You are on page 1of 8

07/09/2015

IndustrialdesignWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Industrialdesign
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Industrialdesignisaprocessofdesignappliedtoproductsthatare
tobemanufacturedthroughtechniquesofmassproduction.[2][3]Its
keycharacteristicisthatdesignisseparatedfrommanufacture:the
creativeactofdetermininganddefiningaproduct'sformtakesplace
inadvanceofthephysicalactofmakingaproduct,whichconsists
purelyofrepeated,oftenautomated,replication.[4][5]This
distinguishesindustrialdesignfromcraftbaseddesign,wherethe
formoftheproductisdeterminedbytheproduct'screatoratthe
timeofitscreation.[6]
Allindustrialproductsaretheresultofadesignprocess,butthe
natureofthisprocesscantakemanyforms:itcanbeconductedby
anindividualoralargeteamitcanemphasizeintuitivecreativityor
calculatedscientificdecisionmakinganditcanbeinfluencedby
factorsasvariedasmaterials,productionprocesses,business
strategyandprevailingsocial,commercialoraestheticattitudes.[4]
Theroleofanindustrialdesigneristocreateandexecutedesign
solutionsforproblemsofform,function,usability,physical
ergonomics,marketing,branddevelopment,andsales.[7]

Contents
1History
1.1Precursors
1.2Birthofindustrialdesign
2Education
2.1UniversityandInstitutions
3Definitionofindustrialdesign
4Designprocess
5Industrialdesignrights
6Examplesoficonicindustrialdesign
7Seealso
8Notes
9References
9.1Citations
9.2Sources
10Externallinks

AniPod,anindustriallydesigned
product.

KitchenAid5qt.StandMixer,
designedin1937byEgmontArens,
remainsverysuccessfultoday

WesternElectricModel302
telephone,foundthroughoutthe
UnitedStatesfrom1937untilthe
introductionoftouchtonedialing. [1]

History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

1/8

07/09/2015

IndustrialdesignWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Precursors
Forseveralmillenniabeforetheonsetofindustrialisationdesign,
technicalexpertiseandmanufacturelaytogetherinthehandsof
individualcraftsmen,whodeterminedtheformofaproductatthe
pointofitscreationaccordingtotheirownmanualskill,the
parameterssetbytheirclients,theexperienceaccumulatedthrough
theirownexperimentationandtraditionalknowledgepassedonto
themthroughtrainingorapprenticeship.[6]
Thedivisionoflabourthatunderliesthepracticeofindustrialdesign
didhaveprecedentsinthepreindustrialera.[2]Thegrowthoftrade
CalculatorOlivettiDivisumma24
inthemedievalperiodledtotheemergenceoflargeworkshopsin
designedin1956byMarcelloNizzoli
citiessuchasFlorence,Venice,NurembergandBruges,where
groupsofmorespecialistcraftsmenmadeobjectswithcommon
formsthroughtherepetitiveduplicationofmodelsdefinedbytheirsharedtrainingandtechnique.[8]
Competitivepressuresintheearly16thcenturyledtotheemergenceinItalyandGermanyofpatternbooks:
collectionsofengravingsillustratingdecorativeformsandmotifsthatcouldbeappliedtoawiderangeof
products,andwhosecreationthereforetookplaceinadvanceoftheirapplication.[8]Theuseofdrawingto
specifyhowsomethingislatertobeconstructedwasfirstdevelopedbyarchitectsandshipwrightsduring
theItalianRenaissance.[9]
Inthe17thcenturythescaleoftheartisticpatronageofcentralisedmonarchicalstatessuchasFranceledto
thegrowthoflargegovernmentoperatedmanufacturingoperationsepitomisedbytheGobelins
Manufactory,openedinParisin1667byLouisXIV.[8]Hereteamsofhundredsofcraftsmen,including
specialistartists,decoratorsandengravers,producedsumptuouslydecoratedproductsrangingfrom
tapestriesandfurnituretometalworkandcoaches,allunderthecreativesupervisionoftheKing'sleading
artistCharlesLeBrun.[10]Thispatternoflargescaleroyalpatronagewasrepeatedinthecourtporcelain
factoriesoftheearly18thcentury,suchastheMeissenporcelainworkshopsestablishedin1709bythe
GrandDukeofSaxony,wherepatternsfromarangeofsources,includingcourtgoldsmiths,sculptorsand
engravers,wereusedasmodelsforthevesselsandfigurinesforwhichitbecamefamous.[11]Aslongas
reproductionremainedcraftbased,however,theformandartisticqualityoftheproductremainedinthe
handsoftheindividualcraftsman,andtendedtodeclineasthescaleofproductionincreased.[12]

