.899

0.058

-1.457

99.968

2.999

0.063

-1.252

99.895

3.998

0.084

-1.016

100.13
1

3.698

0.077

-1.170

3.199

0.067

-1.210

99.957

3.598

0.075

-1.287

99.880

1.999

0.047

-1.178

99.697

3.798

0.090

-0.979

99.896

4.098

0.097

-0.813

1.45

1.34

99.977

100.06
2
5

C4
C5

D1
D2
4

D3
D4
D5

853448
0.942
1120037

0.869

0.921
0.841

0.702

0.679

0.657

0.502

0.478

0.449

0.484

0.461

0.433

0.878

0.862

0.849

1013555
1324719
0.871

0.858

-0.796

100.07
9

5.297

0.125

-0.716

100.15
9

4.407

0.651

-0.028

99.535

5.190

0.766

0.288

99.851

4.994

0.737

0.276

2.840

0.419

-0.443

99.120

2.644

0.390

-0.468

99.095

0.816

541401
081713

0.125

0.889

192647

700811

5.299

1.39

99.839

0.844

Sample calculation

The horizontal and vertical angles as well the upper, middle and lower stadia readings are
determined directly from the theodolite during the survey process.

Hence, obtained for staff station A1:

Horizontal angle, = 873214
Vertical angle, = 003404

Upper stadia = 1.470m

Middle stadia = 1.449m
Lower stadia = 1.425m

Horizontal distance , H = 100s cos2

where s = upper stadia lower stadia,

= vertical angle ; 003404

Hence, horizontal distance for A1 = 100x (1.470-1.425) cos2 (003404 )

= 4.500m

Vertical distance, V= x 100s sin 2

where s = upper stadia lower stadia,
Hence, vertical distance for A1

= vertical angle ; 003404

= x 100 (1.470-1.425) sin 2(003404

= 0.045m

 V Mid .

reading = Vertical distance middle stadia reading

Hence, V-midreading for 1 = 0.045 -1.449

= -1.404 m

Reduced Level (RL) of staff = Known RL1 + height of instrument (V-mid.reading)

Here the known RL at point 1 given is 100.000m and the height of instrument measured at point
2 is 1.52m.
First, we have to find the RL of station 2 based on RL on station 1:

V
RL at station 2 = RL at point 1 + m

- HI

= 100 +1.415-1.52
= 99.895 m
Therefore RL at station 3 = RL at point 2 + HI + V m
= 99.895 + 1.252 -1.45
= 99.697 m

Discussion

Generally, horizontal distances are measured by direct methods, for an example laying of chains
or tapes on ground. These methods are not always convenient if the ground is undulating, rough,
difficult and inaccessible.

Under these circumstances, indirect methods are used to obtain

distances. One such method is Tacheometry. Using tacheometric methods, elevations can also be
determined. It is in fact a branch of angular surveying in which both the horizontal and vertical
positions of points are determined from the instrumental observations, the chain surveys being
entirely eliminated.
The horizontal distance that we obtained indirectly which means from the calculation are 4.600,
4.500, 4.500, 5.000 and 5.899 m at the staff station of A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 respectively. Then, the
horizontal distance at the staff station of B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 are 2.999, 3.998, 3.698, 3.199, and
3.589 m respectively. Same goes to staff station C1, C2,C3, C4, C5 the horizontal distance are
1.999, 3.798, 4.098, 5.299, and 5.297 m. last but not least at the staff station D1, D2,D3,D4,D5
the horizontal distance are 4.407, 5.190, 4.994,2.840, and 2.644 m respectively. Meanwhile, the
vertical distance at the staff station A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 are 0.046, 0.045, 0.045, 0.050, and 0.058
m respectively. For the staff station at B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 the vertical distance are 0.063, 0.084,
0.077, 0.067, 0.075 m. Then for the staff station at C1, C2,C3, C4, C5 the vertical distance are
0.047, 0.090, 0.097, 0.125, and 0.125 m respectively. Last but not least, at the staff station D1,
D2,D3,D4,D5 the vertical distance are 0.651, 0.766, 0.737, 0.419, and 0.390 respectively.
There are a lots of difficulties faced and errors that might occurred when the experiment is
conducted means that, all distance, angle and measurements taken have errors. The problems we
have faced in this practical training like the location we have choose got many obstacle that
block our vision besides the climate was not good when we are doing this tachymetry because its
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raining. Apart from that, the instrument also may not correctly leveled, means the bubble most
likely is not be in the center, then it will affect the telescope to not correctly focused. This may
come out with the presence of parallax. Parallax results when the optics are out of adjustment.
The parallax may be determined by nodding the head up and down while looking through the
telescope. There is no movement of the image relative to the cross hairs. Movement indicates
parallax is present and adjustment is needed. The parallax may be eliminated by properly
focusing the telescope. Furthermore, the staff is incorrectly read or not held vertical. All the
above are mistakes (blunders) and cannot be corrected unless the work is repeated.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the objective of this experiment has been satisfied. By doing this practical training
we are able to explain the principle of tachymetry, as well as we have already the stadia
principles. Overall, the results obtained from this experiment are satisfactory considering that it
meets its main objectives.
Appendices

10

Reference

1) www.tachymeter_online_tachymetry_unskilled_191773.html
2) http://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citation
3) Notes given by Dr. Birima
4) http://vedyadhara.ignou.ac.in/wiki/images/e/e0/UNIT_2(CRC).pdf

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