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Hormone

Lecture
Source
T target tissues
#
Hypothalamus, Posterior Pituitary & downstream targets
Oxytocin
2
Posterior Pituitary
Uterine SM, breast
SM
Antidiuretic
2
Posterior Pituitary
Adrenal gland
hormone
zona glomerulosa,
(ADH)
kidney, vascular
SM
Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary & downstream targets
Dopamine
3
Hypothalamus
Prolactin
3
Anterior Pituitary
Breast
Thyrotropin
3, 8, 9 Hypothalamus
Stimulates
releasing
Thyrotropes - Gq
hormone
PLC
(TRH)
Thyroid
3, 8, 9 Anterior Pituitary
Stimulate thyroid
stimulating
gland follicular
hormone (TSH)
cells via Gs AC.
Promotes growth
& synthesis of
thyroid hormones
T3, T4
3, 8, 9 Thyroid gland
Increase cardiac
output

Corticotropin
releasing
hormone
(CRH)
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
(ACTH)

3, 6

Hypothalamus

Corticotropes - Gs
AC

3, 6

Anterior Pituitary

Cortisol

3, 6

Adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata

Adrenocortical
cells, growth,
StAR,
Steroidogenesis,
etc
Liver

gluconeogenesis
Muscle
muscle
catabolism
Adipose tissue
lipolysis
Epinephrine and
glucagon-induced
glycogenolysis
Anti-inflammatory

Corticosterone
(minor)
Dehydro-

Adrenal cortex
zona fasciculata
Adrenal cortex

Stimulus for secretion

Cervical sensory neurons,


suckling
plasma osmolarity
blood volume/pressure

Inhibitory
Suckling
T3/T4 feedback inhibition

T3/T4 feedback inhibition

Converted from T4 to T3
(thyroxine) in peripheral
tissues, liver and kidneys
Permissive for GH activity
Cortisol feedback inhibition

CRH

ACTH

ACTH
Adrenarche,

ACTH plays a role but other

epiandrosteron
e
Androstenedio
ne (minor)

zona reticularis
5

Adrenal cortex
zona reticularis

Aldosterone

Adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa

Somatostatin

3, 4

Hypothalamus

Growth
hormone
releasing
hormone
(GHRH)
Growth
Hormone (GH)

3, 4

Hypothalamus

3, 4

Anterior Pituitary

Insulin-like
growth factors
(IGF)

3, 4

Liver

growth of pubic
and axillary hair,
Maintenance of
libido & growth of
pubic and axillary
hair in females
Kidney ENaC,
ROMK, Na/K
ATPase (also
sweat glands,
salivary glands
and intestine)
Somatotropes
inhibit via Gi AC
Somatotropes
stimulate via Gs
AC

factors also

Liver
IGF-1
synthesis &
release
Amino acid
uptake & protein
synthesis

gluconeogenesis
Muscle
glucose uptake
insulin
sensitivity
Adipose Tissue
lipolysis
glucose uptake
insulin
sensitivity
Soft tissue
Amino acid
uptake & protein
synthesis
IGF-1 synthesis
& release
IGF-I skeletal
growth
Muscle
Insulin like effects
Adipose tissue
Insulin like effects

Secretion stimulated by
GHRH
Thyroid Hormones, estradiol
have
permissive actions

ACTH plays a role but other


factors also

Stimuli for secretion:


Angiotensin II, elevated K+,
acidosis, low pressure
stretch receptors in atria
stimulates release
IGF-1 positive feedback
IGF-1 negative feedback

Secretion stimulated by
growth hormone

Gonadotropic
releasing
hormone
(GnRH)
Follicle
stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Androgens
Estrogen
Progesterone
Hormone
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
(80%)
Norepinephrin
e
(20%)

Hypothalamus

Gonadotropes

Anterior Pituitary

Gonads

GnRH

Anterior Pituitary

Gonads

GnRH

3
3
3
Lecture
#
6

Gonads
Gonads
Gonads
Source

Adrenal medulla

T target tissues

1 - IP3, Ca2+,
DAG (NE > E)
2 - cAMP (NE >
E)
Combined alpha
receptor actions
vasoconstriction
of skin, GI tract,
kidneys
intestinal
relaxation
constriction
intestinal
& bladder
sphincters
dilation of pupils
piloerection
1 - cAMP (NE =
E)
increased heart
rate
increased
cardiac
contractility
increased
lipolysis
2 - cAMP (E >
NE)
intestinal
relaxation
bladder wall
relaxation
dilation of
airways

FSH/LH
FSH/LH
FSH/LH
Stimulus for secretion

Sympathetic nervous
system activity stimulates;
cortisol permissive

Hormone

Lecture
#
Calcium Regulation
Parathyroid
10, 11
Hormone

Vitamin D

10, 11

Calcitonin

11

Hormone

Source

Parathyroid Gland

Skin, diet, liver &


kidney

Thyroid gland C
cells

Lecture
Source
#
Regulation of Metabolism
Insulin
12, 13 Endocrine
Pancreas

glycogenolysis
3 - cAMP
T target tissues

Stimulus for secretion

DIRECT
Bone
resorption
Kidney
Calcium
reabsorption
active Vitamin
D synthesis
phosphate
reabsorption
INDIRECT via
Vitamin D
Intestine
calcium
absorption
phosphate
absorption
Bone
Synergistic with
PTH
Indirectly
bone
mineralization via
intestinal
absorption
Parathyroid
Gland
Feedback inhibit
PTH release
Modulate chief
cell responsiveness
Kidney
Regulates genes
for 1 hydroxylase
and 24 hydroxylase
enzymes
Physiological
significance
unclear
T target tissues

Low plasma calcium


concentration

Liver
Glucose uptake

Primarily regulated by
plasma glucose

PTH

High plasma calcium


concentration
Stimulus for secretion

cells

Glucagon

12, 13

Endocrine
Pancreas cells

for glycogenesis &


triacylglycerol
production

gluconeogenesis
Muscle
glucose uptake
& glycogenesis
amino acid
transport & protein
synthesis
Adipose tissue
glucose uptake
fatty acid uptake
& triglyceride
synthesis
Inhibits lipolysis
Many other cells
transport of
amino acids &
protein synthesis
Liver
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
Muscle
protein
catabolism
Adipose tissue
circ fatty acids &
ketones
lipolysis &
metabolism of fatty
acids to ketones

Receptor tyrosine kinase


MAPK & GLUT4
receptor affinity by
excess glucocorticoids

Primarily regulated by
plasma glucose

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