Teenage Motherhood

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV

By:
Keesha Mae S. Ante
Mei-Lyn S. Murasaki
IV- Romans

To:
Rey R. Awacay
English Teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers would like to acknowledge the support given to them by t

heir parents, friends and teachers. For the patience, understanding and encourag
ement they provided that helped us in finishing this research.

We would also like to thank our teacher in English IV, Sir Rey R. Awacay
for giving and introducing to us this kind of project. For having the time and
patience in teaching and guiding us through doing this research.

To all those people that cooperated with us through having some of our q
uestions answered, thank you for giving us a hand to come up with an effective r
esearch.

Finally, we want to thank God for giving us the strength, patience and u
nderstanding in doing this research.
ABSTRACT

Title of the research: Teenage Motherhood

Authors: Keesha Mae S. Ante

Mei-lyn S. Murasaki

Year and section: IV- Romans

School: Pineslight School of Makati

S.Y. 2008 – 2009

Year written: 2009

Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter contains the parts that discuss the contents of the researc
h paper. The significance of the study, the statement of the problem, the defini
tion of terms used and the scope and delimitation of the whole research.
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
This chapter includes the data and information that were gathered by the
researchers.
Chapter III: Methodology
This chapter includes and shows the flow of the study and how the study
was done. How the researchers got the data and information they gathered and the
instruments that they used. It also contains how the researchers analyzed their
research.
Chapter IV: Conclusion & Recommendation
This chapter contains the over-all view of the researchers on the topic.
How they understood and the impact of the study to them. It also contains their
opinions and recommendations about the topic.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Acknowledgement
• Abstract

• Chapter I – Introduction
A. Significance of the Study
B. Thesis Statement
C. Definition of Terms
D. Scope and Delimitation

• Chapter II – Review of Related Literature

• Chapter III – Methodology

A. Framework of the Study
B. Instruments
C. Data Gathering
D. Data Analysis

• Chapter IV – Conclusion and Recommendation

A. Conclusion
B. Recommendation

• Bibliography
• Appendix

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Teen Pregnancy in the Philippines is increasingly becoming a major cause

of concern. There is a rising trend of young women becoming mothers at an early
age which brought the country to a shocking state.
Teenage Motherhood has greatly affected the lives of young women, nowada
ys. As for the reason of such an early problem, we will know that later in this
research.
How Does It Happen?
TEEN PREGNANCY IS, of course, the result of teen sexual activity. Some t
eens find it as an entertainment or a pass-time activity this is why teenage sex
is done. Teen pregnancy happens when teenagers, out of their curiosity and bore
dom, have sex and then with them having that activity without knowing the outcom
es and the proper way of doing it. Some teenage girls that have sex are careless
about this issue while boys take advantage of these careless attitudes of girls
and later on, discover that they have done a mistake that will bring them early
parenthood.
The reason most of them are violent, or act rebellious and do stupid thi
ngs is because they are not getting any proper guidance. They think and pretend
that that they are already responsible enough to handle this kind of problem whi
le in reality, they are not. This is why proper guidance is a must especially, f
or those teens that grew up having and enjoying TOO MUCH freedom.

A. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers came up with this topic because they have observed that
there is a need of discussion about this problem that has greatly affected the l
ives of young people of their age. They want to impart their help to the readers
by conducting this research that will help teenage girls answer the same questi
ons as they have. This is to know better about how teenage motherhood affects th
e life of a female youth, nowadays.

B. THESIS STATEMENT

The study is all about Teenage Motherhood. The study aims to answer ques
tions about early pregnancy among teenagers. Specifically, this research aims to
answer the following questions:
1. Why do teenagers have illegal sex?
2. What are the factors that provoke them to have sex at an early age?
3. What causes teenage pregnancy?
4. What happens to the mother when she knew that she is pregnant?
5. What happens to the father and to other family members?
6. What are the possible things that can happen to the child?

This research will provide the answers to the questions about Teenage Mo
therhood. The risk of having a child at an early age and how it affects the life
of the mother, father, other family members and the child.

C. DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Sex – sexual intercourse between two persons.
2. Pregnancy – state of having a child or other offspring developing in the bod
y.
3. Mother – a female who bears or rears an offspring; female parent.
4. Teenager – people or youths having the ages of 13 to 19 inclusive.
D. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This research only intends to answer specific questions stated in the Th
esis Statement. The scope of this research only bound between teenage sex, teena
ge pregnancy, family concern and to the child.
The interviews that were conducted were only given to and answered by te
enage moms, that the researchers know, however, their identities were kept confi
dential. We have not conducted any survey from particular places for surveys are
already supplied in some of the researched articles found in Chapter II: Review
of Related Literature. But those surveys are not based and done in the Philippi
nes; therefore, the researchers only want to know the percentage of particular i
ssues found in the research. To show and to know the possible numbers of the thi
ngs that they want to find out and to share to the readers how wide the issue is
spreading for more effective reasoning on the topic.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

“Teenage Pregnancy” is defined by teenagers who are between ages of 13 a

nd 19 years old. Teenage Pregnancy is also defined by anyone whose body is physi
cally not mature enough to bear a child.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics (the branch of medic
ine concerned with pregnancy and children) issues as women in their 20s and 30s.
However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularl
y those under 15 years old and those in developing countries. For mothers betwee
n and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associ
ated with socioeconomic factors.
 Basically, being a teenage mother is not a good state. Not because of th
e age or being in that state at an early age but because of the risks to the hea
lth, social life and the personal life of the mother.
Nowadays, there is a rising trend of young girls becoming mothers and ma
jority of whom are not married. Young pregnant women are more vulnerable to deat
h during pregnancy and child-birth while a huge number are not physically, menta
lly and socially prepared for motherhood. This is a feet reflection that there i
s inadequate and inaccurate information on adolescent pregnancy and not enough p
riority is given to maternal and health care.

“Kids with Kids”

We are faced with a glaring truth that at a very young age, a lot of you
ng people today have children of their own. According to the 2003 National Demog
raphic and Survey, one out of four women become mothers by the age of 19 while f
our out of ten women in the 20 – 24 year old bracket have already engaged in sex
ual activity.
In this young population, the majority are still unmarried. 83.1 percent
are living-in with their partners and 2.6 left are not in union. The rate of pr
egnancy increases from 25 percent to 50 percent by the time women reach the age
of 20-24. More than the numbers, teenage pregnancy is a cause of concern because
of the special role young women play in the society. Therefore, the consequence
s increase and become more serious. Sadly, most kids do not know what to do when
confronted with these problems.
According to Dr Jean Marc Olive, Representative of the WHO (World Health
Organization) to the Philippines, “In the Philippines, there is a difficulty in
talking about issues on sexuality because Filipinos are very conservative. Beca
use of this, there is a lot of misinformation about sexuality. Therefore, I beli
eve that talking about sexuality will make children more responsible.”
In this interview with Dr, Jean Marc Olive, she points out that lack of
information and family communication is two of the reasons why teenagers do sexu
al activities beyond their actual age. The family, being the first learning cent
er and the parents, being the first teacher of the child, they should be discuss
ing this kind of issue within the family. Being conservative is right but in som
e cases, being so becomes a leash to teenagers that only provokes them to engage
to early sexual activities.
Dr. Corazon Raymundo, professor, UP Population Institute, emphasized th
e importance of educating the youth to help them to be more responsible in curbi
ng the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in the Philippines. “We should have more
awareness programs on sexual education and on how to deal with the adolescent pe
riod. The more educated the kids are, the more they san avoid pregnancy”, Dr Ray
mundo said.
Q1: Why do teenagers have illegal sex?

Article I - “Why Do Teenagers Have Premarital Sex?”

While a recent study suggested sexy media images might be to blame, a ne
w study shows kids might also be motivated by relationship goals like intimacy a
nd social status.
Teens want their relationships to bring them intimacy, social status, an
d sexual pleasure --and they have a strong expectation these goals will be fulfi
lled if they have sex, according to a reporting the June 2006 issue of Perspecti
ves on Sexual and Reproductive Health.
The report says these perceived benefits should be considered along with
the risks (sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy) when developing programs a
imed at preventing early teen sex.
About 57% of the kids were girls, 43% boys, and most were 14 years old.
The researchers found the boys and girls valued relationship goals differently:
• Girls considered intimacy significantly more important than boys did.
• Boys reported higher expectations that sex would lead to pleasure and so
cial status.

Q2: What are the factors that provoke them to have sex at an early
age?

