Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MANUAL
2015-2016
UPES Campus
Energy Acres
P.O. Bidholi, Via Prem Nagar
Dehradun -248 007 (U K)
Tel: +91-135-2776092-94
Fax: +91 135- 27760904
Web: www.upes.ac.in
111111111
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO. 1:- To Plug a Core Sample from a Rock Block using Plugging
machine and measure diameter of the core sample plugged.
EXPERIMENT NO. 2:- To Trim the Core sample (obtained from plugging machine) using
Trim Saw machine and measure its length.
EXPERIMENT NO. 3: - To Clean the core sample in Soxhletion Extraction Unit
EXPERIMENT NO. 4:- To find the Porosity of the core sample using Helium
Porosimeter.
EXPERIMENT NO. 5:- To find the Permeability of the core sample using Liquid
Permeameter.
EXPERIMENT NO. 6:- To find the Permeability of the core sample using Gas
Permeameter.
EXPERIMENT NO. 7:- To find the Resistivity, formation factor and cementation exponent
of the core sample using EPSA Resistivity Meter.
EXPERIMENT NO. 8:- Experiments will be carried out with the given - Graphs so as
to solve particular Numerical Problems in various petroleum
engineering disciplines
EXPERIMENT NO. 9:- To find the capillary pressure curve using centrifuge (instrument
needs to be checked)
Course Overview
This course provides an introduction to reservoir rock properties as determined by core
analysis. Part of this course introduces the laboratory equipments as well as the procedures
used for the core analysis. The theoretical aspects of the parameters used in the core analysis
are also briefly described.
The aim of this lab exercise is to get familiar with of the main rock parameters, how they are
measured and the possible sources of errors in the results obtained from the laboratory
measurements. At the end of this course, one will have hands on experience on core plugging,
trimming, cleaning and measuring the porosity, permeability, resistivity and possibly
capillary pressures. These values are needed in reservoir engineering. One would also learn
about errors in measurements.
Introduction
Knowledge of the physical properties of the rock and interaction between hydrocarbons and
the formation rock is crucial in understanding and evaluating the performance of a given
reservoir. This information is usually obtained from two main sources: core analysis and
well logging. In this manual we describe the core analysis. A core is a solid cylinder of rock
about 1, 1.5 or 3 inches in diameter and usually 30 feet in length. It is obtained by replacing
the drill bit by a core bit which is capable of grinding the periphery of the rock keeping
intact the inner core which is retrieved as a heavy cylindrical rock. Once the core is retrieved
it is crucial to properly handle (to avoid breaking and any other kind of damage) the core. It is
preserved by avoiding exposure to air. When the core arrives in the laboratory plugs are
usually drilled 20-30 cm apart throughout the reservoir interval. Then the plugs are analyzed
by obtaining porosity, permeability, fluid saturations, grain density, resistivity and
mineralogy. This analysis, which is performed at high sampling frequency and low cost, is
called routine core analysis. The results from routine core analysis are used in interpretation
and evaluation of the reservoir. Examples are prediction of gas, oil and water fluid contacts
and volume in place, definition of completion intervals and fluid production rates. There are
other important measurements with the aim of obtaining the detailed information about the
multiphase flow behavior. This analysis, which is performed at low sampling frequency due
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to high cost and more time need, is called special core analysis. Special core analysis gives
information about the rock wettability, the distribution of oil, gas, and water in the reservoir
(capillary pressure data), residual oil saturation and multiphase flow characteristics (function
of capillary pressure and relative permeability). Measurements of electrical and acoustic
properties, which are mainly used in the interpretation of well logs, are occasionally included
in special core analysis.