Birthofindustrialdesign
Theemergenceofindustrialdesignisspecificallylinkedtothegrowthofindustrialisationand
mechanisationthatbeganwiththeindustrialrevolutioninGreatBritaininthemid18thcentury.[2][3]The
riseofindustrialmanufacturechangedthewayobjectsweremade,urbanisationchangedpatternsof
consumption,thegrowthofempiresbroadenedtastesanddiversifiedmarkets,andtheemergenceofawider
middleclasscreateddemandforfashionablestylesfromamuchlargerandmoreheterogeneous
population.[13]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

2/8

07/09/2015

IndustrialdesignWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thefirstuseoftheterm"industrialdesign"isoftenattributedtotheindustrialdesignerJosephClaudeSinel
in1919(althoughhehimselfdeniedthisininterviews),butthedisciplinepredates1919byatleasta
decade.ChristopherDresserisconsideredamongthefirstindependentindustrialdesigners.[14]Industrial
design'soriginslieintheindustrializationofconsumerproducts.ForinstancetheDeutscherWerkbund,
foundedin1907andaprecursortotheBauhaus,wasastatesponsoredefforttointegratetraditionalcrafts
andindustrialmassproductiontechniques,toputGermanyonacompetitivefootingwithEnglandandthe
UnitedStates.
TheearliestuseofthetermmayhavebeeninTheArtUnion,AmonthlyJournaloftheFineArts,1839.
DycesreporttotheBoardofTradeonforeignschoolsofDesignforManufactures.Mr
DycesofficialvisittoFrance,PrussiaandBavariaforthepurposeofexaminingthestate
ofschoolsofdesigninthosecountrieswillbefreshintherecollectionofourreaders.His
reportonthissubjectwasorderedtobeprintedsomefewmonthssince,onthemotionof
MrHume.
TheschoolofStPeter,atLyonswasfoundedabout1750fortheinstructionofdraftsmen
employedinpreparingpatternsforthesilkmanufacture.Ithasbeenmuchmoresuccessful
thantheParisschoolandhavingbeendisorganizedbytherevolution,wasrestoredby
Napoleonanddifferentlyconstituted,beingthenerectedintoanAcademyofFineArt:to
whichthestudyofdesignforsilkmanufacturewasmerelyattachedasasubordinate
branch.Itappearsthatallthestudentswhoenteredtheschoolcommenceasiftheywere
intendedforartistsinthehighersenseofthewordandarenotexpectedtodecideasto
whethertheywilldevotethemselvestotheFineArtsortoIndustrialDesign,untilthey
havecompletedtheirexercisesindrawingandpaintingofthefigurefromtheantiqueand
fromthelivingmodel.Itisforthisreason,andfromthefactthatartistsforindustrial
purposesarebothwellpaidandhighlyconsidered(asbeingwellinstructedmen)thatso
manyindividualsinFranceengagethemselvesinbothpursuits.

ThePracticalDraughtsman'sBookofIndustrialDesignbyJacquesEugneArmengaudwasprintedin
1853.[15]Thesubtitleofthe(translated)workexplains,thatitwantstooffera"completecourseof
mechanical,engineering,andarchitecturaldrawing."Thestudyofthosetypesoftechnicaldrawing,
accordingtoArmengaud,belongtothefieldofindustrialdesign.Thisworkpavedthewayforabig
expansioninthefielddrawingeducationinFrance,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.
RobertLepperhelpedtoestablishoneofthecountry'sfirstindustrialdesigndegreeprogramsatCarnegie
InstituteofTechnology.[16]

Education
Productdesignandindustrialdesignoverlapinthefieldsofuserinterfacedesign,informationdesign,and
interactiondesign.Variousschoolsofindustrialdesignspecializeinoneoftheseaspects,rangingfrompure
artcolleges(productstyling),tomixedprogramsofengineeringanddesign,torelateddisciplinessuchas
exhibitdesignandinteriordesign,toschoolsthatalmostcompletelysubordinatedaestheticdesignto
concernsofusageandergonomics,thesocalledfunctionalistschool.[17]Exceptforcertainfunctionalareas
ofoverlapbetweenindustrialdesignandengineeringdesign,educationalprogramsintheU.S.for
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

3/8

07/09/2015

IndustrialdesignWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

engineeringdesignrequireaccreditationbytheAccreditationBoardforEngineeringandTechnology
(ABET)[18]incontrasttoprogramsforindustrialdesignwhichareaccreditedbytheNationalAssociation
ofSchoolsofArtandDesign(NASAD).[19]

UniversityandInstitutions
Degreesinindustrialdesignareofferedatuniversitiesworldwideandtypicallytakefourtofiveyearsof
study.ThestudyresultsinaBachelorofIndustrialDesign(B.I.D.),BachelorofScience(B.Sc)orBachelor
ofFineArts(B.F.A.).Afterwards,thebachelorprogrammecanbeextendedtopostgraduatedegreessuchas
MasterofDesign,MasterofFineArtsandotherstoaMasterofArtsorMasterofScience.

