Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Part I Disclaimer
Part II General
1 Installing
...................................................................................................................................
the Program
3
2 Defining...................................................................................................................................
the Demo models
4
3 Defining...................................................................................................................................
new models
5
4 Hints ................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Plane frame
...................................................................................................................................
-1
7
2 Plane ...................................................................................................................................
frame - 2
13
3 Plane ...................................................................................................................................
grid - mesh
19
4 Plane ...................................................................................................................................
grid - slab foundation
23
5 Plane ...................................................................................................................................
grid - refined mesh
26
6 Space...................................................................................................................................
frame - 1
30
7 Space...................................................................................................................................
frame - 2
35
8 Space...................................................................................................................................
frame - walls
41
9 Space...................................................................................................................................
frame - dome shell
52
10 Submodel
................................................................................................................................... 58
11 Chess...................................................................................................................................
Loads
62
12 Moving
...................................................................................................................................
loads
64
13 Results
...................................................................................................................................
- elements
69
14 Results
...................................................................................................................................
- combinations
71
15 Steel -...................................................................................................................................
hot rolled
74
16 Steel -...................................................................................................................................
light gauge
78
17 Steel -...................................................................................................................................
composite beam
83
18 Concrete
...................................................................................................................................
- beams & columns
89
19 Concrete
...................................................................................................................................
- slab detailing
93
20 Dynamic
...................................................................................................................................
analysis - Wall elements
101
21 Bridge
...................................................................................................................................
design - loads
104
22 Bridge
...................................................................................................................................
design - results
106
23 POSTTEN
...................................................................................................................................
- beams
111
24 POSTTEN
...................................................................................................................................
- slabs
117
Index
124
Disclaimer
The STRAP programs have been written by a team of highly qualified engineers and programmers and
have been extensively tested. Nevertheless, the authors of the software do not assume responsibility for
the validity of the results obtained from the programs or for the accuracy of this documentation.
General
The DEMO includes:
detailed instructions for defining the geometry and loads, viewing the results, designing steel &
concrete elements and creating engineering drawings for the DEMO models.
the files for several of the Demo models.
these DEMO models may be revised but revisions to the geometry and loading will not be saved.
If you have installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version":
This DEMO version is a limited version of the STRAP analysis and design program. New models with
up to 12 nodes may be defined, solved and saved. For instructions, refer to Define a new model 5 .
One of the DEMO models is titled Demo - Empty model and it contains no existing geometry. It
may be used to define any model up to the program capacity (unlimited - with submodels), but the
geometry cannot be saved.
2.1
The program should be installed in a separate folder (the installation program creates a new folder if
necessary). To change the program folder, click Browse .
Click Install to begin the installation.
2.2
the DEMO models are found in the folder \STRAP1\DEMO. If this folder is not the one displayed,
click
in the toolbar and select it.
to select an existing model move the to the model name in the list and click the mouse to highlight
the line.
follow the detailed instructions in each of the Demo examples.
2.3
Then select one of the following methods for defining the new model:
Select a model from the STRAP library of standard structures. Define the geometry, loads
and load combinations. The model created by the wizard may be revised later using any of
the STRAP geometry and load options.
Create the orthogonal grid lines as the basis for the new model. Nodes and elements are not
defined in this option.
The program displays a blank screen. Define the geometry and loads from scratch using any
of the STRAP geometry and loading definition options.
Note:
if you have installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version" only models with up to 12 nodes may be
defined, saved and solved.
2.4
Hints
Help
STRAP provides the user with extensive on-line Help that may be displayed at any time. There are two
ways to display Help while running the program:
press the
key: Help for the current option will be displayed.
click the Help option in the menu bar at the top of the screen and select Contents in the pull-down
menu: The Table of Contents of the Help for the entire program is then displayed on the left side of
the Help window; select any topic in the list.
Toolbar
Note the row of small icons below the menu bar at the top of the screen. Clicking an icon provides
access to many of the program options. Place the on an icon to display a hint explaining its function.
Undo
If you made a mistake, simply click
definition step.
Zoom
Click
Try the Number of Windows option. This option creates a split screen showing different views of the
model. Each view can be rotated to a different angle, have a different zoom and display different
information. Any of the windows may be the active one; move the
into a window and double click
the mouse. When you define part of the geometry in the active window all of the other windows are
updated simultaneously.
Display
Click the Display option in the menu bar at the top of the screen to display various information about
the model - node, beam and property group numbers, support location and type, spring location, etc.
Verify node coordinates by selecting Define/revise dimension lines; the program displays the
distances between nodes that you select. The lines may be vertical, horizontal or parallel to any pair of
nodes.
Print graphics
Select the Output option on the menu bar and click on Print drawing. The current display is printed to
the scale and with the title that you define.
File management
The program provides complete file management capabilities (backup, restore, delete, etc.); select the
Files option in the menu bar in the programs initial screen .
in the toolbar.
Refer to
Try the Models wizard option - you only have to type in a few parameters to create standard structural
models. Note that the models available in the preprocessor are dependant on the Model type specified click the Wizard button and the program displays the models that may be defined.
Remember that only models with 12 nodes or less can be saved in the Demo version.
Demo examples
3.1
Plane frame - 1
Define the following plane frame using a Model wizard.
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Arrange the menu as follows:
Model wizard:
Click
Click UB in the section type list and 406x140x39 in the section list.
Define dead, live and wind loads and load factors for combinations.
The model wizard creates standard load cases from the basic load data. For the plane frame wizard,
nine cases are created - Press
to display more details.
