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The Derivative
It is impossible to determine how quickly a person
is running from a single photograph, since speed is
calculated as a change in distance over a change
in time. Nevertheless, we may estimate a persons
speed at a particular instant in time by determining
the distance traveled over a small interval of time
(e.g., one second). A runners speed may be classified as a rate of change in distance. A key component of calculus is the study of rates of change.
3.1
Shutterstock
9/24/10 10:14 AM
CHAPTER
f1b2 2 f1a2
b2a
This expression is referred to as the difference
quotient. For a linear function, the difference
quotient gives the slope of the line.
9/24/10 10:14 AM
48
Table 3.1
Years (since
20042005)
t
10,130
10,736
606
11,368
632
12,106
738
12,832
726
13,344
512
3214 dollars
5
5 years
5 642.8 dollars per year
Over the five-year period between 20042005 and
20092010, tuition increased by $3,214. Although the
annual increase varied from year to year, the average
annual increase was $642.80.
The 20092010 tuition and fees cost was $13,344.
We predict that tuition and fees will increase by $642.80
per year in subsequent years. To predict the 20122013
tuition and fees cost, we repeatedly increase the annual
cost by $642.80.
20102011:
20112012:
20122013:
Based on data from 19902009, the population of Washington state may be modeled by
the function P 1 t 2 5 4.933 1 1.017 2 t, where P is the
population in millions of people and t is the number of years since 1990. (Source: Modeled from data
at www.census.gov) According to the model, what is
the average rate of change in the population between
1990 and 2010?
SOLUTION
Graphical Interpretation
of the Difference Quotient
A line connecting any two points on a graph is referred
to as a secant line. Graphically speaking, the difference quotient for a function y 5 f 1 x 2 is the slope of
the secant line connecting (a, f(a)) and 1 b, f 1 b 2 2 (Figure 3.1).
9/24/10 10:14 AM
3.1
f1b2 2 f1a2
b2a
y
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
(b, f (b))
f (b)
Secant line
f (b) f (a)
f (a)
(a, f (a))
ba
y = 3x 2 6x + 5
Secant line
(2, 5)
(1, 2)
0
f1b2 2 f1a2
b2a
f122 2 f112
221
522
1
Figure 3.2
53
y
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
49
Figure 3.3
y = f (x)
y = 3x 2 6x + 5
3.1 Exercises
0
SOLUTION
4. z 5
We rst plot the points (1, 2) and (2, 5) and draw the
line connecting them (Figure 3.3).
9/24/10 10:14 AM
50
Time of Day
Temperature (F)
Unemployment Rate
(percentage)
11:00 A.M.
68
5.6
13.5
1:00 P.M.
73
4.2
11.8
3:00 P.M.
75
4.0
11.3
Year
2000
10,787
2002
8342
2007
13,265
2008
8776
Source: www.census.gov
Quarter
Reading Score
(words per minute)
69
107
Source: www.census.gov
y
4
y = f (x)
129
1
0
0
15.
Cable TV Subscribers
(millions)
50.5
62.3
60.9
58.2
66.7
56.0
67.7
55.8
Source: www.census.gov
y = f (x)
9/24/10 10:15 AM
3.2
Montana
Date
2000
902.2
2009
975.0
51
20. Population
Pennsylvania
Date
2000
12,281.1
2009
12,604.8
Source: www.census.gov
Source: www.census.gov
17. Population
Massachusetts
Date
2000
6349.1
2009
6593.6
Source: www.census.gov
18. Population
Missouri
Date
2000
5595.2
2009
5987.6
Source: www.census.gov
19. Population
West Virginia
Date
2000
1808.3
2009
1819.8
Source: www.census.gov
3.2
Limits and
Instantaneous
Rates of Change
9/24/10 10:15 AM
52
Average speed 5
10 meters
0.99 seconds
100 2 95 meters
9.69 2 9.18 seconds
5 meters
0.51 second
Table 3.2
Average speed 5
Total Distance
Traveled (meters)
(D(t))
Time (seconds)
(t)
0
4.85
50
8.70
90
9.18
95
9.60
99
9.69
100
Average speed 5
100 2 50 meters
9.69 2 4.85 seconds
100 2 99 meters
9.69 2 9.60 seconds
1 meter
0.09 second
f1a 1 h2 2 f1a2
h
50 meters
4.84 seconds
9/24/10 10:15 AM
3.2
f1a 1 h2 2 f1a2
h
using an h arbitrarily close to 0. (If h 5 0, the
difference quotient is undefined.)