Definitionofindustrialdesign
Industrialdesignstudiesfunctionandformandtheconnectionbetweenproduct,user,andenvironment.
Generally,industrialdesignprofessionalsworkinsmallscaledesign,ratherthanoveralldesignofcomplex
systemssuchasbuildingsorships.Industrialdesignersdon'tusuallydesignmotors,electricalcircuits,or
gearingthatmakemachinesmove,buttheymayaffecttechnicalaspectsthroughusabilitydesignandform
relationships.Usually,theyworkwithotherprofessionalssuchasmarketerstoidentifyandfulfillcustomer
needsandexpectations.
Design,itself,isoftendifficulttodescribetonondesignersandengineers,
becausethemeaningacceptedbythedesigncommunityisnotmadeof
words.Instead,thedefinitioniscreatedasaresultofacquiringacritical
frameworkfortheanalysisandcreationofartifacts.Oneofthemany
accepted(butintentionallyunspecific)definitionsofdesignoriginatesfrom
CarnegieMellon'sSchoolofDesign,"Designistheprocessoftaking
somethingfromitsexistingstateandmovingittoapreferredstate."This
appliestonewartifacts,whoseexistingstateisundefined,andpreviously
createdartifacts,whosestatestandstobeimproved.

Industrialdesign(ID)isthe
professionalserviceof
creatinganddeveloping
conceptsandspecifications
thatoptimizethefunction,
valueandappearanceof
productsandsystemsforthe
mutualbenefitofbothuser
andmanufacturer.

IndustrialDesignersSociety
Industrialdesigncanoverlapsignificantlywithengineeringdesign,andin
ofAmerica, [20]
differentcountriestheboundariesofthetwoconceptscanvary,butin
generalengineeringfocusesprincipallyonfunctionalityorUtilityof
Productswhereasindustrialdesignfocusesprincipallyonaestheticanduserinterfaceaspectsofproducts.
Inmanyjurisdictionsthisdistinctioniseffectivelydefinedbycredentialsand/orlicensurerequiredto
engageinthepracticeofengineering.[21]"Industrialdesign"assuchdoesnotoverlapmuchwiththe
engineeringsubdisciplineofindustrialengineering,exceptforthelatter'ssubspecialtyofergonomics.

Designprocess
Althoughtheprocessofdesignmaybeconsidered'creative,'manyanalyticalprocessesalsotakeplace.In
fact,manyindustrialdesignersoftenusevariousdesignmethodologiesintheircreativeprocess.Someof
theprocessesthatarecommonlyusedareuserresearch,sketching,comparativeproductresearch,model
making,prototypingandtesting.Theseprocessesarebestdefinedbytheindustrialdesignersand/orother
teammembers.Industrialdesignersoftenutilize3Dsoftware,computeraidedindustrialdesignandCAD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

4/8

07/09/2015

IndustrialdesignWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

programstomovefromconcepttoproduction.Theymayalsobuildaprototypefirstandthenuseindustrial
CTscanningtotestforinteriordefectsandgenerateaCADmodel.Fromthisthemanufacturingprocess
maybemodifiedtoimprovetheproduct.
Productcharacteristicsspecifiedbyindustrialdesignersmayincludetheoverallformoftheobject,the
locationofdetailswithrespecttooneanother,colors,texture,form,andaspectsconcerningtheuseofthe
product.Additionallytheymayspecifyaspectsconcerningthe
productionprocess,choiceofmaterialsandthewaytheproductis
presentedtotheconsumeratthepointofsale.Theinclusionof
industrialdesignersinaproductdevelopmentprocessmayleadto
addedvaluebyimprovingusability,loweringproductioncostsand
developingmoreappealingproducts.
Industrialdesignmayalsofocusontechnicalconcepts,products,
andprocesses.Inadditiontoaesthetics,usability,andergonomics,it
canalsoencompassengineering,usefulness,marketplacement,and
otherconcernssuchaspsychology,desire,andtheemotional
attachmentoftheuser.Thesevaluesandaccompanyingaspectsthat
formthebasisofindustrialdesigncanvarybetweendifferent
schoolsofthought,andamongpracticingdesigners.