Note that loads defined by a wizard in the Demo version are not saved and cannot be displayed.
Loads for this frame are also defined in Demo 4.
Define dead and live load:
10
The program now creates the model according to the parameters and displays it on the screen with
the following Dialog Box at the bottom:
Press Esc (or right-click the mouse) to end the revision of dimensions.
OK
Click the
module.
button to leave the Model Wizard. The program now enters the regular geometry
Geometry
click
Click the
move the
move the
move the
into the Dialog box at the bottom of the screen and set Prop.= 3; click
.
adjacent to node 3 so that the node is highlighted with a ; click the mouse
adjacent to node 9 so that the node is highlighted with a ; click the mouse
11
Click the
move the
adjacent to node 3 so that the node is highlighted with a ; click the mouse
select node 8.
12
click the
icon.
icon.
3.2
13
Plane frame - 2
Define the following plane frame:
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Geometry
Nodes:
Define the nodes with two "Line - equal" commands:
click the
click the
14
Restraints:
select
select
select the two bottom nodes (1 and 7):
Beams:
Define all beams with a single command.
15
select
select
select Node 1 as the start of the grid baseline:
select Node 7 as the end of the base line and the top-right node (12) as the end of the height line.
The program draws a complete grid, including a beam between 1 and 7 ; to delete this beam select
select the beam to delete:
Properties:
select
16
Similarly define property group 2 (beams) with values A=0.2 and I3=0.02.
Property 1 was automatically assigned to all of the members when they were defined. To assign the
beams to property 2:
click Assign
select
select
select
select
17
18
select
combinations
Graphic results:
click the
icon
select the result type (moment, shear, etc) and the load case or combination; click
graphic results are superimposed on the geometry.
OK .
The
Tabular results:
click the
click the
icon
icon
select the result type (moment, shear, etc) and the load case or combination; click OK .
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
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3.3
19
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
set the default Units to meter and kN, the Display width range from -5 to 60 and the Display height
range from -5 to 40 (if necessary).
set the Model type to
click the
Grid
button
Geometry
Nodes:
Define the grid of support nodes:
click the
click the
20
The base line starts at coordinates (0,0); type 0 (the cursor automatically enters the X1= box) and
press [Enter]. The cursor moves to the X2= box; type 0 and press [Enter]. Press [Enter] or click the
button.
(Alternatively - move the
X2=0.; click the mouse.)
on the screen so that the coordinates in the Dialog box are X1=0. and
The base line ends at coordinates (50,0); type 50 and press [Enter]. The cursor moves to the X2=
box; type 0 and press [Enter]. Press [Enter] three times or click the
button.
(Alternatively - move the on the screen so that the coordinate in the Dialog box at the bottom of the
screen are X1=50 and X2=0.; click the mouse)
Specify 5 segments and click OK .
Define the nodes on the grid height line as Equally spaced and click OK .
The height line ends at coordinates (50,32.5); type 50 and press [Enter]. The cursor moves to the
X2= box; type 32.5 and press [Enter]. Press [Enter] three times or click the
button.
(Alternatively - move the on the screen so that the coordinates in the Dialog box at the bottom of the
screen are X1=50 and X2=32.5 (or dX1=0 and dX2=32.5); click the mouse.)
Specify 5 segments and click the OK button; the program creates a grid of nodes and displays
them on the screen.
Note that nodes that are not attached to beams or elements are ignored by the program.
Supports:
Click the
Click the
icon.
icon in the Restraints option menu at the side of the screen.
Elements:
Define the mesh of elements:
click the
click the
icon
icon
21
move the adjacent to node B1 so that the node is highlighted with a ; click the mouse. Similarly
select nodes B2, B3, B4 and B1 (again) to close the contour of the opening.
Select
The program superimposes the preliminary mesh (6.0 x 4.0) on the area defined by the contour.
22
icon.
double-click the 1 - Undefined line (all elements were assigned to Property Group no.1 by default)
Set the Thickness = 25 (cm.)
click the OK button
Click the End
You have now completed the definition of the geometry. To select another Demo model click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the pull-down menu).
3.4
23
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to
Click the
Grid
icon
Model wizard:
Click the Grid with elements button
Specify the parameters:
24
click OK
Restraints:
select
select
X2 rotation , click Select by window and create a window that encloses nodes 6, 12, 18,
select
specify
X1 rotation and
Beams:
select
select
Define beams 26-30 as a line:
select Split at interm. node
Select node 1 as the start node of the line and node 6 as the end node of the line.
, select
25
26
3.5
Grid
select
select Grid with elements
create the 8x8 grid shown below with 1 x 1 elements with any thickness:
click OK
twice to continue
select
select
27
Define the contour by selecting nodes A, B, C,D and A again to close the contour.
The program superimposes the preliminary mesh (0.5 x 0.5) on the area defined by the contour:
28
click OK
select
Define the contour by selecting nodes E, F, G, H and E again to close the contour.
Select End contour definition
Arrange the mesh parameters menu as follows:
The program superimposes the preliminary mesh (0.25 x 0.25) on the area defined by the contour:
the program generates the new elements as shown in the Figure at the start of the example.
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
29
30
3.6
Space frame - 1
In Demo 3 we define a space structure:
In this Demo you will learn how to use STRAPs more advanced features to quickly and easily define
this complex space frame.
Note: You are advised to run this DEMO after trying Plane frame - 1
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to
Click the
Space frame
icon
Models wizard:
Click the Frame truss button
Specify the parameters:
31
click Skip all twice as we will not define section properties and loads in the Wizard.