The outline of this handout is organized as follows: We first describe the main pre-processing
steps that are considered on the core samples preparation (experiments 1 and 2). In
experiment 3 we describe the core cleaning method, which is required before core analysis
tests, as well as the saturation determination methods. In experiment 4, the porosity
measurement technique is described and the instrument available in the laboratory for the
determination of the core porosity is described. In experiments 5 and 6, we describe the
techniques to measure liquid and gas permeabilities respectively. In experiment 7, we
describe the core sample resistivity measurements. Experiments 8 and 9 are under
construction. The instruments available in the reservoir laboratory and their capabilities are
presented below:
Name of Equipment
Plugging Machine
Trim saw
Helium Porosimeter
Liquid Permeameter
Gas Permeameter
Centrifuge
Application
To plug a core sample from core specimens of
different diameters or from blocks of a similar
size.
This machine is a bench model designed to
produce fast, high quality sliced samples from
all materials without disturbing the structure of
the sample.
To find porosity of core sample using Helium
Porosimeter
To find the permeability of given core sample
using Liquid Permeameter
To find the permeability of given core sample
using Gas Permeameter
Determination of capillary pressure at various
fluid saturations.
To find resistivity, formation factor and
cementation exponent of core sample.
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Aim / Objective:- To Plug a Core Sample from a Rock Block using Plugging machine
and measuring the diameter of the core sample plugged.
Specifications
Features
Value
23
14
Spindle nose
CM2
110
Spindle Speeds
Variable
Speeds (rd/min)
250-4000
Spindle Motor KW
.66/1.1
100
235
823
110
1225
5
Table surface
300300
remove sludge
2. Recycling Tank
remove the pump and the waste pipe from the recycling tank
refit the pump and the waste pipe to the recycling tank
Tighten the belts with the lever and lock the 2 screws
Undo both screws and remove guide pin 3. Hold the quill during this operation
Remove nut 5, washer 6 and drive out spindle 8 downwards using a wooden mallet
2/14-200
Height (mm)
1800
Surface on ground
410820
Weight (Kg)
210
Noise level
Experiment operation
First Use: Check the tension on the pulleys
Check the direction of the spindle
Fill the recycling tank
Screw down the core drill and lock it in place
Mount a core sample and lock it firmly in the clamping unit
Adjust the lower stop on the core drill. 1-2 mm before the end of slab is sufficient for
Prevention of plugging the sample in plug driller. Touching of the driller with table
causes severe damage to the driller.
Close the core drill protective housing
Press the Start button
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Speed Selection:Speed of rotation can be adjusted by changing pulleys. The procedure for this operation is as:
If the tension of pulleys is not sufficient then the belt should be changed. The procedure for
changing the belt is as follow:
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim / Objective: - To Trim a Core sample (obtained from plugging machine) using Trim
Saw machine and measure its length.
The machine is fitted with safety devices which prevent the wheel from turning when
the hood is open
This machine must only be used by a qualified person who has received the proper
training
required to achieve the quality of cut and the high standard of safety envisaged by the
manufacturer.
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Machine Description:The basic model can work either in manual feed or with an optional hydraulic automatic feed
which is driven by the domestic water supply (Minimum pressure 1.5 bars). In the automatic
mode, user can determine the speed of rotation of saws. The machine consists of two radial
saw that can work together and cut both end of pugs simultaneously. Each cuts needs nearly
0.2 litter cooling water. This machine is designed to work with all types of cutting whee l
(resinous - diamond - boron carbide) and various accessories and adaptations enable samples
or core sections to be cut lengthways. These include cradles or devices for holding the
samples configurations using two wheels which allow parallel-sided sections of continuous
length to be cut in a single operation. The machine is fitted with a safety cut-out switch which
can be reset, or rewound should there be no power, as well as a gradual starting device. When
the cover is open this safety switch open the electric current and the machine dont work. The
use of passivated water is strongly recommended to avoid corrosion.
Experiment operation:The machine can work in both manual and automatic mode. By setting two lever taps on the
body of machine, three situations are achieved. The lever taps allow the wheel (saw) to
advance or return.
Quick back mode: in this mode the saws go back quickly and positioned at the start
point. This mode can be achieved by setting both taps down.
