Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture
Source
T target tissues
#
Hypothalamus, Posterior Pituitary & downstream targets
Oxytocin
2
Posterior Pituitary
Uterine SM, breast
SM
Antidiuretic
2
Posterior Pituitary
Adrenal gland
hormone
zona glomerulosa,
(ADH)
kidney, vascular
SM
Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary & downstream targets
Dopamine
3
Hypothalamus
Prolactin
3
Anterior Pituitary
Breast
Thyrotropin
3, 8, 9 Hypothalamus
Stimulates
releasing
Thyrotropes - Gq
hormone
PLC
(TRH)
Thyroid
3, 8, 9 Anterior Pituitary
Stimulate thyroid
stimulating
gland follicular
hormone (TSH)
cells via Gs AC.
Promotes growth
& synthesis of
thyroid hormones
T3, T4
3, 8, 9 Thyroid gland
Increase cardiac
output
Corticotropin
releasing
hormone
(CRH)
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
(ACTH)
3, 6
Hypothalamus
Corticotropes - Gs
AC
3, 6
Anterior Pituitary
Cortisol
3, 6
Adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata
Adrenocortical
cells, growth,
StAR,
Steroidogenesis,
etc
Liver
gluconeogenesis
Muscle
muscle
catabolism
Adipose tissue
lipolysis
Epinephrine and
glucagon-induced
glycogenolysis
Anti-inflammatory
Corticosterone
(minor)
Dehydro-
Adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata
Adrenal cortex
Inhibitory
Suckling
T3/T4 feedback inhibition
Converted from T4 to T3
(thyroxine) in peripheral
tissues, liver and kidneys
Permissive for GH activity
Cortisol feedback inhibition
CRH
ACTH
ACTH
Adrenarche,
epiandrosteron
e
Androstenedio
ne (minor)
zona reticularis
5
Adrenal cortex
zona reticularis
Aldosterone
Adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
Somatostatin
3, 4
Hypothalamus
Growth
hormone
releasing
hormone
(GHRH)
Growth
Hormone (GH)
3, 4
Hypothalamus
3, 4
Anterior Pituitary
Insulin-like
growth factors
(IGF)
3, 4
Liver
growth of pubic
and axillary hair,
Maintenance of
libido & growth of
pubic and axillary
hair in females
Kidney ENaC,
ROMK, Na/K
ATPase (also
sweat glands,
salivary glands
and intestine)
Somatotropes
inhibit via Gi AC
Somatotropes
stimulate via Gs
AC
factors also
Liver
IGF-1
synthesis &
release
Amino acid
uptake & protein
synthesis
gluconeogenesis
Muscle
glucose uptake
insulin
sensitivity
Adipose Tissue
lipolysis
glucose uptake
insulin
sensitivity
Soft tissue
Amino acid
uptake & protein
synthesis
IGF-1 synthesis
& release
IGF-I skeletal
growth
Muscle
Insulin like effects
Adipose tissue
Insulin like effects
Secretion stimulated by
GHRH
Thyroid Hormones, estradiol
have
permissive actions
Secretion stimulated by
growth hormone
Gonadotropic
releasing
hormone
(GnRH)
Follicle
stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Androgens
Estrogen
Progesterone
Hormone
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
(80%)
Norepinephrin
e
(20%)
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropes
Anterior Pituitary
Gonads
GnRH
Anterior Pituitary
Gonads
GnRH
3
3
3
Lecture
#
6
Gonads
Gonads
Gonads
Source
Adrenal medulla
T target tissues
1 - IP3, Ca2+,
DAG (NE > E)
2 - cAMP (NE >
E)
Combined alpha
receptor actions
vasoconstriction
of skin, GI tract,
kidneys
intestinal
relaxation
constriction
intestinal
& bladder
sphincters
dilation of pupils
piloerection
1 - cAMP (NE =
E)
increased heart
rate
increased
cardiac
contractility
increased
lipolysis
2 - cAMP (E >
NE)
intestinal
relaxation
bladder wall
relaxation
dilation of
airways
FSH/LH
FSH/LH
FSH/LH
Stimulus for secretion
Sympathetic nervous
system activity stimulates;
cortisol permissive
Hormone
Lecture
#
Calcium Regulation
Parathyroid
10, 11
Hormone
Vitamin D
10, 11
Calcitonin
11
Hormone
Source
Parathyroid Gland
Thyroid gland C
cells
Lecture
Source
#
Regulation of Metabolism
Insulin
12, 13 Endocrine
Pancreas
glycogenolysis
3 - cAMP
T target tissues
DIRECT
Bone
resorption
Kidney
Calcium
reabsorption
active Vitamin
D synthesis
phosphate
reabsorption
INDIRECT via
Vitamin D
Intestine
calcium
absorption
phosphate
absorption
Bone
Synergistic with
PTH
Indirectly
bone
mineralization via
intestinal
absorption
Parathyroid
Gland
Feedback inhibit
PTH release
Modulate chief
cell responsiveness
Kidney
Regulates genes
for 1 hydroxylase
and 24 hydroxylase
enzymes
Physiological
significance
unclear
T target tissues
Liver
Glucose uptake
Primarily regulated by
plasma glucose
PTH
cells
Glucagon
12, 13
Endocrine
Pancreas cells
gluconeogenesis
Muscle
glucose uptake
& glycogenesis
amino acid
transport & protein
synthesis
Adipose tissue
glucose uptake
fatty acid uptake
& triglyceride
synthesis
Inhibits lipolysis
Many other cells
transport of
amino acids &
protein synthesis
Liver
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
Muscle
protein
catabolism
Adipose tissue
circ fatty acids &
ketones
lipolysis &
metabolism of fatty
acids to ketones
Primarily regulated by
plasma glucose