Experiment 1 was about communication circuits and service
considerations. The first part of the experiment involved pads and attenuators which are used for reducing the amount of voltage, current and power provided to a load. We utilized the T and types of pad which has 5dB and 10dB attenuation each. The T pad has R3 and R8 as its components while pad has R7 and R4. To analyze the resistive components and characteristic impedance of the two pads, we made computations and measurements to obtain their calculated and experimental values. The derived formulas for R3, R8, R4 and R7 were used to get the calculated values and the multimeter for the experimental values. The calculated values were close to the experimental values. The computed values for the loss were not far from the exact loss of the pads which are 5dB and 10dB. We got high values for the input impedance which are erroneous. The value for the input impedance should be exact or near 600 ohms because the set iterative impedance of the pads is 600 ohms. We also observed the effect of varying the terminating impedance to the input impedance for the T and pads. We observed that the input impedance is directly proportional to the terminating impedance. Input impedance increases as the terminating impedance also increases. The obtained values were plotted in the x-y graph. The line graphs should intersect at a value of Z0. Unfortunately, only three graphs intersected. Some of the values that we obtained were inaccurate. The second part of the experiment was about the frequency response of the low-pass and high-pass L type filter. Filters are type of circuits that passes and rejects signals with selected frequencies. A low-pass filter only allows frequencies below the cut-off frequency and rejects frequencies above. The cut-off frequency is obtained by using the formula, fc = 1/2RC. We made an observation on the effect of increasing frequencies to the output voltage of the L type passive filter. The output voltage decreased from 480mv to 65mv when the frequency was increased from 500Hz to 100K Hz. For a low-pass filter, output voltage is inversely proportional to the applied frequency. The output voltage approaches zero as the circuit is applied with very
high frequencies. The plotted graph shows the frequency
response of the low-pass filter circuit. The graph shows that the output voltage continually decreases above the cut-off frequency. A high-pass filter passes frequency signals above the cut-off frequency and rejects those below. The formula for the cut-off frequency is the same with the low-pass filter. The low-pass and high-pass filters used have the same cut-off frequency since they have the same RC component. We also made an observation on the effect of increasing frequencies to the output voltage of the high-pass filter. The output voltage increased from 32mv to 424mv when the frequency increased from 500Hz to 100K Hz. For a high-pass filter, the output voltage is directly proportional to the frequency. The output voltage does not approach zero even if the applied frequency is increased to very high values. The plotted graph shows that the output voltage still increases above the cutoff frequency. The third part of the experiment was about lissajous figures which are ordinary patterns generated on an oscilloscope that can be used to measure the frequency and phase of two signals used. The phase difference of two signals of the same frequency applied on the vertical and horizontal amplifiers of the oscilloscope can be determined by the resulting figure. In the experiment, an ellipse was formed. The experimental value was obtained through the phase function of the oscilloscope. On the other hand, the computed value was obtained by the formula, sin = A/B. We obtained close values for the experimental (50.49) and computed (48.09) phase difference. Lastly, lissajous figures can be used to determine the frequency of an unknown signal relative to a known frequency. After executing the procedures, a lissajous figure with one loop resulted. The frequency of the unknown signal was obtained by multiplying 1000Hz (reference frequency) by the number of loops. The frequency is 1000Hz which is equal to the frequency measured by the oscilloscope.
CONCLUSION
Pads and attenuators provide losses and reduce the
magnitude of voltage, current and power supplied to a load. The input impedance is directly proportional with the terminating impedance. For symmetrical pads like the T-pad and -pad, the input impedance is equal or near the value of the iterative impedance. Cut-off frequency is an important factor in determining the stopband and passband of low-pass and high-pass filters. Theoretically, the cut-off frequency is the point relative to the 0.707Vo. Low-pass filters allow frequency signals below the cut-off frequency and reject those that are above. For a low-pass filter circuit, the output voltage is inversely proportional with the applied frequency. The output voltage decreases as the frequency increases. High-pass filters allow frequency signals above the cut-off frequency and reject those that are below. For a high-pass filter circuit, the output voltage is directly proportional with the applied frequency. The output voltage increases as the frequency increases. Lissajous figures can be used to determine the phase difference of two signals of the same frequency.
Lissajous figures can also be used to determine the
frequency of an unknown signal relative to a reference frequency.