Stop manual: in this mode user should handle the position of saws for trimming the
plug manually and can be achieved by setting top tap to up and bottom tap to dawn
Automatic feed: in this situation samples are trimmed automatically by the machine.
The rotational speed of the saws can be adjusted by the Movement regulator beside
the lever taps.
Set the taps to " Quick back " position, at the end of the race, the lever is
independent of jack,
Start the water pump and check the direction of water and check the flow
Start the water pump and check the direction of water and check the flow
Gradually open the movement regulator until the required feed rate is obtained.
At the end of the cut, turn the taps to the "Rapid return position.
Maintenance:Apart from keeping the machine properly clean, no specific maintenance is required. Make
sure that any sediment or waste matter is removed from the tank before starting. Change the
fluid according to the frequency of use and its deterioration over time (shelf life).
Tools:
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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Aim/ Objective:- To Cleaning of core sample in Soxhletion Extraction Unit.
Apparatus Used:- Heater, Soxhletion Unit & Rubber pipes
Chemical Used:- Methanol Liquid
Cleaning of core sample
After preparing the core plugs samples, the core samples must be cleaned of residual fluids
and thoroughly dried.
Method of Soxhlet Extraction:A Soxhlet extraction apparatus is the most common method for cleaning sample, and is
routinely used by most laboratories. As shown in Fig. 3, Methanol is brought into a slow boil
in a Pyrex flask, its vapors move upwards and the core becomes engulfed in the methanol
vapors (at approximately 65 C). Eventually the amount of water within the core sample in
the thimble will be vaporized. The methanol and water vapors enter the inner chamber of the
condenser; the cold water circulating around the inner chamber condenses both vapors to
immiscible liquids. Recondensed methanol together with liquid water falls from the base of
the condenser onto the core sample in the thimble; the methanol soaks the core sample and
dissolves any oil with which it conic into contact. When the liquid level within the Soxhlet
tube reaches the top of the siphon tube arrangement, the liquids within the Soxhlet tube are
automatically emptied by a siphon effect and flow into the boiling flask. The methanol is then
ready to start another cycle. A complete extraction may take several days to several weeks in
the case of low API gravity crude or presence of heavy residual hydrocarbon deposit within
the core. Low permeability rock may also require a long extraction time
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4: Soxhlet Thimble
5: Extraction solid (residue solid)
6: Syphon arm inlet
7: Syphon arm outlet
8: Reduction adapter
9: Condenser
10: Cooling water in
11: Cooling water out
----%
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EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim / Objective:- To find the Porosity of given core sample using Helium Porosimeter.
Apparatus Used:- Porosity meter, Steel Billets, Helium Gas Cylinder & Software loaded
computer.
Theory:From the viewpoint of petroleum engineers one of the most important property of a reservoir
rock is porosity. Porosity is a measure of storage capacity of a reservoir. It is defined as the
ratio of the pore volume to bulk volume, and it may be expressed as either a percent or a
fraction,
= Pore Volume / Bulk Volume= Bulk Volume- Grain Volume/ Bulk Volume
Two types of porosity are total or absolute porosity and effective porosity. Total porosity is
the ratio of all the pore spaces in a rock to the bulk volume of the rock while the effective
porosity e is the ratio of interconnected void spaces to the bulk volume. Thus, only the
effective porosity contains fluids that can be produced from wells. For granular materials
such as sandstone, the effective porosity may approach the total porosity, however, for shale
and for highly cemented or vugular rocks such as some limestone, large variations may exist
between effective and total porosity. Porosity may be classified according to its origin as
either primary or secondary. Primary or original porosity developed during deposition of
the sediment. Secondary porosity is caused by some geologic process subsequent to
formation of the deposit. These changes in the original pore spaces may be created by ground
stresses, water movement, or various types of geological activities after the original
sediments were deposited. Fracturing or formation of solution cavities often will increase the
original porosity of the rock.
Figure- 7:- Cubic packing (a), rhombohedral (b), cubic packing with two grain sizes (c),
and Typical sand with irregular grain shape (d).