Figure 3.4
y
4
3
2
1
SOLUTION
1 1
y = f (x)
2
3
4
5
53
xS22
Table 3.3
1.000
2795
0.100
2465
0.010
2436
0.001
2433
We
books
W conclude
l d that
h in
i 2010 consumer spending
di on b
k
is increasing by $2,433 million per year.
Limits
In Examples 1 and 2, we estimated the instantaneous
rate of change at a point by calculating the average rate
Shutterstock
S16 1 h2 2 S162
h
9/29/10 2:15 PM
54
Figure 3.5
y
3
2
1
xSa
xSa
1 1
y = f (x)
2
3
4
5
6
Table 3.4
T
Left of x 5 2
T
c
Right of x 5 2
c
f(x)
0.00
4.000
1.00
3.000
1.90
0.390
1.99
0.040
2.00
0.000
2.01
0.040
2.10
0.410
3.00
5.000
lim f 1 x 2 5 2
xS11
xS2
Sometimes the left- and right-hand limits of a function at a point are not equal. Consider the graph of the
piecewise function
2x2 1 2
f1x2 5 e
x11
x#1
x.1
xS12
Table 3.5
T
Left of x 5 1
T
c
Right of x 5 1
c
f(x)
0.00
2.000
0.90
1.190
0.99
1.020
1.00
1.000
1.01
2.010
1.10
2.100
2.00
3.000
3.00
4.000
9/24/10 10:15 AM
3.2
SOLUTION
Since f ( x ) 5 x2
2
5 lim 1 9 1 6h 1 h 2 2 9
hS0
h
2
5 lim 6h 1 h
hS0
h
1
h
6
1 h2
5 lim
hS0
h
5 lim 1 6 1 h 2 for h 2 0 Since
hS0
65639_03_ch03_046-073.indd 55
55
Table 3.6
6 1 h, h 2 0
20.100
5.900
20.010
5.990
20.001
5.999
0.000
Undefined
0.001
6.001
0.010
6.010
0.100
6.100
As seen from the table, even though the difference quotient is undefined when h 5 0, the value of the simplified
difference quotient, 6 1 h, gets close to 6 as h approaches
zero. In fact, by picking sufficiently small values of h, we
can get as close to 6 as we would like. So the instantaneous rate of change of f sxd when x 5 3 is 6.
Observe that we can attain the same result by plugging in h 5 0 after canceling out the h in the denominator of the difference quotient. That is,
5 lim 1 6 1 h 2 5 6 1 0
hS0
56
Throughout the rest of this chapter, we will substitute in h 5 0 after eliminating the h in the denominator
of the difference quotient. This process will simplify our
computations while still giving the correct result.
The limit of the difference quotient as h approaches
zero is used widely throughout calculus and is called
the derivative.
h
5 1 for h ? 0
h
56
Pr 1 25 2 5 lim
hS0
Given f 1 x 2 5 3x 1 1, nd f 9s2d.
P 1 25 1 h 2 2 P 1 25 2
h
5 lim
5 lim
hS0
SOLUTION
f12 1 h2 2 f122
hS0
h
fr 1 2 2 5 lim
1312 1 h2 1 12 2 13122 1 12
hS0
h
5 lim
5 lim
hS0
hS0
Since f(2 1 h) 5
(3(2 1 h) 1 1) and
f(2) 5 3(2) 1 1
1 6 1 3h 1 1 2 2 1 7 2
h
1 3h 1 7 2 2 1 7 2
hS0
h
5 lim
5 lim
hS0
hS0
Since
h
51
h
53
In this case, the difference quotient turned out to be a
constant value of 3, so taking the limit of the difference
quotient as h approached zero did not alter the value of
the difference quotient.
