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EC/EI V SEM
EXPERIMENT NO.1
OBJECT: Design and implement op-amp as Log and Anti Log amplifier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Op amp 741, power supply diode or transistor resistors connecting wires.
THEORY:
A logarithmic amplifier has an Output voltage that is proportional to the logarithm of the
input,
PROCEDURE
Apply input voltage at the inverting terminal of op amp and measure the output
voltage and change input signal value measure output voltage at different values of
input voltage and verify results as per formula.
For log amplifier
Circuit Diagram:
Log Amp
Result:
Precautions:
1-All connections check properly.
Result:
EC/EI V SEM
EXPERIMENT NO.3A
OBJECT: To study the second order Low pass filter of a cut off frequency of 1 KHz
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Bread board, IC 741, CRO, Power Supply, Connecting Wires, and Function generator
Resistors, Capacitors.
THEORY A frequency selective electric circuit that passes electric signals of specified
band of frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the brand is called
an electric filter. The first order low pass filter consists of a single RC network connected
to the non-inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier. Resisters R1 and RF
determine the gain of the filter in the pass band. The low pass filter as maximum gain at f
= 0 Hz. The frequency range from 0 to FH is called the pass band the frequency range f >
fh is called the stop band.low pass filter pass the frequency less than the cutoff . While a
high pass filter pass the frequency greater than cut off frequency.
PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit component as per given in circuit diagram .change the frequency of
input signal and find the gain at different frequencies
1 Construct the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Apply an input sine wave and measure the amplitude of output waveform for
different values of input frequencies
3 Calculate the gain in dB.
4. Plot the frequency response
FORMULA USED
FLOW=
OBSERVATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:
GRAPH:
_____ 1__________
2 R2R3C2C3
PRECAUTIONS:
1-Power supply connection should be proper
Result:
1. The cut-off frequency of the low pass filter = kHz
2. 2. The pass band gain of low pass filter =
CONCLUSION:
i. The working of active low pass filter is observed and the output is plotted.
ii. The frequency response of the low pass filter is plotted on a semi-log graph paper.
iii. It is observed that the gain rolls of at the rate of 20dB per decade at the cut of frequency.
PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit component as per given in circuit diagram .change the frequency of
input signal and find the gain at different frequencies.
i. Construct the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
ii.Apply an input sine wave and measure the amplitude of output waveform for different
values of input frequencies.
iii.Calculate the gain in dB.
iv.Plot the frequency response.
FORMULA USED
Second order low pass active filter
F High pass =
OBSERVATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:
_____ 1__________
2 R2R3C2C3
GRAPH:
Precautions:
1. Power supply connection should be proper.
Result:
1.The lower cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter = ------- KHz.
2.The pass band gain = ------CONCLUSION:
i. The working of active high pass filter is observed and the output is plotted.
ii. The frequency response of the high pass filter is plotted on a semi-log graph paper.
iii. It is observed that the gain increases at the rate of 20dB per decade at the cut of
frequency
PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit component as per given in circuit diagram .change the frequency of
input signal and find the gain at different frequencies.
i. Construct the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
ii.Apply an input sine wave and measure the amplitude of output waveform for different
values of input frequencies.
iii.Calculate the gain in dB.
iv.Plot the frequency response.
Circuit Diagram:
Active Band pass
filter
C1
OP1
R3
++
R4
R1
PRECAUTIONS: 1.
Power supply
connection should be
proper.
R2
C2
APPARATUS REQUIRED
C.R.O, OP-Amp741, Resistance (10k, 3.3k ) Port 1M, Capacitor (.013F, 0.1F),
Bread Board.
Theory:
In this oscillator the Wein Bridge Circuit is connected between the amplifier input terminals and
the output terminal. The bridge has a series RC network in one arm and parallel RC network
in the adjoining arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge resistors R1 and RF are
connected. The total phase-shift around the circuit is 0 o when the bridge is balancedIn Wien
Bridge oscillator a Wien Bridge circuit is connected between the amplifier input terminals
and the output terminals. The bridge has a series R network in one arm and a parallel RC
network in adjoining arm. In remaining two arms resistors R and RF are connected.
PROCEDURE:
i. Construct the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
ii. Adjust the potentiometer Rf such that an output wave form is obtained.
iii. Calculate the output wave form frequency and peak to peak voltage.
iv. Compare the theoretical and practical values of the output waveform frequency.