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Porosity measurement on core plugs:The porosity of reservoir rock may be determined by using core analysis, well logging
technique or well testing. The question of which source of porosity data is more reliable can
not be answered without reference to a specific interpretation problem. These techniques can
all give correct porosity values under favorable conditions. The porosity determined from
core analysis has the advantage that no assumption needs to be made as to mineral
composition, borehole effects, etc. However, since the volume of the core is less than the
rock volume which is investigated by a logging device, porosity values derived from logs are
frequently more accurate in the case of heterogeneous reservoirs.
From the definition of porosity, it is evident that the porosity of a sample of porous material
can be determined by measuring any two of the three quantities: bulk volume, pore volume
or grain volume from core plugs (Fig. 6).
i) Bulk volume:Although the bulk volume may be computed from measurements of the dimensions of a
uniformly shaped sample, the usual procedure utilizes the observation of the volume of fluid
displaced by the sample. The fluid displaced by a sample can be observed either
volumetrically or gravimetrically. In either procedure it is necessary to prevent the fluid
penetration into the pore space of the rock. This can be accomplished by:
(1) Coating the sample with paraffin or a similar substance,
(2) Saturating the core with the fluid into which it is to be immersed, or
(3) Using mercury.
Gravimetric determinations of bulk volume can be accomplished by observing the loss in the
weight of the sample when immersed in a fluid or by change in weight of a pycnometer with
and without the core sample.
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ii) Pore volume:All the methods measuring pore volume yield effective porosity. The methods are based on
either the extraction of a fluid from the rock or the introduction of a fluid into the pore spaces
of the rock. One of the commonly used methods is the helium technique, which employs
Boyle's law. The helium gas in the reference cell isothermally expands into a sample cell.
After expansion, the resultant equilibrium pressure is measured. The Helium Porosimeter
apparatus is shown schematically in (Fig.- 7).
Specifications:Working Pressure
Working temperature
Ambient 25 - 40C
Gas
Helium
Connections
Transducers
Power supply
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Check the there is no communication error between the PC and the Console
Calculation
The ratio of Pore volume to the bulk volume is Porosity
Porosity = (Pore Volume) / (Bulk Volume.1
For Sharp cylinders, the bulk volume can be determined from geometrical measurement. The
matrix cup can accommodate irregular core sample. In this case the bulk volume must be
determined from mercury immersion for instance.
Pore volume and grain volume can be determined as follows
Core Samples- any shape. Unconsolidated acceptable
Pore volume- from relation 2
Grain volume- directly
Porosity- from the relation 3
Pore volume = Bulk volume Grain volume.2
Porosity = (Bulk volume Grain volume) / Bulk volume3
Boyle- Mariottes law is used to determine grain and Pore volume from the expansion of a
known mass of helium into a matrix cup.
(Pref*Vref)/Tref = (Pexp*Vexp)/Texp Boyle- Mariottes law
Where:Pref = Reference Pressure (initial pressure)
Vref = Reference volume (initial volume)
Tref = Reference absolute temperature (initial temperature)
Pexp = Expended Pressure (final pressure)
Vexp = Expended Volume (final volume)
Texp = Expended Absolute temperature (final temperature)
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Procedure
Initial pressure setting
To set 100 psi accurately:
Adjust the control valve until getting 100 psi sharp on the application display
Operation
A measurement campaign must follow a calibration sequence. The calibration procedure
exploits the relation f in the reverse way. We have:a = - Pref*Vref
x = 1/ Pexp
b = Vmatrix + Vref
We get a linear relation: Vgrain = ax + b where a and b are unknown and x is determined
from the expended pressure measured with the apparatus.
We can generate calibrated grain volumes with reference billits introduced sequentially in the
matrix cup. By running (a minimum of) 2 measures with calibrated billets (Vgrain), we can
determine a and b; fc epyc i t efc i ec ecye ph efc ei c pdeii ct dp yepeei e c yceeitcep e
se ii tc g 1/P. for better accuracy it is recommended to run at least 4 experiments.
