Present Perfect

Affirmative
I have eaten.
You have eaten.
He/She/It has eaten.
We have eaten.
You have eaten.
They have eaten.

Interrogative
Have I eaten?
Have you eaten?
Has he/she/it eaten?
Have we eaten?
Have you eaten?
Have they eaten?

Negative
I have not eaten.
You have not eaten.
He/She/It has not eaten.
We have not eaten.
You have not eaten.
They have not eaten.

Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar "to have" en el presente y el
participio pasado del verbo. Para verbos regulares, el participio pasado es la forma simple
del pasado. Ver la leccin sobre el pasado simple para ms informacin sobre como formar
el pasado.
Subject

Auxiliary Short Form

I've, you've, we've,
I, You, We, Theyhave
they've
He, She, It

has

he's, she's, it's

Past Participle
talked, learned,
traveled...
talked, learned,
traveled...

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Estructura: Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + participio pasado...

Ejemplos:

I've talked to Peter.

I've talked to Peter. (He hablado con Peter.)

She's gone to work.

She's gone to work. (Ha ido a su trabajo.)

We've been to London.

We've been to London. (Hemos ido a Londres.)

They have learned English.

They've learned English. (Han aprendido ingls.)

1. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + "not" + participio pasado...

Ejemplos:

I haven't talked to Peter.

I haven't talked to Peter. (No he hablado con Peter.)

She hasn't gone to work.

She hasn't gone to work. (No ha ido a su trabajo.)

We haven't been to London.

We haven't been to London. (No hemos ido a Londres.)

They haven't learned English.

They haven't learned English. (No han aprendido ingls.)

1. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Estructura Verbo auxiliar ("to have") + sujeto + participio pasado...?
o Ejemplos:
o Have you talked to Peter?
Have you talked to Peter? (Has hablado con Peter?)
o Has she gone to work?
Has she gone to work? (Ha ido a su trabajo?)
o Have you been to London?
Have you been to London? (Has ido a Londres?)
o Have they learned Enlgish?
Have they learned English? (Han aprendido ingls?)

Uses (Usos)
Se usa el presente perfecto para acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo no concreto antes de
ahora. El tiempo especfico no es importante. Por lo tanto, no solemos usar expresiones de
tiempo especficas ("this morning", "yesterday", "last year"...) con el presente perfecto.
Se puede usar el presente perfecto con expresiones de tiempo no concretas ("never",
"ever", "many times", "for", "since", "already", "yet"...). Este concepto de tiempo no
especfico es bastante difcil de comprender, por este motivo, a continuacin tienes los usos
particulares del presente perfecto.
1. Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia. No lo usamos para
acciones especficas.
o Ejemplos:
o I have never flown in a plane.
I have never flown in a plane. (Nunca he volado en un avin.)
o He has worked in many different museums.
He has worked in many different museums. (Ha trabajado en muchos
museos diferentes.)
o We have been to Rio de Janeiro.
We have been to Ro de Janeiro. (Hemos ido a Ro de Janeiro.)
2. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el tiempo.
o Ejemplos:
o I have become more timid in my old age.
I have become more timid in my old age. (Me he vuelto ms tmido en mi
vejez.)
o Their English has improved a lot this year.
Their English has improved a lot this year. (Su ingls ha mejorado mucho
este ao.)

o He has learned to be more patient.