Circuit Diagram:
Fp
Ft
P1
OP1
R1
+
+
C1
C2
R3
R2
.
Precautions: All connections check properly.
Result:
% Error = ft-fp/ft100
Theoretical frequency of oscillation =
Practical value of frequency of oscillation =
EC/EI V SEM
EXPERIMENT NO.6
OBJECT: Determine capture range, lock in range & free running frequency of PLL.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PLL (NE 565), Resistors 12k, Capacitors (.01f, 10f) Dual power supply, Bread
board, Function generator, CRO and Connecting Wires
THEORY
THE PLL circuit is basically use for tracking a particular system. It consist of phase
detector low pass filter and VCO.A Phase detector compares Frequency and phase of two
systems. And VCO is a voltage to frequency convertor.
PROCEDURE
1- connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2- free running fresquency of the VCO adjusted externally with RT and CT
3- An externally connected short link between the pin (4) & (5) will connect the
VCO output to the phase detector input.
Circuit Diagram:
Result:
Fo =.Hz
Fl =.Hz
Fc = .Hz
U5A
1
OPA1013/B B
74AC04
V-
OUT
2
V+
R2
10K
U9A
2
74AC08
OPA1013/B B
R3
10K
V-
OUT
2
V+
U10A
1
2
74AC08
OPA1013/B B
V-
OUT
2
V+
R4
RESISTOR
74AC04
1
1
OUT
74AC32
74AC08
R5
10K
V-
V+
OBSEVATION TABLE
COMPARATOR OUTPUT
Input
voltage
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
BINARY OUTPUT
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
00
11
1
X
0
1
x
X
00 0
01 X
2222222
X
11
10 X
01
10
00
01
11
10
00 0
x
01 x
0
x
x
1
1
1
x
x
x
11
10
B=Q4 Q2
C= Q4 Q2+Q2Q1
00
01
11
10
00
01
11
0
X
X
0
X
x
0
0
1
X
X
x
10
A=Q4
DIGITAL OUTPUT
B
7
1
10K
3
2
O P -0 7
2 .2 K
10K
1 .2 K
4
8
4 .7 K
OBSERVATION TABLE
Input
Output(Binary weighted)
Output(R-2R ladder)
Fig 1 V to I converter
Fig 2 I to V converter
Result:
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB (EEC-551)
EC/EI V SEM
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
OBJECT: Function generator using operational amplifier (sine, triangular& square
wave).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Function generator, IC 741, C. R .O, Bread board, Connecting wires and Resistors. And
power supply
THEORY Function generator a device which produce sine, triangular& square wave
simultaneously. For which we uses defferent circuit diagram and connect together as per
application.
PROCEDURE
the OP AMP in this first stage as a level detector with the trigger voltage set to about 0.2
times the driving voltage . because R3 and R2 form a voltage divider. The output of this
first OP AMP is a square wave because, as the capacitor is charged in one direction, at
some point .The second stage accepts a square wave as its input and outputs a triangle
wave. The third stage is also an integrator, but its input is a triangle wave. Well the
integral of a triangle wave is not really quite a sine wave. But note how much smaller C3
is compared to C2.
Circuit Diagram:
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as shown in figure.
2. See the output wave form on CRO.
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
FORMULA USED:,
For Astable Multivibrator
T=.69(R1+2R2) C
Precautions: All connections check properly.
Result
1- connect the differentiator circuit as shown in fig 1.adjust the signal generator to
produce a 5 volt peak sine wave at 100 Hz.
2- observe input Vi and Vo simultaneously on the oscilloscope measure and record the
peak value of Vo and the phase angle of Vo with respect to Vi.
3-Repeat step 2 while increasing the frequency of the input signal. Find the maximum
frequency at which circuit offers differentiation. Compare it with the calculated value of
fa Observe & sketch the input and output for square wave.
4- Connect the integrator circuit shown in Fig2. Set the function generator to produce a
square wave of 1V peak-to-peak amplitude at 500 Hz. View simultaneously output Vo
and Vi.
5- Slowly adjust the input frequency until the output is good triangular waveform.
Measure the amplitude and frequency of the input and output waveforms.
6- Verify the following relationship between R1Cf and input frequency for good
integration f>fa & T< R1C1
Where R1Cf is the time constant
7- Now set the function generator to a sine wave of 1 V peak-to-peak and frequency 500
Hz. Adjust the frequency of the input until the output is a negative going cosine wave.
Measure the frequency and amplitude of the input and output waveforms.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
2-Integrator