For linear functions, the slope of the line is the
instantaneous rate of change of the function at any
value of x. Consequently, the derivative of a linear function will always be a constant value that is equal to the
slope of the line.
5 lim
5 lim
7.519 1 1 1.017 2 h 2 1 2
h
hS0
3h
h
5 lim 3
5 lim
hS0
3.2 Exercises
In Exercises 15, use the difference quotient
f1a 1 h2 2 f1a2
(with h 5 0.1, h 5 0.01, and h 5 0.001)
h
to estimate the instantaneous rate of change of the
function at the given input value.
1. f 1 x 2 5 x2; x 5 2
9/24/10 10:15 AM
3.2
2. s 1 t 2 5 216t2 1 64; t 5 2
3. w 1 t 2 5 4t 1 2; t 5 5
4. P 1 t 2 5 5; t 5 25
5. P 1 r 2 5 500 1 1 1 r 2 2; r 5 0.07
In Exercises 610, use the derivative to calculate the
instantaneous rate of change of the function at the given
input value. (In each exercise, you can eliminate the h
algebraically.) Compare your answers to the solutions
of Exercises 15.
6. f 1 x 2 5 x2; x 5 2
7. s 1 t 2 5 216t2 1 64; t 5 2
8. w 1 t 2 5 4t 1 2; t 5 5
9. P 1 t 2 5 5; t 5 25
10. P 1 r 2 5 500 1 1 1 r 2 2; r 5 0.07
In Exercises 1115, use the difference quotient (with
h 5 0.1, h 5 0.01, and h 5 0.001) to estimate the
instantaneous rate of change of the function at the
given input value. You may find it helpful to apply the
techniques on the Chapter 3 Tech Card.
11. f 1 x 2 5 2x23; x 5 3
12. P 1 t 2 5 230 1 0.9 2 t; t 5 25
13. P 1 r 2 5 500 1 1 1 r 2 10; r 5 0.07
14. y 5 ln 1 x 2 ; x 5 2
15. g 1 x 2 5 e3x; x 5 1
In Exercises 1620, determine the instantaneous rate
of change of the function at the indicated input value.
(You may find it helpful to apply the techniques on
the Chapter 3 Tech Card.) Then explain the real-life
meaning of the result.
16. Yogurt Production Based on data from 1997
2005, the amount of yogurt produced in the
United States annually may be modeled by
y 1 x 2 5 14.99x2 1 62.14x 1 1555 million pounds
where x is the number of years since 1997. (Source:
Modeled from Statistical Abstract of the United
States, 2007, Table 846) Find and interpret the
meaning of Sr 1 10 2 .
57
9/24/10 10:15 AM
58
3.3
The Derivative as
a Slope: Graphical
Methods
t 5 c. Recall from Section 3.1 that, graphically speaking, the difference quotient is the slope of the secant line
connecting the two points on the graph of a function.
According to the prescription drug spending model,
C(0) 5 158.7 and C(20) 5 1262. Were interested in
the slope of the secant line between (0, 158.7) and
(20, 1262). The slope of this line represents the average rate of change in the prescription drug spending
between 1990 and 2010 (Figure 3.6).