Industrialdesignrights
Mainarticle:Industrialdesignrights

AFenderStratocasterwithsunburst
finish,oneofthemostwidely
recognizedelectricguitarsinthe
world.

Industrialdesignrightsareintellectualpropertyrightsthatmake
exclusivethevisualdesignofobjectsthatarenotpurelyutilitarian.
Adesignpatentwouldalsobeconsideredunderthiscategory.An
industrialdesignconsistsofthecreationofashape,configurationor
compositionofpatternorcolor,orcombinationofpatternandcolor
inthreedimensionalformcontainingaestheticvalue.Anindustrial
designcanbeatwoorthreedimensionalpatternusedtoproducea
product,industrialcommodityorhandicraft.UndertheHague
AgreementConcerningtheInternationalDepositofIndustrial
Designs,aWIPOadministeredtreaty,aprocedureforan
Model1300VolkswagenBeetle
internationalregistrationexists.Anapplicantcanfileforasingle
internationaldepositwithWIPOorwiththenationalofficeina
countrypartytothetreaty.Thedesignwillthenbeprotectedinasmanymembercountriesofthetreatyas
desired.

Examplesoficonicindustrialdesign
Anumberofindustrialdesignershavemadesuchasignificantimpactoncultureanddailylifethattheir
workisdocumentedbyhistoriansofsocialscience.AlvarAalto,renownedasanarchitect,alsodesigneda
significantnumberofhouseholditems,suchaschairs,stools,lamps,ateacart,andvases.RaymondLoewy
wasaprolificAmericandesignerwhoisresponsiblefortheRoyalDutchShellcorporatelogo,theoriginal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

5/8

07/09/2015

IndustrialdesignWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

BPlogo(inuseuntil2000),thePRRS1steamlocomotive,theStudebakerStarlight(includingthelater
iconicbulletnose),aswellasSchickelectricrazors,Electroluxrefrigerators,shortwaveradios,LeCreuset
Frenchovens,andacompletelineofmodernfurniture,amongmanyotheritems.
RichardA.Teague,whospentmostofhiscareerwiththeAmericanMotorCompany,originatedthe
conceptofusinginterchangeablebodypanelssoastocreateawide
arrayofdifferentvehiclesusingthesamestampings.Hewas
responsibleforsuchuniqueautomotivedesignsasthePacer,
Gremlin,Matadorcoupe,JeepCherokee,andthecompleteinterior
oftheEaglePremier.
ViktorSchreckengostdesignedbicyclesmanufacturedbyMurray
bicyclesforMurrayandSears,RoebuckandCompany.With
engineerRaySpiller,hedesignedthefirsttruckwithacabover
engineconfiguration,adesigninusetothisday.Schreckengostalso
foundedTheClevelandInstituteofArt'sschoolofindustrialdesign.

LurelleGuild.VacuumCleaner,ca.
1937.BrooklynMuseum

OskarBarnackwasaGermanopticalengineer,precisionmechanic,
industrialdesigner,andthefatherof35mmphotography.He
developedtheLeica,whichbecamethehallmarkforphotography
for50years,andremainsahighwatermarkformechanicaland
opticaldesign.
CharlesandRayEamesweremostfamousfortheirpioneering
furnituredesigns,suchastheEamesLoungeChairWoodand
EamesLoungeChair.OtherinfluentialdesignersincludedHenry
Dreyfuss,EliotNoyes,andRusselWright.
DieterRamsisaGermanindustrialdesignercloselyassociatedwith
theconsumerproductscompanyBraunandtheFunctionalistschool
ofindustrialdesign.

ChairbyCharlesEames

ManyofApple'srecenticonicproductsweredesignedbySir
JonathanIve.