The program displays the model, click OK to continue
Geometry
Copy the frame truss:
click
in the toolbar to display the node numbers (it will be very convenient to switch the node
numbers on/off many times during the course of building this model; these instructions will not
mention it every time)
Click the
Click the
to continue
32
button once
Click the
icon.
icon
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34
We select Add + rotate because the horizontal axis of the truss is X2 in the submodel but it is parallel
to X3 in the Main model.
Select reference nodes: move the adjacent to node 22 (at lower right end) so that the node is
highlighted with a ; click the mouse
Select nodes 1 and 6
Define the new location of the reference nodes in the Main model:
Select nodes 318 (the ridge of the bottom chord of the first frame), 18 (the ridge of the bottom chord
of the last frame) and 32 (the ridge of the top chord of the last frame) or type the node numbers in
the Dialog box at the bottom of the screen.
Select node 316 as the second instance of the first reference node.
The program creates the four transverse trusses on the left, including the ridge.
Copy the transverse trusses to the right side:
Complete the definition of the secondary trusses by creating a mirror image of the entire model ! Note
that although we select the entire model, the program copies only the transverse trusses because it
automatically eliminates double members that are generated.
Click the
icon.
3.7
35
Space frame - 2
Define the following steel and concrete spaces frame. This model uses the following options:
cylindrical coordinate system
rotated local axes
end releases
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Nodes:
36
click the
select
Define a cylindrical coordinate system:
select
H = 0.0 and click the mouse (or press [F6] and type
H = 0.0 and click the mouse.
37
Equally spaced
Move the crosshair to R = 3.5, Ang. = 300, H = 4.0 and click the mouse.
Specify 2 segments.
Nodes 7 to 18 are created (rotate the model to view all of the nodes).
select
Move the crosshair to R = 0.0, Ang. = 0, H = 6.0 and click the mouse (or press [F6] and type in the
values).
Node 19 is created.
click
click
Restraints:
select
select
specify Select by window
Create a window enclosing nodes 1 to 6 (even though nodes 2 and 3 are hidden they will be included
in the window). A pinned restraint is assigned to the selected nodes.
Beams:
select
Define the columns:
select
Define beams 1-2 as a line:
select Split at interm. node
Select node 1 as the start node of the line and node 13 as the end node of the line; beams 1 and 2
are created.
In a similar manner, define beams 3-4 (between nodes 2-14), 5-6 (between nodes 3-15), 7-8
(between nodes 4-16), 9-10 (between nodes 5-17), 11-12 (between nodes 6-18).
Define the horizontal rings:
select
Define beams 13-17 as an arc:
select Split at interm. node and Arc of beams
Select node 7 as the start node of the arc, node 12 as the end node and any of nodes 8-12 as the
third node; beams 13-17 are created.
select
Define beam 18 between nodes 12 and 7.
In a similar manner, define the upper ring with beams 19-24.
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Move the crosshair until the rectangular blip highlights node 19; click the mouse.
39
select
Click IPE in the section type list and 240 in the section list.
Similarly, define Property group 2 as IPE 180 and Property group 3 as a 30x60 rectangular concrete
section.
Select property group 2 IPE 180 from the list .
click Assign
Select ring beams 13-18.
Similarly assign property group 2 to the vertical columns.
Define Releases:
select
40
3.8
41
Note:
this example explains how to define the geometry; for dynamic analysis and interpretation of the
results, refer to Dynamic analysis - walls 101 .
the model is used for dynamic analysis only:
the slabs thickness = 200 mm; rigid links provide in-plane rigidity.
columns are not defined because their contribution to the lateral stiffness is negligible.
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to
click the
Space frame
button
Geometry
Nodes:
Define the wall reference nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 at ground level (X3=0.0):
click the
click the
icon
icon
Node 1: Move the crosshair to X1 = 0.0, X2 = 8.0, X3 = 0.0 and click the mouse or press [F6] and
type in the values:
Node 2: Move the crosshair to X1 = 24.0, X2 = 20.0, X3 = 0.0 and click the mouse.
42
Node 3: Move the crosshair to X1 = 24.0, X2 = 0.0, X3 = 0.0 and click the mouse.
Node 4: Move the crosshair to X1 = 9.15, X2 = 13.85, X3 = 0.0 and click the mouse.
Click
Supports:
Click the
Click the
icon.
icon.
icon
icon
Walls:
Click the
Click the
icon
icon in the menu at the side of the screen
Define the properties and dimensions of Wall 1; the wall consists of one segment only and we will
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the second segment is offset DX=0, DY=3000 from the end of the first segment. The cursor is
already in the DY= box; type 3000 and press [Enter]; the second segment is added to the display:
Note the reference point at the first corner denoted by
the . This is the point where the wall section will be
attached to nodes in the structural model. Referring to
the floor plan at the beginning of this example, it is
apparent that Walls 2a/2b will be attached at the corner
joining the two segments in the section.
To move the reference point, click Reference corner ;
move the to the new location so that it is highlighted
with the ; click the mouse. The will now appear at the
correct location.
Click Close
Define Wall section no. 3:
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Click the
Segment 4:
Specify Wall and DX = 2000
Segment 5:
Specify Coupling beam and DX = 1000
Segment 6:
Specify Wall and DX = 1000
45
Segment 7:
Specify Wall and DY = 2000
Segment 8:
This segment ends at the start of segment 1
move the
to the start of Segment 1 so that it is highlighted with the ; click the mouse.
Segment 9:
This segment starts at the mid-point of segment 4 and ends at the mid-point of segment 8
46
Move the adjacent to segment 8 so that it is highlighted with the ; click the mouse. Specify the
location of the end point of segment 9 at the mid-point of section 8, as explained above for the start
point.