Shut of Procedure
Close HV01
Result
The Porosity of given core Sample isX %.
Maintenance
Leak Test
1. Switch on the console for 1 hour minimum to get stability
2. Close all the electro valves via APPLILAB interface
3. Set an upstream helium pressure of 120 psi from the facility
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EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Aim/Objective: - To find the Liquid Permeability of the given core sample using Liquid
Permeameter.
Apparatus Used: - Liquid Permeameter, Brine Saturated Core Plug and 2-Nitrogen
Cylinder.
Theory:Permeability is a property of a porous medium which shows the ability of porous media to
transmit fluids. The reciprocal of permeability represents the viscous resistivity. The effective
Permeability of a porous medium is a measure of the rock conductivity to a particular phase
of a multiphase fluid system residing within the porous medium, where the saturation of each
phase is specified. Relative permeability is the ratio of the effective permeability of a
particular fluid phase to some arbitrary reference permeability (i.e. absolute permeability).
Permeability has the unit of m2 in SI system or Darcy in field unit with a conversion factor of
1D 0.98692310-12 m2 . Note that a rock sample has a permeability of one meter squared
when it permits 1 m3 /s of fluid of 1 Pa.s viscosity through an area of 1 m2 under a pressure
gradient of 1 Pa/m. Permeability' can be calculated by Darcy's Law, which for liquids under
steady state conditions of viscous or laminar flow may be expressed as:QL
K = .
.
AP
Where,
Core dimension: length (cm) is written at column C and D for each sample.
Area (cm2 ) is obtained from diameter written at column D for each sample.
Viscosity default value for test brine is set to 1. Read the temperature and adjust
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Flow rate: Q (ml/s) is calculated time (minutes and seconds) at column F and G to fill
the flask volume (column E).
Procedure:1. Connect to main supply and Power up the instrument at main switch on the rear panel.
The pressure transducers require an warm up period of about one hour before use.
2. Switch the Source value ON / OFF to OFF position.
3. Ensure that regulators are fully turned anticlockwise initially.
4. Connect two regulated nitrogen supply at the appropriate ports on the rear of the
instrument, i.e. confining pressure supply at valve PRESSURE / VENT (1/8" OD) and
core nitrogen supply at valve on/off (1/8" OD).
5. Initialize the system by filling the dead volume with brine by proceeding without core
in place at first step (confining pressure should NOT be applied)
6. Load the core holder. Different core holders are available for sample diameter of 1",
1.5", 30 mm etc.
7. Regulate confining pressure supply to desired value with out exceeding 400 psi.
Regulate core nitrogen supply without exceeding 100 psi.
8. Turn confining valve PRESSURE / VENT to PRESSURE. Gas at desired pressure is
now applied to the core holder sleeve. This pressure is now displayed on confining
pressure gauge.
Duration, t
(sec)
Volume of Liquid
collected
(ml)
25
Flow rate
(cc/sec)
Calculation Sheet
P/L
q/A
Maintenance:1. Leak test:Before starting the unit, a leak test must be performed. PCV cannot be tested because
a built- in vent releases the pressure in absence of flow. For this reason, disconnect the
2 Pressure control valve and plug the downstream the PCV.
2. Instrument calibration:For optimum accuracy, pressure transmitter must be calibrated on a regular basis.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Aim/ Objective: - To find the Permeability of given core sample using Gas Permeameter.
Apparatus Used: - Nitrogen Gas, Permeameter.
Introduction:The Gas perm is a research quality instrument but it can be used for routine core analysis
when rapid sample turnaround and throughput is desirable. A mass flow meter of range 0-500
cc/min with a 0-29 psi relative pressure transmitter are used to sense gas flow and pressure
drop across the sample and therefore provides an accurate determination of permeability,
when the transmitters have been correctly calibrated.
