Lecture 9

Stresses in thick walled cylinders:

Cylindrical pressure vessels, hydraulic cylinders, gun barrels, and pipes
carrying fluids at high pressures develop both radial and tangential
stresses with values that depend upon the radius of the element under
consideration. In determining the radial stress r and the tangential
stress t .
Consider the element shown in Figure in a pressure cylinder loaded
with internal and external pressure Pi &Po

The element force balance will be

a) Fr = 0 in the radial direction for unit length

r .r .d + 2. t .dr .

d
d r
( r +
.dr )( r + dr )d = 0
2
dr

d r
t r r.
= 0 LL (1)
dr
b) Strain

du
LL ( 2)
dr
t 2. .( r + u) 2. .r u
=
LL ( 3)
t =
=
r
Lt
2. .r

r =

r =

E
1 u

( r + . t )

from 2,3
E
du
u
( + . ) LL (4)
r =
2 dr
r
1 u
d r
E
d 2u
u u du
(
. + . ) LL (4)
=
2
2
dr
1 u dr
r 2 r dr
E
t =
( + . r )
2 t
1 u
from 2,3
E
u
du
( + . ) LL (5)
t =
dr
1 u2 r
from 4,5 in 1
d 2u

1 du u
+ .
= 0 LL (6)
2
2
r dr r
dr
Equation 6 is a second degree differential equation has a general
solution:

C2
u = C1 .r +
r
du
C
= C1 2 LL (7)
dr
r2
from 4,5

C2
C2
r =
C
+ ( C1 +
)
2 1
2
2
1
r
r
E

r =

(1 )
B
(
1
)
C
+

C
=
A

2
2 1
2
1
r
r2

LL (8)

C2
C2
C +
+ ( C1
)
t =
2 1
2
2
1
r
r
E

(1 )
B
= A+
C (1 + ) + C 2
t =
2 1
2
1
r
r2

LL (9)

A & B from boundary conditions:

At r = a (inner radius) r = -Pi & at r = b (outer radius) r = -Po
- Pi = A B/a2 - Po = A B/b2
Solving for A & B:

A=

Pi .a 2 Po .b 2

r =

b a

b 2 .a 2
2

r
b2 a 2

Pi .a Po .b +

or t or r =

LL B = b .a .

Pi .a 2 Po .b 2

t =

b 2 .a 2
2

r
b2 a 2

( Po Pi )
b2 a 2

.( Po Pi )

.( Po Pi )

Pi .a 2 Po .b 2

b 2 .a 2
2

r
b2 a 2

.( Po Pi )

Case of internal pressure only:

Po = 0

r =
t =

Pi .a 2
2

(b a )
Pi .a 2
2

(b a )

t max =

b2

.(1

r
.(1 +

b2
r

Pi .(b 2 + a 2 )
2

(b a )

)
LL at r = a

( t r )
b2
max =
) LL at r = a
= Pi .( 2
2
2
b a
In thin wall cylinder
b a = t (thickness)
b2 a2 = (a + b).(a b) 2 a . t & b2 + a2 2 a2
t = Pi . a/t

Case of external pressure only:

Pi = 0

r =
t =

Po .b 2
2

b a

Po .b 2
2

b a

t max =

.(1

r
.(1 +

b a

Case of Solid shaft:

a=0
r = t = - Po

a2
r

Po .2.b 2
2

a2

)
)

LL at r = a

Deformation
If r and t are known:

r =
t =

r
E

.
.

t
E

E
E
u = r = increase in radius

2. .( r + u) 2. .r u
=
t =
2. .r
r
r
u = t .r = .( t . r )
E

Stresses produced by Shrink-Fits

Using Superposition method for both cylinders

t = t (created from shrink fit) + t (created from internal pressure)

= U i (cyl 1L b c ) + U o (cyl 2 L a b )
b

.( t 2 . r )
+
= .( t 1 . r )
E1
b c E2
ab

b c 2 + b2
b b2 + a 2
.
= Psh . . 2 2 + 1 + Psh .
+ 2
E1 c b
E 2 b 2 a 2

b2 + a 2
2

b a

b c 2 + b2
b b2 + a 2
.
2
= Psh . . 2 2 + 1 + Psh .
2
2
E1 c b
E 2 b a

if E & are the same for cyl . 1 & 2

E (b 2 a 2 ).(c 2 b 2 )
Psh =
.
b
2.b 2 .(c 2 a 2 )
for solid shaft a = 0
E . (c 2 b 2 )
Psh =
.
b
2.c 2

Maximum torque that can be transmitted by shrink-fit connection

T = f . Psh . . d2 . L /2
f = coefficient of friction
L = length of contact area
d = shaft diameter
Force required to assemble the two members

F = f . Psh . . d . L

Design considerations:
If shaft radius has maximum tolerance + s1 and minimum + s2 , and the
maximum disc tolerance +d1 and minimum +d2
Where s1 > s2 > d1 > d2
maximum interference max = maximum shaft radius minimum disc radius
max = (b + s1) (b + d2) = s1 d2
where b = nominal radius of the assembly
Minimum interference min = (b + s2) (b + d1) = s2 d1

The joint must transmit torque in case of minimum interference, and to

have safe stress in case of maximum interference.

E . min (c 2 b 2 )
Pshmin =
.
b
2.c 2

T = f . Psh min . . 2 . b2 . L
E . max (c 2 b 2 )
.
Pshmax =
b
2.c 2

max = Psh max .(

max =

E . max
2.b

c2
2

c b