Section 3 is now complete; Click Close.
Now we will attach the three wall sections to the model:
click the node number icon
in the toolbar to add the
node numbers to the display:
click
select the wall section:
47
icon
icon
icon
Type in the coordinates X1 = 0.0, X2 = 0.0, X3 = 3.0 in the dialog box at the bottom of the screen
Type in the coordinates X1 = 0.0, X2 = 20.0, X3 = 3.0 in the dialog box
48
Click
Define the element mesh:
click the
click the
icon
icon
Select the four corner nodes and end the selection by clicking the first corner again.
Select the four corner nodes of Wall Section no. 3 and end the selection by clicking the first corner
again.
and click OK
click
select Property group 1:
click Assign
select the entire mesh:
49
50
Click the
to continue
Rigid links:
Define Rigid links in the slab plane:
Rotate the model so that it is displayed on the X1-X3 plane; select
X1-X3 plane and click
Click the
Click the
End .
51
Select the nodes in the entire model, except the support nodes at X3=0.0 (use Select by window ).
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
refer to Dynamic analysis - walls 101 for the dynamic analysis of this model.
52
3.9
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to
Click the
Space frame
icon
Option 1 : Equations
click the
click the
Refer to the program Help for a detailed explanation of the sphere parameters U,V and R.
53
Two sets of nodes are generated along line 1-10 and 36 nodes are generated at the top of the dome.
To delete the superfluous nodes, select
and
Option 2 : Copy
This method makes extensive use of the Copy option using a cylindrical coordinate system..
To create the dome, define the wedge 1-10-12 (shaded in the Figure) and then copy it 35 times using
the Copy rotate option.
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click OK
to rotate the model so that the X2 height axis is perpendicular to the screen.
select
press [F6] and type in the cylindrical coordinates:
define the line start
R = 5.0
(node 1) at:
define the line end (node R = 5.0
10) at:
set the number of segment = 9 (10
H = 0.0
55
select
define node 11 at: R = 0.0 Ang =0.0 H = 0.0, i.e. at the system origin. This node is required for
the following Copy + rotate command.
click
Generate the arc 1-12 by copying and rotating arc 1-10.
select
select
define a cylindrical system as explained above, but with
click OK
to rotate the model so that the X3 height axis is perpendicular to the screen.
select
define node 12 at: R = 5.0 Ang =10.0
H = 0.0
click
to facilitate node selection, click Rotate in the menu bar and rotate the model to: X = -10 , Y = -10 , Z
= 0.click
select
select
56
Select 3 nodes
select the nodes and specify their new location using at an existing node :
node 10 to node 12
node 1 to node 1
node 11 to node 11
specify the copy parameters:
select
Select 3 nodes
select the nodes and specify their new location using at an existing node :
node 10 to node 12
node 2 to node 13
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node 1 to node 1
specify the copy parameters:
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
57
58
3.10
Submodel
Define the following multi-story building using the submodel option.
the vertical elements - columns and walls - comprise
the "Main model" part of the structure.
the beams and slabs are defined as a submodel; six
"instances" of this submodel are attached to the Main
model.
Main Menu
Highlight Demo Submodel in the model list.
Click
click the
screen).
icon in the toolbar to rotate the model to the X2-X3 plane (floor slab perpendicular to the
select
click New submodel
59
click Select by window and create a box around the floor line (do not include the bottom nodes of the
columns and walls).
Define the "Connections points" where the submodel is connected to the Main model. The program
already identified the nodes where the slab is connected to the columns and walls and created fixed
connection points, but we will change them to pinned.
select
select
Copy the vertical elements five times to create the upper floors
display the main model
select
select
click Select all nodes ; the program will copy only the vertical elements because only those are
displayed in "Main model".
select one of the base nodes as the reference point and the top of its column as the new reference
point location:
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61
Note that the floor slab is connected to the wall only at the "connection points" and not at all of the noes
along the segments. This can be rectified by defining rigid links connecting these nodes to the
connection points:
select
select
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
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3.11
Chess Loads
In this Demo we will create the following load cases for the frame defined in Plane frame - 1
This Demo demonstrates STRAPs unique Chess load option that automatically generates the critical
loading cases from basic Dead load and Live load cases (a & b in the drawings).
The program by itself identifies the continuous beams and applies the dead load and live load to the
appropriate spans and with the correct load factors. The program is smart enough to identify
intermediate nodes if defined and ignore them when applying the load.
define the dead loads shown in Figure (a) in load case 1
define all live loads shown in Figure (b) in load case 2
use the program Chess loads option to automatically create load cases (c), (d) and (e).
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Chess loads in the model list
Click the
tab.
Loads
Load case 1 - dead loads:
Click the
icon.
enter the load case tile; type Dead loads and click the OK button
click
Click
Click the
Specify
63
Select only beams parallel to a beam and click the Select all beams button
Select the parallel beam (the load will be applied only to beams parallel to this one); move the
adjacent to any horizontal beam so that the beam is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Type in the uniform load =-21 (check that Direction: FX2) and click OK to continue.
The program creates the loads and draws them on the screen. Click the
icon.
icon.
enter the load case tile; type Live loads and click the OK button
proceed as described for Load case 1, except enter a uniform load = -13
to define the point loads, click
Click the
icon.
to
Chess loads:
Click the
The program correctly assumes that load case 1 contains all of the dead loads and that load case 2
contains all of the live loads. Correct the maximum/minimum load factors if necessary; click OK to
continue.