Figure 3.6
C(t)
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
(20, 2162)
(0, 158.7)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Years (since 1990)
C 1 20 2 2 C 1 0 2 dollars
20 years
Shutterstock
9/24/10 10:15 AM
3.3
C(t)
1400
1300
1200
1100
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
m5
(20, 1262)
(10, 421.5)
C 1 20 2 2 C 1 19 2 dollars
20 2 19 years
59
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.9
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Years (since 1990)
C(t)
1300
(20, 1262)
1200
(19, 1152)
1100
19
18
20
Years (since 1990)
21 t
Figure 3.8
C(t)
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
(20, 1262)
(19, 1152)
m5
5
C
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Years (since 1990)
C 1 20 2 2 C 1 19.9 2 dollars
20 2 19.9 years
1262 2 1251 dollars
0.1 years
9/24/10 10:15 AM
60
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.11
C(t)
f (x)
1270
P
1260
(20, 1262)
Q4
Q3
1250
(19.9, 1251)
Q2
1240
19.8
Tangent line
Q1
19.9
20
Years (since 1990)
20.1 t
SOLUTION
f12 1 h2 2 f122
h
1 2 1 h 2 2 2 22
5 hlim
S0
h
Since f sxd 5 x2
4 1 4h 1 h2 2 4
5 hlim
S0
h
4h 1 h2
5 hlim
S0
h
h14 1 h2
5 hlim
S0
h
9/24/10 10:15 AM
3.3
61
5 lim 1 4 1 h 2
hS0
Figure 3.13
5410
C(t)
4.8
54
The slope of the tangent line is 4 at the point (2, 4). Using
the slope-intercept form of a line, we have y 5 4x 1 b.
Substituting in the point (2, 4), we get
4.6
4 5 4122 1 b
4.2
4.4
4.0
4581b
(2,4)
3.8
b 5 24
y=
3.6
x2
3.4
y = 4x4
3.2
1.8
Figure 3.12
y = 4x 4
f(x)
12
16
Tangent-Line Approximations
In Example 1 you may have noticed that the tangent line
lies very near to the graph of f for values of x near a. In
fact, if we zoom in to the region immediately surrounding (a, f(a)), the graph of f and the tangent line to the
graph of f at (a, f(a)) appear nearly identical. For values
of x near 2, the tangent-line y-value is a good approximation of the actual function value (see Figure 3.13).
Because it is frequently easier to calculate the values
of the tangent line than the values of the function, sometimes the tangent line is used to estimate the value of the
function. For example, suppose we wanted to estimate
f 1 1.9 2 given f 1 x 2 5 x2. Since x 5 1.9 is near x 5 2, we
may use the equation of the tangent line, y 5 4x 2 4,
to estimate f 1 1.9 2 . That is, f 1 1.9 2 < 4 1 1.9 2 2 4 5 3.6.
The actual value is
f 1 1.9 2 5 1 1.9 2 2
5 3.61
hS0
P 1 4 1 h 2 2 P 1 4 2 million dollars
h years
tock
(2, 4)
2.2 t
f (x) = x 2
2.1
tters
1 2
4
6
2.0
Shu
y
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
1.9
9/24/10 10:15 AM
62
Figure 3.14
C(t)
12
5 lim
hS0
h 1 20.58h 2 1.44 2
5 lim
hS0
h
P14 1 h2 2 P142
Pr 1 4 2 5 lim
hS0
h
y = 1.44(x 4) + 8.22
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
3
4
Years (since 2005)
hS0
5 20.58 1 0 2 2 1.44
5 21.44
billion dollars
year
Numerical Derivatives
Often we encounter real-life data in tables or charts. Is
it possible to calculate a derivative from a table of data?
Well investigate this question by looking at a table of
data for f 1 x 2 5 x2 (see Table 3.7). For this function,
fr 1 2 2 5 4.
5 6.78
Using the tangent-line equation, we estimate that iPod
net sales are about $6.8 billion in 2010. According to
the model, the actual number of iPod net sales was
somewhat less.
P 1 5 2 5 20.58 1 5 2 2 1 3.2 1 5 2 1 4.7
5 6.2
The model indicates that iPod net sales were $6.2 billion in 2010.
Why was there a discrepancy between the two estimates in Example 2? Look at the graph of the model
and the tangent line (Figure 3.14).
Table 3.7
f(x)
16
9/29/10 1:52 PM
3.3
fr 1 2 2 <
f132 2 f112
321
921
5
2
f1a 1 h2 2 f1a2
h
In both cases, h is the distance between a and the next
closest domain value.