He has learned to be more patient. (Ha aprendido a ser ms paciente.)
3. Se usa para los exitosos.
o Ejemplos:
o Our football team has won the championship three times.
Our football team has won the championship three times. (Nuestro equipo de
ftbol ha ganado el campeonato tres veces.)
o Dan has finished writing his first novel.
Dan has finished writing his first novel. (Dan ha terminado de escribir su
primera novela.)
o Scientists have succeeded in curing many illnesses.
Scientists have succeeded in curing many illnesses. (Los cientficos han
tenido xito en la curacin de muchas enfermedades.)
4. Usamos el presente perfecto para acciones que todava no han sucedido. El uso
del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que an estamos esperando la accin, por
eso, frecuentemente usamos los adverbios "yet" y "still".
o Ejemplos:
o The plane hasn't arrived yet.
The plane hasn't arrived yet. (El avin no ha llegado todava.)
o Our team still hasn't won a championship.
Our team still hasn't won a championship. (Nuestro equipo an no ha ganado
un campeonato.)
o You haven't finished your homework yet?
You haven't finished your homework yet? (No has acabado todava los
deberes?)
5. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar sobre acciones en diferentes
momentos en el pasado. El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que son
posibles ms acciones en el futuro.

o Ejemplos:
o We have spoken several times, but we still can't reach an agreement.
We have spoken several times, but we still can't reach an agreement. (Hemos
hablado varias veces, pero todava no podemos llegar a un acuerdo.)
o Our team has played four games so far this year.
Our team has played 4 games so far this year. (Nuestro equipo ya ha jugado
4 partidos este ao.)
o I love New York! I have been there five times already and I can't wait to go
back!
I love New York! I have been there 5 times already and I can't wait to go
back. (Me encanta Nueva York! Ya he estado all 5 veces y no puedo
esperar para regresar.)
6. En general, usamos el presente perfecto continuo para situaciones que han
empezado en el pasado pero siguen en el presente. Pero como hemos visto, hay unos
verbos que no podemos usar en los tiempos continuos. En estos casos, usamos el
presente perfecto.
o Ejemplos:
o How long has Michael been in Barcelona?
How long has Michael been in Barcelona? (Cunto tiempo ha estado
Michael en Barcelona?)
o I have loved you since the day I met you.
I have loved you since the day I met you. (Te he querido desde el da que te
conoc.)

SIMPLE PAST
Form (Forma)
Para formar el pasado simple con verbos regulares, aadimos la terminacin "-ed" al verbo.
La forma es la misma para todas las personas (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

Ejemplos:

Want wanted

learn learned

stay stayed

walk walked

show showed

Excepciones:
1. Para verbos que terminan en una "e", slo aadimos "-d.
Ejemplos:
change changed
believe believed
2. Si el verbo termina en una vocal corta y una consonante (excepto "y" o "w"),
doblamos la consonante final.
Ejemplos:
stop stopped
commit committed
3. Con verbos que terminan en una consonante y una "y", se cambia la "y" por una "i".
Ejemplos:
o study studied
o try tried
Nota: Hay muchos verbos irregulares en ingls. Desafortunadamente, no hay una norma
establecida para formarlos. A continuacin tienes los tres verbos irregulares ms comunes y
los que actan como verbos auxiliares.
Verb

Past Simple

be

was (I, he, she, it) / were (you, we, they)

do

did

have

had

Regular Verbs Pronunciation (Pronunciacin)

Pronunciamos la terminacin "-ed" de forma diferente dependiendo de la letra que va al
final del infinitivo. En general la "e" es muda.
1. Con los infinitivos que terminan en "p", "f", "k" o "s" (consonantes sordas, excepto
"t") pronunciamos la terminacin" "-ed" como una "t".
Ejemplos:
o looked looked [lukt]
o kissed kissed [kisst]
2. Con los infinitivos que terminan en "b", "g", "l", "m", "n", "v", "z" (consonantes
sonoras, excepto "d") o una vocal, pronunciamos slo la "d".
Ejemplos:
o yelled yelled [jeld]
o cleaned cleaned [klind]
3. Con los infinitivos que terminan en "d" o "t", pronunciamos la "e" como una "i".
Ejemplos:
o ended ended [endid]
o waited waited [weitid]

Structure (Estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
Sujeto + verbo principal...

Ejemplos:

She was a doctor.

She was a doctor. (Ella era doctora.)

The keys were in the drawer.

The keys were in the drawer. (Las llaves estaban en el cajn.)

I wanted to dance.
I wanted to dance. (Quera bailar.)