Article II - “Why Teens Have Sex?”

By: Focus on the Family
Inner drives.
Normal adolescents — even yours — have sexual interests and feelings. Th
ey also deeply need love and affirmation. As a result, they can become emotional
ly and sexually attracted to others around them and drawn toward physical intima
cy. Sadly, our culture practically drowns kids in sexual temptation.
Seductive messages.
Virtually all popular media (movies, TV, videos, music, the Internet) as
well as educational, healthcare and governmental organizations have been influe
nced by the sexual revolution of the 1960s. As a result, unless they live in com
plete isolation, adolescents are regularly exposed to sexually provocative mater
ial that expresses immoral viewpoints, fires up sexual desires and wears down re
sistance to physical intimacy. Even in the "safe" confines of the classroom, a t
eenager's natural modesty may be dismantled during explicit presentations about
sexual matters in mixed company.
Lack of supervision.
Because of fragmented families, complex parental work schedules, easier
access to transportation and at times, carelessness among adults who should know
better, adolescents today are more likely to find opportunities to be alone tog
ether for long stretches of time. In such circumstances, nature is likely to tak
e its course, even when a commitment has been made to wait until the wedding nig
ht for sex.
Overbearing, overprotective supervision.
Adolescents who are smothered in a controlling, micromanaging, suspiciou
s environment are strong candidates for rebellion once the opportunity arises. I
ronically, a big (and dangerous) rebellion may represent an effort to break loos
e from an overabundance of trivial constraints. Parents can set appropriate boun
daries while still entrusting adolescents with increasing responsibility to mana
ge themselves and their sexuality.

Peer pressure.
This ever-present influence comes in three powerful forms:
• A general sense that "everyone is doing it except me."
• Personal comments from friends and acquaintances — including disparaging
remarks like "Hey, check out Jason, the last American virgin!"
Direct pressure from another person who wants a sexual experience or an
invitation from a willing potential partner. Come-ons, smooth talk and outright
coercion by men who want sex with a woman are timeworn negative behaviors. Resis
tance to them may be lowered by a need for closeness and acceptance and the mist
aken belief that physical intimacy will secure a man's love. In recent years a t
urnabout has become common: A young man is informed by his girlfriend that she w
ants to have sex with him. In a situation like this, personal convictions that s
ex is intended for marriage will be put to the ultimate test.
Lack of reasons (and desire) to wait.
The majority of teenagers keep an informal mental tally of reasons for a
nd against premarital sex. Inner longings and external pressure pull them toward
it, while standards taught at home and church, medical warnings and commonsense
restraints put on the brakes.
For many teenagers (even those who intend to abstain until marriage), de
cisions about sex tend to be made based on the drift of this internal "vote coun
t." When the moment of truth arrives, the tally may be close — or a landslide in
the wrong direction. Adolescents with a shaky or negative self-concept may be p
articularly vulnerable to sexual involvement when one of the reasons is the poss
ibility of winning approval from their peers. Therefore, without being overbeari
ng or obsessive, make an effort to have ongoing dialogues with your teenager abo
ut the many compelling reasons to postpone sex until the wedding night. (It shou
ld go without saying that you should be talking to your teenager about many thin
gs besides areas of concern and danger. If your communication is smooth in other
less volatile areas, it will likely flow more easily with a sensitive topic suc
h as sexuality.) The following list of reasons to wait may help you formulate an
d express your thoughts during these important conversations:
The incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has reached epidem
ic proportions. Several of these diseases are incurable, some are fatal, and man
y have long-term physical and emotional consequences.
Sex is how babies get started. Each year one million teenagers will beco
me pregnant, resulting in more than 400,000 abortions and nearly a half million
births. 1 Whatever the circumstances of the sexual encounter that began it, a pr
egnancy cannot be ignored, and whatever follows, it will have a permanent impact
on the young mother's life.
Infertility
An estimated 10 to 15 percent of couples (about 10 million people) have
difficulty conceiving. A significant number (but not all) of these infertility
problems arise as a consequence of sexually transmitted diseases and thus could
have been avoided if both husband and wife had postponed sex until marriage.
"Safe(r) sex" isn't. Many people believe that teens will avoid the physi
cal consequences of sex if they take certain precautions, including 1) limiting
their number of sexual partners, 2) knowing their potential partner's sexual his
tory and avoiding having sex with someone who has had many partners, and 3) usin
g a condom. Unfortunately, scientific study and experience have shown that safer
sex is not foolproof, and the results can be devastating.
• Devaluation. Sex outside of the commitment of a marital relationship dev
alues the act and the individuals involved.
• Sex never enhances a teenage romance. It almost always overwhelms and st
ifles the relationship. Condoms can't prevent a broken heart, and antibiotics ca
n't cure one.
• The "damaged goods" self-concept. Early sexual experiences never enhance
self-esteem but usually leave a strong feeling of having been used, violated an
d devalued.
• Despite the rising tide of sexual anarchy in our society, a great many p
eople still believe the words right and wrong apply to sexual behavior. Even som
eone with a casual exposure to traditional Judeo-Christian values should pick up
an important message: The Designer of sex cares a lot about when it's done and
with whom. Sex outside of marriage can be dangerous to one's physical, emotional
and spiritual health. Even for those who do not follow specific religious prece
pts, basic decency and concern for the well being of others should curtail the v
ast majority of sexual adventures, which so often are loaded with selfish agenda
s.