54
In this case, our estimate was equal to the tangentline slope. Lets look at the situation graphically (see
Figure 3.15).
f1a 1 h2 2 f1a 2 h2
1a 1 h2 2 1a 2 h2
<
f1a 1 h2 2 f1a 2 h2
2h
Figure 3.15
f (x) = x 2
16
m=4
14
12
10
f1a 1 h2 2 f1a2
1a 1 h2 2 1a2
<
8
5
2
63
f ' (2) = 4
(3, 9)
8
Function
Secant
Tangent
6
(2, 4)
4
2
1
(1, 1)
0
When estimating a derivative numerically, we typically select the two closest data points that are horizontally equidistant from our point of interest. Doing so
often yields a line that is parallel or near-parallel to the
tangent line. Picking two points that are equidistant from
the point of interest will tend to give the best estimate
of the derivative and can be used as long as the point of
interest is not an endpoint. (If the point of interest is an
endpoint, we find the slope of the secant line between the
endpoint and the next closest point.) If we assume that
each output in a table of data represents f 1 a 2 for a corresponding input a, then we can symbolically represent the
process of numerically estimating a derivative as follows.
If a is the largest domain value in the data set, then
fr 1 a 2 <
f1a2 2 f1a 2 h2
1a2 2 1a 2 h2
<
f1a2 2 f1a 2 h2
h
Table 3.8
148.0
163.4
181.1
208.2
203.7
SOLUTION
9/24/10 10:15 AM
64
fr 1 6 2 <
<
f 1 8 2 2 f 1 4 2 thousand dollars
8 2 4 years
203.7 2 181.1
4
3.3 Exercises
In Exercises 110, determine the equation of the tangent
line of the function at the given point. Then graph the
tangent line and the function together.
1. f 1 x 2 5 x2 2 4x; 1 1, 23 2
2. f 1 x 2 5 2x2 1 6; 1 2, 2 2
3. g 1 x 2 5 x2 1 2x 1 1; 1 0, 1 2
4. g 1 x 2 5 x2 2 4; 1 3, 5 2
6. h 1 x 2 5 x3; 1 2, 8 2
7. h 1 x 2 5 x3; 1 0, 0 2
8. h 1 x 2 5 x ; 1 1, 1 2
5. g 1 x 2 5 x2 2 4x 2 5; 1 4, 25 2
9. f 1 x 2 5 1 x 2 3 2 2; 1 3, 0 2
10. f 1 x 2 5 1 x 1 2 2 2; 1 21, 1 2
In Exercises 1115, answer the questions by calculating
the slope of the tangent line and the tangent-line
equation, as appropriate.
11. Median Price of a New Home Based on data from
2003 to 2008, the median price of a home in
the western region of the United States may be
modeled by
W 1 t 2 5 29.2t 1 55t 1 253 thousand dollars
2
9/24/10 10:15 AM
3.3
55,355
54,776
54,877
55,991
60,424
62,051
65,764
67,055
3.69
3.90
4.08
4.28
10,736
11,368
12,106
12,832
13,344
6.09
5.93
5.79
5.91
6.07
3.85
10,130
Estimate Wr 1 6 2 .
65
Estimate Sr 1 3 2 .
20. Bread Prices
Estimate Ir 1 3 2 .
1.30
1.29
1.62
1.81
1.95
Estimate Br 1 2 2 .