General specification
Length 1 to 3
Facility required
Nitrogen supply adjustable up to- 100 psig (line pressure) 400 psig (confining)
Stop watch
Caliper
Thermometer- optional
Barometer
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conditions, and since core pressure drop p = P 1 P2 ;and core mean pressure Pm=(P1 + P2 )/2
then the equation (2) can be reduced to the less unwieldy expression:
kgas = [(Qb) L (Pb)] / [AP (Pm)]..(3)
Where as:
= gas viscosity (Cp)
Qb = atmospheric gas flow rate (cm/s)
Pb = base or atmospheric pressure (absolute Atm)
P = differential pressure (Atm)
Pm = mean core gas pressure (Atm)
L = length of sample (cm)
A = cross sectional area of cylinder (cm2 )
This equation is therefore used to calculate core permeability to nitrogen, under laminar flow
conditions.
Calculation:
Flow rate: Q (ml/s) can be obtained from direct reading at the console.
Core dimension: length (cm) and area (cm2 ) are obtained form measurements made on
core plug and reported on the XLS report tab INFO respectively at column C and D
for each sample.
For P less than 8 psid, differential pressure is given directly from the DP transducer suitably
corrected for any zero shifts. Unit conversion (psi
report.
If no back pressure is used, then: P 1 = P (psid) / 14.695949 + Pb (atm) and
P2 = Pb (atm), this takes advantage that DP reading is more accurate than
P1 = reading (3 decimals instead of 2).
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Interpretation of results:Klikenberg (1) noted that gas permeability decreased as the mean gas pressure in cores
increased, and found that the gas permeability of a core was always higher than its
permeability to a single saturating inert liquid.
If the gas permeabilities obtained at different mean core pressures are plotted against
reciprocal mean pressure (1/Pm), a straight line should be able to be drawn through the
points. Extrapolation of this line to infinite mean pressure (i.e. zero reciprocal pressure)
intersects the gad permeability axis. The intersections points correspond to the liquid
permeability and may be found from:
KL = Kg/ [1+ (b/ Pm)]
WhereKL = theoretical liquid permeability
b = Klikenberg correction factor. The slope of the line is given by bK L
The factor b is different for different gases and decreases as the liquid permeability increases.
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Place the core in the core holder and push it with the quick release end plug until it
butts against the adjusting platen.
Replace the quick release en platen by lining up the male clover leaf component with
the corresponding female component.
Now, push the inner knurled ring forward and rotate the ring clockwise until it locates
in position
If the length of the sample is longer than the previous sample, you may encounter resistance
when inserting the end platen. Turn the adjusting screw anticlockwise, and pull back on the
SS junction tube until the quick release en platen ca be easily inserted. The adjusting screw
should now be turned clockwise until the other end platen contact the core face. This is all
that is required to ensure a pressure seal. Never attempt to over tighten the adjustment screw.
When properly engaged, the quick release end neither this platen nor the adjustable end
platen will be able to be moved. In case the platen can be moved, dismount the adjusting
platen and insert the bronze spacer provided with the core holder.
Note: the adjusting screw thread should be totally engaged in the body. If is not the case, the
sample is too long and not acceptable for test in the Gas perm.
Do not attempt to finally, switch the valve PRESSURE / VENT to PRESSURE to set the
confining pressure.
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Connect to main supply and power up the instrument at main switch on the rear panel.
The pressure transducers require a warm up period of about one hour before use.
Connect two regulated nitrogen supply to the appropriate ports on the rear of the
instrument, i.e. confining pressure supply at valve PRESSURE / VENT (1/8" OD) and
core nitrogen supply at valve ON / OFF (1/4 OD). 100 psig connection for flowing
gas. Fitting " OD.
Load the core holder. Different core holders are available for sample dia. of 1, 1 ,
30 mm etc.
Result
The Gas Permeability of given Core Sample ism Darcy.