Article III - “Media Blamed for Teenage Pregnancy”

MASS Media has been a contributory factor to the increasing cases of tee
nage pregnancy in the Philippines..
Marinduque Bishop Reynaldo Evangelista cited the wide reach of Mass Medi
a as the foremost Reason why teenagers are exposed early to sex.
“The media have a strong influence on the people, especially on the yout
h”, Evangelista said over church-run Radio Venitas.
Another factor, he said, is the growing influence if Internet access in
computers, where regulation is almost nil; as another easy way for adolescents t
o find sex-related materials.
A report released by the World Bank entitled “Equality for Women; Where
Do We Stand on Millennium Development Goal 3?” indicated increasing incidents of
teenage pregnancies.
Besides the Philippines, other nations with high teenage motherhood case
s are Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Peru and Zimbabwe.
The report came amid an intense debate over the impending passage of the
Reproductive Health (RH) bill that upholds the use of artificial contraceptives
and instigation of sex education.
The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) has been stro
ngly opposing the passage of RH bill or House Bill 5043, saying only natural fam
ily planning method should be promoted.
According to Marinduque Bishop Reynaldo Evangelista, teenage pregnancy c
annot be simply resolved by making contraceptives available or by educating the
youth.
“This is not only about sex education, but a formation of conscience…..what is r
ight and wrong”, he said.

(MSN
/ Sunnex)

This article shows that teenage pregnancy and premarital sex is now beco
ming a world-wide crisis. As what Marinduque Bishop Reynaldo Evangelista said, e
ducating the youth on sex education on by no means, promoting it, but what it in
tends to do is to ass knowledge on the topic and especially is that it triggers
the conscience of youths or teenagers on “Is it right or wrong to do such things
as doing premarital sex and later on suffer to teenage pregnancy?”.
Youth, especially the ones in our generation, are engaged to the trends
of technology and one of which is the Internet. It offers a wide variety of info
rmation but not all these are benefitable.
Porn cites, sex videos, and other sex-related materials are now also ava
ilable in the internet. Teenagers, out of curiosity, enjoy having access on thes
e things.

Researchers’ over-all view: Reading these articles shows that influence has a gr
eat contribution to teenage pregnancy and premarital sex among teenagers. All po
ints in these articles are products of influence. These also shows that teen pre
gnancy and premarital sex is not only happening in our country, but as has alrea
dy become a world-wide crisis.
Q3: What Causes Teenage Pregnancy?

Article IV - “Causes of teenage pregnancy”