9/24/10 10:15 AM
66
3.4
The Derivative
as a Function:
Algebraic Method
SOLUTION
hS0
f1x 1 h2 2 f1x2
h
1 3 1 x 1 h 2 2 2 2 1 3x2 2
hS0
h
5 lim
1 3 1 x2 1 2hx 1 h2 2 2 2 1 3x2 2
hS0
h
5 lim
5 lim
5 lim
6hx 1 3h2
h
5 lim
h 1 6x 1 3h 2
h
hS0
hS0
5 lim 1 6x 1 3h 2
hS0
5 6x 1 3 1 0 2
5 6x
The result fr 1 x 2 5 6x is the derivative function for
f 1 x 2 5 3x2. It can be used to calculate the instantaneous rate of change of f at any point (a, f(a)).
fr 1 1 2 5 6 1 1 2
56
The instantaneous rate of change of f at 1 1, 3 2 is 6.
fr 1 3 2 5 6 1 3 2
5 18
The instantaneous rate of change of f at 1 3, 27 2 is 18.
fr 1 10 2 5 6 1 10 2
5 60
The instantaneous rate of change of f at 1 10, 300 2 is 60.
As demonstrated in Example 1, the techniques used
to find the derivative function are virtually identical to
9/24/10 10:15 AM
3.4
hS0
f1x 1 h2 2 f1x2
h
67
hS0
R1t 1 h2 2 R1t2
h
5 lim
5 lim
hS0
Since
h
5 1 for h 2 0
h
Based on data from 2000 to 2006, the cumulative number of homicides resulting from a
romantic triangle between the start of 2000 and the end
of year t may be modeled by
Rr 1 5 2 5 23.14 1 5 2 1 119
Rr 1 6 2 5 23.14 1 6 2 1 119
hS0
R1t 1 h2 2 R1t2
h
Because of the complex nature of R 1 t 2 , we will first calculate R 1 t 1 h 2 and then substitute the result into the
derivative formula.
R(t 1 h) 5 21.57(t 1 h)2 1 119(t 1 h) 1 125
5 21.57t2 (t2 1 2ht 1 h2) 1 119t
1 119h 1 125
5
2 3.14ht 2
1 119h 1 125
21.57t2
1.57h2
1 119t
5 103.3
< 103 homicides per year
5 100.2
< 100 homicides per year
The cumulative number of homicides resulting
from a romantic triangle was increasing at a rate of 106
homicides per year in 2004, 103 homicides per year in
2005, and 100 homicides per year in 2006. According to the model, although the cumulative number of
homicides continued to increase, the rate at which these
homicides were increasing slowed between the end of
2004 and the end of 2006.
SOLUTION
g1t 1 h2 2 g1t2
. Well rst
h
nd g 1 t 1 h 2 and then substitute the result into the
derivative formula.
We must nd gr 1 t 2 5 lim
hS0
9/24/10 10:15 AM
68
SOLUTION
g1t 1 h2 2 g1t2
gr 1 t 2 5 lim
hS0
h
1 6t h 1 6th 1 2h 2 4h 2
h
2
5 lim
hS0
hS0
5 6t2 1 6t 1 0 2 1 2 1 0 2 2 2 4
5 6t2 2 4
The derivative of g 1 t 2 5 2t3 2 4t 1 3 is gr 1 t 2 5 6t2 2 4.
Estimating Derivatives
For polynomial functions, all terms in the numerator of
the derivative formula without an h will cancel out. This
allows us always to eliminate the h in the denominator.
However, with some other types of functions, the h in
the denominator cannot be eliminated algebraically. In
this case, we can estimate the derivative function by substituting in a small positive value (e.g., 0.001) for h. The
closer the value of h is to zero, the more accurate the
estimate of the derivative will be.
5 lim
5 lim
1 1 1.106 2 h 2 1 2
h
We can move the expression 2.593 1 1.106 2 t to the other
side of the limit because it does not contain an h. Since
5 2.593 1 1.106 2 t # lim
hS0
lim
hS0
1 1 1.106 2 0.001 2 1 2
1 1 1.106 2 h 2 1 2
<
h
0.001
< 0.1008
we have
1 1 1.106 2 h 2 1 2
hS0
h
The per capita consumption of bottled water in the United States may
be modeled by
Shutterstock
65639_03_ch03_046-073.indd 68
< 2.934
3.4
3.4 Exercises
In Exercises 15, find the derivative of the function.