The program displays the series of generated load cases; click
case.
icon in the main menu and select the load case to be displayed, or
select Output in the top menu bar, then Display load commands and select the load case to be
displayed.
You have now completed the definition of the loads. To select another Demo model click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the pull-down menu).
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3.12
Moving loads
Use the Moving Load option to generate a series of load cases where the live load in each case is offset
by a constant increment relative to the previous case.
Note that the Moving Load option applies only to loads defined as Global Loads.
The Figure below shows an arbitrary element grid for which three load cases must be defined. In all
three cases the loads are identical, but the live load in each case is offset 2.0 m from the live loads in
the previous case.
Two types of Global Loads are defined:
a pressure on a rectangular area defined by the user.
a pressure on a rectangular area retrieved from the "Pattern' file.
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
Set the Model Type to
Grid
Click the
65
icon
Models wizard:
Click the Grid with elements button
Define a 3m x 7m (minimum) plane grid of elements
Option 1
Loads:
click the
tab
select
enter the load case title
select
select
define the load parameters:
select:
66
select
select the load case just defined
define the moving load parameters:
click End
Note that all three load cases contain the dead loads.
Option 2
Define the dead loads in load case 1.
Define the global loads in load case 2.
Generate the moving loads as load cases 3 and 4, as outlined above.
Solve the model.
select
select
select Add/revise a group
click on the first -UNDEFINED- line and enter the group name
67
68
3.13
69
Results - elements
For the plane grid defined in Plane grid - mesh 19 , display graphic results for finite elements.
The graphic results for elements can be displayed in any one of three ways:
Results at element centres
display the model geometry with the numerical value of the result written at the centre of each element.
Contour map
display the model geometry with a contour map of the results superimposed. Each line of the contour
map gives the location of a specified value of the result.
Results along a line
display the results plotted along a section through the model.
For example:
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Results - elements in the model list
click
Results
Results at element centres:
click the
Specify:
click the OK button; the program displays the results as shown in Figure (a).
Click
in the toolbar to zoom in on any part of the model (Figure (a) shows the lower-left corner).
Contour map:
2015 ATIR Engineering Software Ltd.
70
Click the
icon.
Specify:
and
click the OK button; the program displays the results as shown in Figure (b).
Results along a line:
Define the horizontal section line shown in Figure (c).
Click the
icon.
Specify:
3.14
71
Results - combinations
Display beam results for the plane frame defined in Plane frame - 1
The example will demonstrate the use of the Combinations options to create a series of combinations
1.2D+1.2W+1.2L (BS8110), each combining the wind load case with one of the staggered load cases.
Please note the following:
In STRAP you do not have to define the combinations along with the basic loading cases. You can
define them after the solution and revise them without solving the model again.
STRAP also has an option to define a group of load cases. If a group is added to a combination
definition, the program will either:
automatically generate a different combination for each load in the group.
add the sum of the load cases in the group to the combination.
Using this feature when applicable can reduce the work required to create large numbers of loading
combinations.
Main Menu
Define the group:
highlight Demo - Results - combinations in the model list
click
Results
Combinations:
click
click
button
Click the first -UNDEFINED- group in the list, type in a group name and click the OK button
click the Generate a combination for each load in the group button
click the End
button
72
in the following menu: move the to column "9:wind" for combination no.1 (first row), click the
mouse and type 1.2. Press [Enter]; the crosshair moves into the adjacent column "group 1"; type
1.2.
click anywhere else in the menu; the program creates the title "9*1.2+g1 *1.2" in the title column.
click the OK button. The program generates n load combinations, where n = the number of
staggered load cases defined.
Tabular results:
click the
icon
click the
Specify:
icon
Sort results by elements/nodes
Beam results: End and max. in span
click the OK button; the program displays a table showing the moment, shear and axial force at
both beam ends as well as the maximum span result.
Click Exit in the menu bar of the table window to return to the main menu
Graphic results:
click the
icon
Specify:
and
click the OK button; the program superimposes the result diagram on the model geometry.
Graphic results - Single beam:
Display all envelope results for the beams on the first floor:
click the
73
icon
move the adjacent to beam 5 (start of line) so that it is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Similarly select beam 8 (end of line); the program draws envelope diagrams for all result types for the
selected line of beam.
To select another Demo model click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the pull-down menu).
74
3.15
Identical beams:
Column 11-12-13 specified as an identical group
Column 15-16-17-specified as an identical group
18
Column 19-20-22 specified as an identical group
Bracing 23 and 24specified as an identical group
Intermediate supports:
Members 4,7,8:
"Continuous" support for +z major axis bending, major and minor axis buckling.
The support is provided by the floor slab.
Combined beams:
Members 11,12: Beam 3 provides buckling support only for the major axis of this column, i.e. members
11 and 12 act as a single unit for minor axis buckling. Define major axis buckling and -z
bending supports at the common node.
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Steel - hot rolled in the model list
click
Steel Design
select the
British section table and click OK (the first time that the postprocessor is run on the
75
model).
Note the default parameters listed at the bottom of the screen.
members in the model.
To change the default parameters, click the
icon.
icon.
Section types:
The program can select the lightest section from a list (type or group) or check a specified section.
Click the
Specify
Set
Select only beams parallel to a beam, click
member.
Click the
icon.
76
Click the
button.
Combined beams:
Combine members 11 and 12 to form a single design unit and specify the major axis support provided
by beam 3.
Click the
Select beams 11 and 12: click on beam 11, click on beam 12 and then click on beam 12 again to
end the selection.