In some societies, early marriage and traditional gender roles are impor
tant factors in the rate of teenage pregnancy. For example, in some sub-Saharan
African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is pro
of of the young woman s fertility.[11] In the Indian subcontinent, early marriag
e and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities compared to the
rate in cities.[12]
In societies where adolescent marriage is uncommon, young age at first i
ntercourse and lack of contraceptive use may be factors in teen pregnancy.[3][18
] Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned.[18][19
]
Adolescent sexual behavior
According to information available from the Guttmacher Institute, sex by
age 20 is the norm across the world, and countries with low levels of adolescen
t pregnancy accept sexual relationships among teenagers and provide comprehensiv
e and balanced information about sexuality.[20]
However, in a Kaiser Family Foundation study of US teenagers, 29% of tee
ns reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported
"being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually",
and 24% had "done something sexual they didn’t really want to do".[21] Several p
olls have indicated peer pressure as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys
to have sex. [22] [23]Inhibition-reducing drugs and alcohol may encourage unint
ended sexual activity.[3][24][21][25]
Contraception
Adolescents may lack knowledge of, or access to, conventional methods of
preventing pregnancy, as they may be too embarrassed or frightened to seek such
information.[22][26]
In the United States, according to the 2002 National Surveys of Family G
rowth, in 2002, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were
less likely than those of other ages to use contraceptives (18% of 15- to 19-ye
ar-olds used no contraceptives, versus 10.7% average for women ages 15 to 44).[2
7] More than 80% of teen pregnancies are unintended.[28] Over half of unintended
pregnancies were to women not using contraceptives,[27] most of the rest are du
e to inconsistent or incorrect use.[28] 23% of sexually active young women in a
1996 Seventeen magazine poll admitted to having had unprotected sex with a partn
er who did not use a condom, while 70% of girls in a 1997 PARADE poll claimed it
was embarrassing to buy birth control or request information from a doctor.[22]
Among teens in the UK seeking an abortion, a study found that the rate o
f contraceptive use was roughly the same for teens as for older women.[29]
In other cases, contraception is used, but proves to be inadequate. Inex
perienced adolescents may use condoms incorrectly or forget to take oral contrac
eptives. Contraceptive failure rates are higher for teenagers, particularly poor
ones, than for older users.[24] Reversible longer term methods such as intraute
rine devices, subcutaneous implants, or injections (Depo provera, Combined injec
table contraceptive), require less frequent user action, lasting from a month to
years, and may prevent pregnancy more effectively in women who have trouble fol
lowing routines, including many young women. The simultaneous use of more than o
ne contraceptive measure further decreases the risk of unplanned pregnancy, and
if one is a condom barrier method, the transmission of sexually transmitted dise
ase is also reduced.[30]
Age discrepancy in relationships
According to the Family Research Council, studies in the US indicate tha
t age discrepancy between the teenage girls and the men who impregnate them is a
n important contributing factor. Teenage girls in relationships with older boys,
and in particular with adult men, are more likely to become pregnant than teena
ge girls in relationships with boys their own age. They are also more likely to
carry the baby to term rather than have an abortion. A review of California s 19
90 vital statistics found that men older than high school age fathered 77 percen
t of all births to high school-aged girls (ages 16-18), and 51 percent of births
to junior high school-aged girls (15 and younger). Men over age 25 fathered twi
ce as many children of teenage mothers than boys under age 18, and men over age
20 fathered five times as many children of junior high school-aged girls as did
junior high school-aged boys. A 1992 Washington state study of 535 adolescent mo
thers found that 62 percent of the mothers had a history of being raped or sexua
l molested by men whose ages averaged 27 years. This study found that, compared
with non-abused mothers, abused adolescent mothers initiated sex earlier, had se
x with much older partners, and engaged in riskier, more frequent, and promiscuo
us sex. Studies by the Population Reference Bureau and the National Center for H
ealth Statistics found that about two-thirds of children born to teenage girls i
n the United States are fathered by adult men age 20 or older.[31]
Sexual abuse
Studies have found that between 11 and 20 percent of pregnancies in teen
agers are direct results of rape, while about 60 percent of teenage mothers had
unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. Before age 15, a majority
of first-intercourse experiences among females are reported to be non-voluntary
; the Guttmacher Institute found that 60 percent of girls who had sex before age
15 were coerced by males who on average were six years their senior. One in fiv
e teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them.[32]
Multiple studies have indicated a strong link between early childhood se
xual abuse and subsequent teenage pregnancy in industrialized countries. Up to 7
0 percent of women who gave birth in their teens were molested as young girls; b
y contrast, 25 percent for women who did not give birth as teens were molested.[
33][34][35][36]
In many countries, sexual intercourse between a minor and an adult is no
t considered consensual under the law because a minor is believed to lack the ma
turity and competence to make an informed decision to engage in fully consensual
sex with an adult. Sex with a minor in developed countries is considered statut
ory rape, although what constitutes statutory rape differs by jurisdiction (see
age of consent).
Dating violence
Studies have indicated that adolescent girls are often in abusive relati
onships at the time of their conceiving.[37][38][39][40][37][41][42] They have a
lso reported that knowledge of their pregnancy has often intensified violent and
controlling behaviours on part of their boyfriends.[43][44] Women under age 18
are twice as likely to be beaten by their child s father than women over age 18.
[45]A UK study found that 70% of women who gave birth in their teens had experie
nced adolescent domestic violence.[46] Similar results have been found in studie
s in the United States. A Washington study found 70% of teenage mothers had been
beaten by their boyfriends, 51% had experienced attempts of birth control sabot
age within the last year, and 21% experienced school or work sabotage.[42]
In a study of 379 pregnant or parenting teens and 95 teenage girls witho
ut children, 62% of the girls aged 11-15 years and 56% of girls aged 16-19 years
reported experiencing domestic violence at the hands of their partners. Moreove
r, 51% of the girls reported experiencing at least one instance where their boyf
riend attempted to sabotage their efforts to use birth control.[47]
Childhood environment
Women exposed to abuse, domestic violence, and family strife in childhoo
d are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming preg
nant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences. A
ccording to a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by
eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers not
e that "family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for
women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond." When the
family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pre
gnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, neg
ative psychosocial consequences.[52]Studies have also found that boys raised in
homes with a battered mother, or who experienced physical violence directly, wer
e significantly more likely to impregnate a girl.[53]
Studies have also found that girls whose fathers left the family early i
n their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent preg
nancy. Girls whose fathers left them at a later age had a lower rate of early se
xual activity, and the lowest rates are found in girls whose fathers were presen
t throughout their childhood. Even when the researchers took into account other
factors that could have contributed to early sexual activity and pregnancy, such
as behavioral problems and life adversity, early father-absent girls were still
about five times more likely in the United States and three times more likely i
n New Zealand to become pregnant as adolescents than were father-present girls.[
54][55]
Low educational expectations have been pinpointed as a risk factor.[56]
A girl is also more likely to become a teenage parent if her mother or older sis
ter gave birth in her teens.[57][58]A majority of respondents in a 1988 Joint Ce
nter for Political and Economic Studies survey attributed the occurrence of adol
escent pregnancy to a breakdown of communication between parents and child and a
lso to inadequate parental supervision.[22]
Foster care youth are more likely than their peers to become pregnant as
teenagers.