Maintenance
Leak test
Before starting the unit, a leak test must be performed. PCV cannot be tested because a builtin vent releases the pressure in absence of flow. For this reason, disconnect the 2 Pressure
Control Valves and plug the unit downstream the PCV.
When the second stage leak test is OK rotate the switch valves to check all sections. In the
above illustration, we display a satisfactory pressure ramp (the scales are magnified to check
the leak rate.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Aim/ Objective: - To find out Resistivity, formation factor and cementation exponent of
given core sample in (EPSA) Resistivity Meter.
Apparatus Used: - Resistivity Meter, Compressor or Air Cylinder
Introduction
Core Resistivity measurements, together with porosity and resistivity of connate water is
used for calculation of water saturation, in porous volume of reservoirs; consequently
hydrocarbon content can be calculated by difference. This information is essential for proper
management of reservoir.
Machine Description:
The system includes:
Figure 13: Illustration of system under locked pin and tighten the knob
In rock with open, well connected pore paths filled with brine, ion flow occurs easily
and resistivity (Rw) is low.
Rocks with sinuous, constricted pore paths hinder ion transport and have higher
resistivity.
2. Resistivity (Ro)
Ro = R. (A/L) = (V /I).(A/L)
Where:R is the core resistance (Ohm or n)
A is the core cross section (m2 )
L is the core length (m)
V is the potential (Volt) between the 2 electrodes
I is the current (Amp) going through the core.
3. Formation Factor (Fr)
Fr = Ro/Rw
Where:
Ro is the core resistivity (Ohm. m or n. m) at 100% brine
saturation and Rw is the brine resistivity (Ohm. m or n. m)
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4.
Fr = a -m
Where:
a is the Archie's coefficient (unit less)
is the core porosity (unit less)
m is the cementation exponent (unit less)
For a tank of water, Ro = Rw. Therefore Fr = 1.
If porosity is zero, Fr is 0 and both a and m can have any value.
However, for real rocks, both a and m vary with grain size, sorting, and rock texture. The
normal range of a is.5 to l.5 and for mis 1.71:0 about 3.2.
Finally, a is commonly taken equal to 1 and ma can be expressed as:
m = -[In(Fr)/Ln(<l>)]
Using XLS trend facility (add trend line/Power/ display equation) fit this data with a curve of
type Fr = a (<l> raised to power -m)
Procedure
Sample loading
1. Ensure the piston is fully retracted. Wet 2 pads with test brine.
2. Stick them on the electrode plates respectively.
3. Take a core sample from the brine and roll it once over paper towel to
remove surface brine.
4. Lie and balance the core sample on the seat.
5. Rotate the piston switch to actuate the cylinder; this will cause the core
sample to be firmly held between the 2 pads.
6. Topple the electrode set on the sample and dose the lid over the sample to
prevent evaporation of the liquid from the sample.
7. Close-up for correct loading.
Adjustment for small length sample
1. For small length samples, lift one of the cradles and insert back in order
to reduce the supports distance.
2. If the pins are not on the 'sample because the sample is too short; then we
can use the 2 leads pattern.
Sample unloading
After measurement, retract the cylinder by rotating the valve command in
the appropriate direction. Open the lid and the electrode. In case that the
measure series is completed or in case that the next measurement
concerns different brine, carefully dry the electrode and operate with new
wet pads.
Dip Cell
Connection: Plug the connector to the RCL meter in respect of the red dot
orientation (on top of the connector).
Result
The value of Archie's constant is. .
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Maintenance
As with most systems operated with brines the most important consideration is ensuring
the brine doesn't corrode the metals or crystallize in the apparatus. Therefore all the cells
which have been in contact with brine should be flushed thoroughly with distilled water
and then dried with a cloth after use.
EPSA
If the electrode plate is partially covered with o ld pad deposit then remove
the pad and rub it with new wet pad.
Dip cellIf the measure is not possible, check the junction cable. For this purpose,
disconnect the cable from the RCL meter. Now, check each of the 4 leads.
Repair or order another cable.
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