Compute:
click the
icon and click the OK button; the program now selects the lightest section
according to the user defined parameters. All load combination are checked for axial, bending,
shear, LTB and combined stress capacity and for slenderness and deflection limitations.
The program displays a table showing for each member the section selected, the critical combination,
the slenderness, deflection and the capacity ratios (actual/capacity) for each of the design checks.
click Exit in the menu bar.
Graphic results:
click Results in the menu bar.
click Display selected sections in the menu bar. The program superimposes the names of the
selected sections on the model geometry.
77
Display % of capacity
click the Result type box and select Axial force+moment from the list displayed (or any other
type).
click the OK button; the program superimposes the capacity percentage on the model geometry.
Note the colour coding of the members and the text.
To select another Demo model click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the pull-down menu).
78
3.16
The program designs cold formed sections according to one of the following codes:
AISI Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members:
2001 Edition of the AISI Standard North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members and Supplement 2004 to the 2001 Edition.
CSA S136-1994
Eurocode 3- Part 1.3 - 1996
BS5950 - Part 5 - 1998 - "Code of practice for design of cold-formed thin gauge sections"
Note:
the user may use the standard section tables included in the program or define his own sections.
structures with both cold-formed and hot-rolled sections may be designed by the program.
The following design data is defined in the demo:
Sections:
truss members : limit sections to C+Lips
columns
: limit sections to CDEE
Identical beams:
members 23-24 specified as an identical group.
members 7-8-9-10-11-12-21-22 specified as an identical group.
members 1-2-3-4-5-6 specified as identical group.
Intermediate supports:
Members 7-8-9-10-11-12:support for +Z major axis bending ,
minor axis buckling.
Members 23-24:
support for +Z major axis bending.
minor axis buckling.
Combined beams:
Members 1-2-3; 4-5-6:
Main Menu
Create cold formed sections:
Select Utilities in the menu bar.
79
Steel Table
Select File in the menu at the top of the screen.
Select Edit cold form table file.
Select Edit in the menu bar at the top of the screen.
Select Add section type in the pull down menu.
Click the
button
Select Edit in the menu bar and Select Add section to current type.
Click OK
Main Menu
Highlight Demo - Light gauge in the model list.
Click
Steel design
Default parameters:
Note the current default parameters listed at the bottom of the screen. To change a parameter, click the
icon in the side menu.
specify the cold-formed design Code:
80
Click OK
Sections:
Click the
Specify
Specify
button
icon
Limit section to section type and select DCEE ; Click OK
Click the Individual beams button and select the two column members.
To display and check the last definition:
Click Draw in the menu bar at the top of the screen
Click Section Type/Group/Check in the pull-down menu
(To Delete the section type from the display use the same option again)
Identical:
Click the
Click the
icon
button
Click the
icon
button
81
82
Combined beams:
Combine members 1-2-3 and 4-5-6 to form a single design unit:
Click the
Click the OK button; the program now selects the lightest section according to the user defined
parameters and slenderness and deflection limitations.
The program displays a table showing for each member the section selected, the critical
combination, the slenderness, deflection and the capacity ratios (actual/capacity) for each of the
design checks.
Click Exit in the table menu bar.
Results:
Select Results in the menu bar
Select Display detailed results in the pull-down menu.
Move the
adjacent to column 23 so that the column is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Specify
button
The program displays the detailed results for the column. Scroll through them.
click Exit in the menu bar.
To select another Demo model click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the pull-down menu).
3.17
83
Parameters:
The beam and slab are unpropped during construction.
Bay width = 3.0 m
Effective flange width = 2(L/8) =2.25 m < 3.00 m
IPE steel grade = S355
Studs connectors: design shear resistance Prd x Kt = 50 kN
Concrete: C25/30; fck =25 N/mm2, Ecm = 31000 N/mm2, density = 25 kN/m3
Loads:
Construction stage:
Permanent slab self-weight = 2.58 kN/m2
:
deck self-weight = 0.08 kN/m2
beam self-weight - applied by program
Imposed: Construction load = 0.75 kN/m2
Composite stage:
Permanent slab/deck/beam self-weight
:
Partitions, ceiling, etc = 1.25 kN/m2
Imposed: 2.50 kN/m2 , comprised of :
- short-term = 1.75 kN/m2
- long- term = 0.75 kN/m2
Load factors:
Dead - G = 1.35
Imposed - Q = 1.50
Main Menu
Click new model
in the toolbar (or double-click Demo - Empty model in the model list if you have
installed the "STRAP 12 nodes version").
Preliminary Menu
select
Plane frame
select
select Continuous beam
select Continuous beam; specify 1 span with L = 9.0 m
84
Click the
Click IPE in the section type list and 400 in the section list.
Loads:
Define 5 load cases:
Construction stage:
1. load case
self-weight of beam (applied by program)
SW1:
Self-weight of deck and slab = (2.58+0.08)*3 = 7.98 kN/m
2. load case IL1: construction load = 0.75 * 3 = 2.25 kN/m
Composite stage:
3. load case
Self-weight of partitions, ceilings, etc = 1.25*3 = 3.75 kN/m
SW2:
4. load case IL2: long-term imposed load = 0.75 * 3 = 2.25 kN/m
5. load case IL3: short-term imposed load = 1.75 *3 = 5.25 kN/m
Define the loads in load case SW1:
Click the
icon.
select
select
click Select all beams
define the load:
select
select
click
Repeat for the remaining four load cases.
Click
Results:
Select
select
combinations
click
Steel postprocessor:
select the
85
86
click
General tab:
Select Loads in the top Menu bar and Load types for composite sections in the menu.
