Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Issue
Summary
Yes:
Many
believe
that
emotions
are
biologically
hardwired;
however,
researchers
compared
facial
expressions
of
emotions
of
individuals
from
Western
and
Eastern
cultures,
finding
differences
that
highlight
the
influence
of
culture
on
how
we
represent
emotions.
No:
Research
clearly
demonstrates
how
a
relatively
small
number
of
genes
influence
our
environmental
learning
by
"cascading"
( genes
interact
in
various
patterns
that
account
for
massive
number
of
developmental
outcomes)
to
determine
the
paths
of
our
behavioural
development.
Introduction
East
Asians
represent
emotion
intensity
with
movements
of
eyes,
whereas
Western
Caucasians
represent
emotional
intensity
with
other
parts
of
face
Western
Caucasians
show
emotions
with
distinct
set
of
facial
muscles,
whereas
East
Asians
do
not
East
Asians
show
early
signs
of
emotional
intensity
with
eyes
( under
less
voluntary
control
than
mouth)
for
fear,
disgust,
and
anger
East
Asians
represent
emotion
intensity
with
movements
of
eyes,
whereas
Western
Caucasians
represent
emotional
intensity
with
other
parts
of
face
Western
Caucasians
show
emotions
with
distinct
set
of
facial
muscles,
whereas
East
Asians
do
not
East
Asians
show
early
signs
of
emotional
intensity
with
eyes
( under
less
voluntary
control
than
mouth)
for
fear,
disgust,
and
anger
Six
basic
categories
inadequate
to
represent
conceptual
space
of
emotions
for
East
Asians
Neglect
shame,
pride,
guilt
Fertilized
egg
contains
information
that
copies
into
nucleus
of
every
newly
formed
cell
to
guide
gradual
but
powerful
process
of
shaping
each
organ
Previous
notion
of
mind
and
body
as
separate
is
wrong
Brain's
capabilities
emerge
from
its
physical
properties
Identical
twins
resemble
each
other
more
than
non-identical
twins
in
personality
and
physique
Mental
disorders
are
shared
even
by
twins
reared
apart
Shaping
bodies
of
animals
often
leads
to
correlated
changes
in
behaviour
Proper
neural
wiring
depends
on
behaviour
of
individual
axons
and
dendrites
Axon
activity
governed
by
hand-like
protuberances
at
end
of
each
axon
called
growth
cones
Growth
cones
swerve,
maneuver,
and
extend
and
retract
feelers
called
filopodia
to
search
for
destination
Growth
cones
broadcast
signals
to
find
destinations
Some
proteins
serve
as
radio
beacons
to
guide
distant
growth
cones
( provided
they
are
tuned
to
right
station)
Researchers
can
now
begin
to
understand
how
to
manipulate
those
genes
Rather
than
waiting
for
experience,
brains
use
complex
combination
of
genes
and
proteins
to
create
starting
point
for
brain
Changing
regulatory
IF
region
of
single
gene
can
have
significant
effect
on
social
behaviour
Could
change
one
gene
to
create
mice
that:
Are
anxious
and
fearful
Increase
alcohol
consumption
under
stress
Lack
nurturing
instinct
Groom
constantly
to
point
of
baldness
Although
individual
genes
can
have
powerful
effects,
no
trait
is
consequence
of
any
single
gene
Most
behaviours
are
product
of
multiple
interacting
system
( except
perhaps
in
reflexes)
Genes
build
neural
structures,
not
behaviour
"Cascading"
One
gene
influences
another,
which
influences
another,
which
influences
another
One
gene
is
precondition
for
expression
of
next
Instead
of
asking
to
which
extent
genes
prewire
brain,
now
asking
to
which
extent
and
how
genes
can
rewire
brain
Innateness
is
extent
to
which
brain
is
prewired
Plasticity
is
extent
to
which
brain
can
be
rewired
Some
organisms
may
be
good
at
one
but
not
the
other
Humans
well-endowed
in
both
respects