He learned English.
He learned English. (Aprendi ingls.)

They believed him.

They believed him. (Le cremos.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

To be:

Sujeto + "to be" + "not"...

Ejemplos:

She wasn't a doctor.

She wasn't a doctor. (Ella no era doctora.)

The keys weren't in the drawer.

The keys weren't in the drawer. (Las llaves no estaban en el cajn.)

Nota: El verbo "to have got", que en el presente simple sigue las mismas reglas que el
verbo "to be", no puede ser utilizado en el pasado. Para indicar la posesin en el pasado,
usamos el verbo "to have".

Todos los dems verbos:

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to do") + "not" + verbo principal...

Ejemplos:

I didn't want to dance.

I didn't want to dance. (No quera bailar.)

He didn't learn English.

He didn't learn English. (No aprendi ingls)

They didn't believe him.

They didn't believe him. (No le cremos.)

Nota: En frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado ("did") y el verbo principal se

queda en el infinitivo.
3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

To be:

"To be" + sujeto...?

Ejemplos:

Was she a doctor?

Was she a doctor? (Ella era doctora?)

Were the keys in the drawer?

Were the keys in the drawer? (Estaban las llaves en el cajn?)

Todos los verbos dems:

Verbo auxiliar ("to do") + sujeto + verbo principal...?

Ejemplos:

Did you want to dance?

Did you want to dance? (Queras bailar?)

Did he learn English?

Did he learn English? (Aprendi ingls?)

Did they believe him?

Did they believe him? (Le creste?)

Nota: Al igual que en las frases negativas, el verbo auxiliar va en pasado ("did") y el verbo
principal se queda en el infinitivo.

Uses (Usos)
1. El pasado simple se utiliza para hablar de una accin concreta que comenz y
acab en el pasado. En este caso equivale al pretrito indefinido espaol.
Generalmente, lo usamos con adverbios de tiempo como "last year", "yesterday",
"last night"...
o Ejemplos:
o Tom stayed at home last night.
Tom stayed at home last night. (Tom se qued en casa anoche.)
o Kate worked last Saturday.
Kate worked last Saturday. (Kate trabaj el sbado pasado.)
o I didn't got to the party yesterday.
I didn't go to the party yesterday. (No fui a la fiesta ayer.)
o Did they walk to school this morning?
Did they walk to school this morning? (Han andado a la escuela esta
maana?)
2. Se usa el pasado simple para un serie de acciones en el pasado.
o Ejemplos:
o I received the good news and immediately called my husband.
I received the good news and immediately called my husband. (Recib la
buena noticia y llam de inmediato a mi marido.)
o He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn't return
home until 10 at night.
He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn't return
home until 10 at night. (Estudi durante una hora por la maana, trabaj
toda la tarde y no regres a casa hasta las 10 de la noche.)

3. Tambin lo usamos para acciones repetidas o habituales en el pasado, como se

usa el pretrito imperfecto espaol.
o Ejemplos:
o We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young.
We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young. (Siempre
viajbamos a Can cun durante las vacaciones cuando ramos jvenes.)
o He walked 5 kilometers every day to work.
He walked 5 kilometers every day to work. (Caminaba 5 kilmetros hasta el
trabajo cada da.)
4. Lo usamos para narraciones o acciones de perodos de largo tiempo en el
pasado, como el pretrito imperfecto espaol.
o Ejemplos:
o I worked for many years in a museum.
I worked for many years in a museum. (Trabajaba en un museo durante
muchos aos.)
o She didn't eat meat for 6 years.
She didn't eat meat for 6 years. (No coma carne durante 6 aos.)
5. Se utiliza para hablar de generalidades o hechos del pasado.
o Ejemplos:
o The Aztec lived in Mexico.
The Aztec lived in Mexico. (Los aztecas vivan en Mxico)
o I played the guitar when I was a child.
I played the guitar when I was a child. (Tocaba la guitarra cuando era nio.)