Loads on composite beam may be applied at two different stages:
to the non-composite steel beam
to the composite steel and topping beam, either as a short-term load or as a long term
load
Arrange the menu as follows, assigning each load case to a different stage:
click
87
88
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
3.18
89
Beams and columns are designed separately; each has its own default parameters.
beams and columns must be defined by the user
The continuous
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Concrete - beams & columns in the model list
click
in the tab bar at the top of the screen
Concrete design
Note:
Note the Height axis = X2 parameter. The program assumes by default that all members parallel to
this axis are columns and that all members perpendicular to this axis are beams.
beam default parameters are listed at the bottom of the screen. They automatically apply to all beams
in the model. Different parameters will be displayed if you select
in the bottom side
menu.
To change the default parameters, click
To define different parameters for a specific member, click
Beams:
select
Parameters:
click
and the
tab
icon
90
button.
button.
Compute:
Click the
icon
Specify
For all defined beams and click the OK button. The program calculates moment and
shear reinforcement for all of the beams and displays a summary table listing the results.
click Exit in the table menu bar
Results:
select Results in the menu bar at the top of the screen and select Display detailed results in the
pull-down menu (or click
in the toolbar)
move the
adjacent to any beam so that the beam is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Specify
button.
The program displays the detailed results for the beam. Scroll though them.
click Exit in the table menu bar
Columns:
Select
Default parameters:
Click the
icon
Specify
Click the
tab
button.
Define:
91
Define the continuous columns in the model. The program assumes that columns are parallel to the
Height axis and can create them automatically.
Click the
icon
button.
button.
Compute:
Click the
icon
Specify
For all defined columns and click the OK button. The program calculates
reinforcement for all of the columns and displays a summary table listing the results.
click Exit in the table menu bar
Results:
select Results in the menu bar at the top of the screen and select Display detailed results in the
pull-down menu (or click
in the toolbar).
move the
adjacent to any column so that the beam is highlighted with a ; click the mouse.
Specify
button.
The program displays the detailed results for the column. Scroll though them.
click Exit in the table menu bar
Column table:
Click the
icon
92
and -
click the OK
The table is displayed with diamond-shaped additional links. Lets revise the links to rectangular ones.
Click the
icon.
Click the
icon.
click Select all beams to revise all the columns in the model
click the End
icon
3.19
93
Loads:
Dead:
Live:
Combinations:
1.35*Dead + 1.50 * Live
1.00*Dead + 0.20 * Live
Main Menu
Highlight Demo - Concrete - slab detailing.
Click
Concrete design
Define the slab spaces:
The slab can be divided into several subspaces by 'dividing lines'. Each dividing line represents a
boundary for slab reinforcement:
different dividing lines may be defined for top and bottom reinforcement
different parameters may be defined for each space
reinforcement terminates at a dividing line (with optional overlap length)
dividing lines may be defined along element boundaries or at beam locations
Select
The slab is divided into two subspaces for top and bottom reinforcement by specifying the start and end
94
95
Specify the default type for the slab reinforcement. There are two main types:
Bars: the program details the diameter and spacing required in both directions in a series of
overlapping rectangles that cover the slab surface
Meshe prefabricated fabric; the program calculates the number of bars required in either direction.
s:
Click OK
The reinforcement is aligned by default parallel with the X1 and X2 axes. In the right space in our
model the bars should be placed parallel to the contour.
Click
96
Click OK
Select any two nodes parallel to the long
dimension of the space to define the direction
of the reinforcement and select any element
in the space using the Individual elements
option to identify the space.
Compute the required area:
Click
in the side menu; the
program displays a list of the required
reinforcement area.
Draw the reinforcement:
Click
Click New drawing and revise the drawing title in the drawing list.
Click Edit
Click
click on any element in the slab (this option allows you to select a particular level in larger models).
move the to the correct location on the drawing and click the mouse. The program draws the
reinforcement drawing (zoomed portion shown here for clarity):
the program shows that the cover is adequate (refer to the color code in the menu):
97
98
Bottom reinforcement
Bar schedule:
Click
move the to the correct location on the drawing and click the mouse. The program draws the bar
schedule (zoomed portion shown here for clarity):
You may now revise any of the parameters and check the drawing; note that you do not have to erase
the drawing and add it again - the program calculates new detailing according to the parameter change
and automatically updates the drawing.
For example, revise the top reinforcement (Drawing no.1) to Mesh reinforcement.
Click the
Click
icon.
in the side menu
99
click OK
Click
Click and highlight the second row in the table - Drawing no. 2 - and click Edit ; the drawing is now
displayed with meshes instead of regular reinforcement:
Finally, display a summary of the reinforcement and parameters for each space and the for the model:
click Data tables in the menu bar and Display data table in the menu
100
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
3.20
101
Main Menu
highlight Demo - Dynamic analysis - walls in the model list
click on
Weights
click the
icon
click the
icon
click the
icon
102
Click the
icon
Select Seismic analysis in the menu bar and Method for combining modes in the pulldown menu
Select
click the
icon.
The results for all wall segments are displayed on the screen.
Add the dynamic results to the static results file:
Click the
icon.
click the
icon.
103
104
3.21
General
Divide the bridge into lanes and then divide each lane into strips perpendicular to the axis of the lane.
Solve the model: the program automatically applies a unit load to each strip in a separate load case
(no. of load cases = no. of strips). The program uses the results of those cases to calculate worst
case effects by means of superposition.
Define lane loads: specify the vehicle loads and the distributed loads required by the codes on each
of the lanes.