Seealso
Automotivedesign
ChiefExperienceOfficer(CXO)
Communicationdesign
Core77
Creativeengineering
Designer
EmotionalDesignbyDonaldNorman
Engineeringdesignprocess
Environmentaldesign
Experiencedesign
Formfollowsfunction
Haguesystem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

6/8

07/09/2015

IndustrialdesignWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

HardwareInterfaceDesign
IndustrialDesignersSocietyofAmerica
Interactiondesign
Productdesign
Productdevelopment
Rapidprototyping
Sensorydesign
Sustainabledesign
Transgenerationaldesign
TUDelftFacultyofIndustrialDesignEngineering
WikID

Notes
A. ^SeeDyson'sautobiographyAgainstTheOdds,PubThomson
2002[22]

RusselWright.CoffeeUrn,ca.1935
BrooklynMuseum

References
Citations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

"WE300seriesTypes"(http://www.paulf.com/we300typ.htm).Paulf.com.20120811.Retrieved20120920.
Heskett1980,pp.1011.
Kirkham1999.
Heskett1980,p.10.
Noblet1993,pp.2122.
Noblet1993,p.21.
deNoblet,J.,IndustrialDesign,Paris:A.F.A.A.(1993)
Heskett1980,p.11.
Baynes1991,p.108.
Heskett1980,pp.1112.
Heskett1980,p.12.
Heskett1980,pp.1213.
Benton2000,p.380.
"ChristopherDresser"(http://design.designmuseum.org/design/christopherdresser).DesignMuseum.Retrieved
9April2015.
"Thepracticaldraughtsman'sbookofindustrialdesign:formingacompletecourseofmechanical,engineering,
andarchitecturaldrawingbyArmengaud,an(JacquesEugne),18101891"
(https://archive.org/details/practicaldraught00arme).InternetArchive.Retrieved14April2015.
"Newsbriefs:LeppershowrunsatWarhol."(http://www.cmu.edu/magazine/02winter/newsbriefs.html)Carnegie
MellonMagazine.Winter2002.RetrievedJanuary17,2014.
Pulos,ArthurJ.,TheAmericanDesignAdventure19401975,Cambridge,Mass:MITPress(1988),p.249
(ISBN9780262161060)
http://www.abet.org/accreditation/
http://nasad.artsaccredit.org/index.jsp?page=About+NASAD
Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20100124105248/http://www.idsa.org/absolutenm/templates/?a=89)
January24,2010attheWaybackMachine
"TheDifferenceBetweenIndustrialDesignAndDesignEngineering"
(http://design.designmuseum.org/design/christopherdresser).MCADCCafe.Retrieved9April2015.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

7/8

07/09/2015

IndustrialdesignWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

22. Dyson,James(1997).Againsttheodds:Anautobiography.London:OrionBusiness.ISBN9780752809816.
OCLC38066046(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38066046).

Sources
Barnwell,Maurice.Design,CreativityandCulture,BlackDog,2011,ISBN9781907317408
Barnwell,Maurice.DesignEvolution:BigBangtoBigData,Toronto,2014.ISBN978099373960
6
Benton,Charlotte(2000)."DesignandIndustry".InKemp,Martin.TheOxfordHistoryofWestern
Art.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.pp.380383.ISBN0198600127.
Coelho,DenisA.(editor),IndustrialDesignNewFrontiers
(http://www.intechopen.com/books/industrialdesignnewfrontiers),InTechOpenAccessPublisher,
2011.ISBN9789533076225.
Forty,Adrian.ObjectsofDesire:DesignandSocietySince1750.ThamesHudson,May1992.ISBN
9780500274125
Heskett,John(1980).IndustrialDesign.WorldofArt.London:Thames&Hudson.
ISBN0500201811.
Kirkham,Pat(1999)."Industrialdesign".GroveArtOnline.OxfordUniversityPress.
Mayall,WH,IndustrialDesignforEngineers,London:IliffeBooks,1967,ISBN9780592042053
Mayall,WH,MachinesandPerceptioninIndustrialDesign,London:StudioVista,1968,ISBN978
0289279168
Meikle,Jeffrey.TwentiethCenturyLimited:IndustrialDesignengineeringinAmerica,19251939,
Philadelphia:TempleUniversityPress,1979ISBN9780877222460
Noblet,Jocelynde(1993)."DesigninProgress".InNoblet,Jocelynde.Industrialdesign:reflection
ofacentury.Paris:Flammarion/APCI.pp.2125.ISBN2080135392.
Pirovano,Carlo,ed.(1991)."FormsofRepresentation".HistoryofIndustrialDesign1.Milan:
Electa.pp.108127.OCLC32885051(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32885051).

Externallinks
Doodles,DraftsandDesigns:IndustrialDrawingsfromthe
Smithsonian(http://www.sil.si.edu/exhibitions/doodles/)
(2004)SmithsonianInstitutionLibraries

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoProduct
Design.
Wikiquotehasquotations
relatedto:Industrialdesign

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Industrial_design&oldid=678013535"
Categories: Industrialdesign Productmanagement Designhistory DesignforX
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon26August2015,at22:37.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

8/8

You might also like