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INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Experiment 1 was about communication circuits and service


considerations. The first part of the experiment involved pads and
attenuators which are used for reducing the amount of voltage,
current and power provided to a load. We utilized the T and
types of pad which has 5dB and 10dB attenuation each. The T pad
has R3 and R8 as its components while pad has R7 and R4. To
analyze the resistive components and characteristic impedance of
the two pads, we made computations and measurements to
obtain their calculated and experimental values. The derived
formulas for R3, R8, R4 and R7 were used to get the calculated
values and the multimeter for the experimental values. The
calculated values were close to the experimental values.
The computed values for the loss were not far from the exact
loss of the pads which are 5dB and 10dB. We got high values for
the input impedance which are erroneous. The value for the input
impedance should be exact or near 600 ohms because the set
iterative impedance of the pads is 600 ohms.
We also observed the effect of varying the terminating
impedance to the input impedance for the T and pads. We
observed that the input impedance is directly proportional to the
terminating impedance. Input impedance increases as the
terminating impedance also increases. The obtained values were
plotted in the x-y graph. The line graphs should intersect at a
value of Z0. Unfortunately, only three graphs intersected. Some of
the values that we obtained were inaccurate.
The second part of the experiment was about the frequency
response of the low-pass and high-pass L type filter. Filters are
type of circuits that passes and rejects signals with selected
frequencies. A low-pass filter only allows frequencies below the
cut-off frequency and rejects frequencies above. The cut-off
frequency is obtained by using the formula, fc = 1/2RC. We
made an observation on the effect of increasing frequencies to
the output voltage of the L type passive filter. The output voltage
decreased from 480mv to 65mv when the frequency was
increased from 500Hz to 100K Hz. For a low-pass filter, output
voltage is inversely proportional to the applied frequency. The
output voltage approaches zero as the circuit is applied with very

high frequencies. The plotted graph shows the frequency


response of the low-pass filter circuit. The graph shows that the
output voltage continually decreases above the cut-off frequency.
A high-pass filter passes frequency signals above the cut-off
frequency and rejects those below. The formula for the cut-off
frequency is the same with the low-pass filter. The low-pass and
high-pass filters used have the same cut-off frequency since they
have the same RC component. We also made an observation on
the effect of increasing frequencies to the output voltage of the
high-pass filter. The output voltage increased from 32mv to
424mv when the frequency increased from 500Hz to 100K Hz. For
a high-pass filter, the output voltage is directly proportional to the
frequency. The output voltage does not approach zero even if the
applied frequency is increased to very high values. The plotted
graph shows that the output voltage still increases above the cutoff frequency.
The third part of the experiment was about lissajous figures
which are ordinary patterns generated on an oscilloscope that can
be used to measure the frequency and phase of two signals used.
The phase difference of two signals of the same frequency applied
on the vertical and horizontal amplifiers of the oscilloscope can be
determined by the resulting figure. In the experiment, an ellipse
was formed. The experimental value was obtained through the
phase function of the oscilloscope. On the other hand, the
computed value was obtained by the formula, sin = A/B. We
obtained close values for the experimental (50.49) and
computed (48.09) phase difference.
Lastly, lissajous figures can be used to determine the
frequency of an unknown signal relative to a known frequency.
After executing the procedures, a lissajous figure with one loop
resulted. The frequency of the unknown signal was obtained by
multiplying 1000Hz (reference frequency) by the number of loops.
The frequency is 1000Hz which is equal to the frequency
measured by the oscilloscope.

CONCLUSION

Pads and attenuators provide losses and reduce the


magnitude of voltage, current and power supplied to a load.
The input impedance is directly proportional with the
terminating impedance.
For symmetrical pads like the T-pad and -pad, the input
impedance is equal or near the value of the iterative
impedance.
Cut-off frequency is an important factor in determining the
stopband and passband of low-pass and high-pass filters.
Theoretically, the cut-off frequency is the point relative to
the 0.707Vo.
Low-pass filters allow frequency signals below the cut-off
frequency and reject those that are above.
For a low-pass filter circuit, the output voltage is inversely
proportional with the applied frequency. The output voltage
decreases as the frequency increases.
High-pass filters allow frequency signals above the cut-off
frequency and reject those that are below.
For a high-pass filter circuit, the output voltage is directly
proportional with the applied frequency. The output voltage
increases as the frequency increases.
Lissajous figures can be used to determine the phase
difference of two signals of the same frequency.

Lissajous figures can also be used to determine the


frequency of an unknown signal relative to a reference
frequency.

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