Create load cases: tell the program how to arrange the various lane loads to create the design load
cases.
Transfer results to STRAP: append a load case to the STRAP results files that contains an envelope
of the maximum results for vehicle load.
Create combinations of the vehicle results and the self-weight and temperature loads.
Main Menu
Highlight Demo Bridge design - loads in the model list.
Click
Bridge
Lanes:
The bridge consists of 2 parallel lanes, each 9 feet wide. They are defined by specifying the center line
axis and width.
select
select
105
106
3.22
Bridge
Display influence lines:
Display influence lines for any STRAP beam ,element or node for any result type. For example, display
the influence line for M2 moment at the center of beam 111.
Select Results in the menu bar:
107
select
select
108
select
109
The program runs about one million comparisons for each beam in this model for computing the
envelope and takes a few minutes to complete the calculation.
Results:
Select
Combinations
The model also contains other load types e.g. self-weight and temperature (already defined). Let's
now define factored loading combinations of these loads with the vehicle loads envelope.
110
Select
Select
select
click the
icon
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
3.23
111
POSTTEN - beams
Design the following post-tensioned bridge:
where:
The structure is defined as a space model; note that the program calculates cable losses according to
the curvature in both directions
The bridge deck section is created in the STRAP section generator program (CROSEC). The
section is found in file DEMO13.SEC
Live loads are generated by the STRAP Bridge design module based on standard vehicle loads
arranged on two lanes.
The model files as installed include the complete geometry, regular static loads, bridge loads and
combinations:
Geometry:
Loads:
Three load cases are defined:
1 = Dead load
2 = Asphalt
3 = Temperature
Bridge:
112
Main Menu
Highlight Demo POSTTEN - beams.
Click
POSTTEN
Define the beam:
Click the
Parameters:
Define the default parameters for all beams in the model, including parameters for cables,
reinforcement, losses, time steps, etc. Note that different loss parameters may be assigned to
specific beams using the Design - losses option.
Click the
Click OK
113
to continue
Stages:
Create a "stage table" when all cables are not prestressed at the same time or all loads are not applied
at the same time. Each stage is defined by the number of days from the start of construction.
Click the
Click the
114
Click the
Design:
Define cables and their trajectory in the beam.
Click the
The program displays the Magnel diagram at three locations along the span; these diagrams show
the possible combinations of prestress force and cable eccentricity that generate acceptable stresses
throughout the beam at all stages. The diagrams below are based on an estimated loss since the
cables have not yet been defined and do not include the effect of secondary moments because the
model has not yet been solved for the added prestressing loads.
The program displays upper and lower boundaries of eccentricity in which the centre-of-gravity of the
cables must lie. Note that the boundaries are calculated based on the estimated losses.
115
Double-click cable 1
First define the five parabolic segments shown in the drawing:
Click the
Move the
Click the
Select two adjacent parabolas; the program connects them with a new segment and smooths the
curve.
Repeat until one single cable is formed.
click the
icon
Click
The program has still not added the effects of the prestressing to the model (secondary moments)or
calculated the exact losses:
Click the
icon in the side menu.
Solve the model for the cable force loads, including losses, at each of the stages; secondary moments
are calculated (new STRAP load cases are generated).
Click the
116
Double-click cable 1
Click the
icon in the side menu and use any of the options to move a segment.
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
3.24
POSTTEN - slabs
Design the following post-tensioned flat slab:
Load cases:
1. Dead load: 0.3 t/m2 + self-weight
2. Live load : 0.4 t/m2
Combinations:
Moment Reduction:
600x600 mm rectangles have been defined around all of the slab support columns
Main Menu
Highlight Demo POSTTEN - Slabs.
Click
POSTTEN
Select
117
118
Click the
click OK
119
to continue
Stages
Create a "stage table" when all cables are not prestressed at the same time or all loads are not applied
at the same time. Each stage is defined by the number of days from the start of construction.
2015 ATIR Engineering Software Ltd.
120
Click the
Click the
Design
Define cables and their trajectory in the beam.
Click the
The program displays the Magnel diagram at three locations along the span; these diagrams show
the possible combinations of prestress force and cable eccentricity that generate acceptable stresses
throughout the beam at all stages. The diagrams below are based on an estimated loss since the
cables have not yet been defined and do not include the effect of secondary moments because the
model has not yet been solved for the added prestressing loads.
121
The program displays upper and lower boundaries of eccentricity in which the centre-of-gravity of the
cables must lie. Note that the boundaries are calculated based on the estimated losses.
tab.
122
123
Select two adjacent lines; the program connects them with a new segment and smooths the curve.
Repeat until one single cable is formed.
Copy the cable to the other half of the slab:
Click the
Click the
select the first straight segment (at the left support) and the last parabolic segment (to the left of the
center support).
Specify the mid-point of the cable as the reference coordinate; click by coordinate at the bottom
of the screen and move the to the following coordinates (or type in the coordinates directly):
The program copies all of the segments to the right half of the beam.
You have now completed this Demo. To select another Demo model:
click
in the Tab bar (or File in the menu bar and STRAP model list in the menu).
124
Index
-RResults 69, 71
Results along a line
-BBridge analysis
104, 106
-CChess load 62
Combination groups 71
Composite beam 83
Concrete design 89
Contour map 69
Copy geometry
7, 30
69
-WWalls 41
Wizard 7, 30
-DDynamic
101
-EElement mesh
19
-MMesh 26
Moving loads
64
-NNode grid
19
-PPlane frame 7, 13
Plane grid 19, 23
Post-tensionning 111, 117