1. f 1 x 2 5 x2 2 4x
2. g 1 x 2 5 x2 1 2x 1 1
3. g 1 x 2 5 x 2 4x 2 5
2
4. j 1 x 2 5 x3 1 2
5. f 1 t 2 5 1 t 2 3 2 2
In Exercises 610, find the slope of the tangent line of
the function at x 5 1, x 5 3, and x 5 5.
6. g 1 x 2 5 2x2 1 x 2 1
7. f 1 x 2 5 x2 2 2x
8. j 1 x 2 5 25
9. W 1 x 2 5 24x 1 9
10. S 1 x 2 5 3x2 2 2x 1 1
In Exercises 1113, estimate the derivative of the
function. When you are unable to eliminate the h in the
denominator of the derivative formula algebraically, use
h 5 0.001.
11. P 1 x 2 5 3x
12. C 1 x 2 5 23 # 4x
13. R 1 x 2 5 5.042 # 1 0.98 2 x
In Exercises 1418, use the derivative function to
answer the questions.
14. Median Price of a New Home Based on data from
2003 to 2008, the median price of a home in
the western region of the United States may be
modeled by
W 1 t 2 5 29.2t2 1 55t 1 253 thousand dollars
where t is the number of years since 2003. (Source:
Modeled from Statistical Abstract of the United
States, 2010, Table 940)
According to the model, was the median sales
price changing more quickly at the end of 2006 or
the end of 2008?
15. Median Price of a New Home Based on data from
2003 to 2008, the median price of a home in the
United States may be modeled by
69
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70
3.5
Interpreting the
Derivative
Many of us feel inundated by the advertisements we are sent through the mail.
Dont expect this to let up anytime soon:
Spending on direct-mail advertising has
risen every year since 1990. The amount
of money spent on direct-mail advertising
may be modeled by
A(t) 5
70.54t2
1 1488t 1 22,828
million dollars
Recall that the units of the derivative are the units of the output
divided by the units of the input.
tter
sto
ck
SOLUTION
Shu
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3.5
71
Tr 1 12 2 5 10.7 means that in 2004, the number of television sets in U.S. homes was increasing at a rate of
10.7 million sets per year. In other words, the number
of television sets in homes was expected to increase by
about 10.7 million sets between 2004 and 2005.
where x is the number of years since 1992. (Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2007, Table 1111)
Interpret the meaning of T 1 12 2 5 271.9 and
1
Tr 12 2 5 10.7.
SOLUTION
3.5 Exercises
In Exercises 118, interpret the real-life meaning of
the indicated values. Answer additional questions as
appropriate.
1. Body Weight The weight of a girl between 2 and
13 years of age may be modeled by
W 1 a 2 5 0.289a2 1 2.464a 1 23.10 pounds
where a is the age of the girl. (Source: Modeled
from www.babybag.com data)
Interpret the meaning of W 1 10 2 5 76.64 and
Wr 1 10 2 5 8.24. Then estimate W 1 11 2 .
2. Body Weight Compare the results of Example 2
and Exercise 1. Were boys or girls expected to gain
more weight between their 10th and 11th years?
Explain.
3. Carbon Monoxide Pollution Based on data from
19902003, carbon monoxide pollution may be
modeled by
P 1 t 2 5 20.248t 1 5.99 parts per million
where t is the number of years since 1990. (Source:
Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2006,
Table 359)
Interpret the meaning of P 1 15 2 5 2.27 and
Pr 1 15 2 5 20.248.
4. Kazakhstan Population Based on data from
19952005, the population of Kazakhstan may be
modeled by
K 1 t 2 5 14,825 1 0.993 2 t thousand people
where t is the number of years since 2005. (Source:
World Health Statistics 2006, World Health
Organization)
Interpret the meaning of K 1 10 2 5 13,819 and
1
Pr 10 2 5 297.08.
5. India Population Based on data from 19952005,
the population of the India may be modeled by
I 1 t 2 5 1,103,371 1 1.015 2 t thousand people
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