Q4: What happens to the mother when she knew that she is pregnant?
 From Article IV - Impact on the mother
Being a young mother in an industrialized country can affect one s educa
tion. Teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school.[6] Recent studies
, though, have found that many of these mothers had already dropped out of schoo
l prior to becoming pregnant, but those in school at the time of their pregnancy
were as likely to graduate as their peers. One study in 2001 found that women w
ho gave birth during their teens completed secondary-level schooling 10-12% as o
ften and pursued post-secondary education 14-29% as often as women who waited un
til age 30.[69]
Young motherhood in an industrialized country can affect employment and
social class. Less than one third of teenage mothers receive any form of child s
upport, vastly increasing the likelihood of turning to the government for assist
ance.[70] The correlation between earlier childbearing and failure to complete h
igh school reduces career opportunities for many young women.[6] One study found
that, in 1988, 60% of teenage mothers were impoverished at the time of giving b
irth.[71] Additional research found that nearly 50% of all adolescent mothers so
ught social assistance within the first five years of their child s life.[6] A s
tudy of 100 teenaged mothers in the United Kingdom found that only 11% received
a salary, while the remaining 89% were unemployed.[72] Most British teenage moth
ers live in poverty, with nearly half in the bottom fifth of the income distribu
tion.[73] Teenage women who are pregnant or mothers are seven times more likely
to commit suicide than other teenagers.[74] Professor John Ermisch at the instit
ute of social and economic research at Essex University and Dr Roger Ingham, dir
ector of the centre of sexual health at Southampton University - found that comp
aring teenage mothers with other girls with similarly deprived social-economic p
rofiles, bad school experiences and low educational aspirations, the difference
in their respective life chances was negligible.[75]Teenage Motherhood may actua
lly make economic sense for poorer young women, some research suggests. For inst
ance, long-term studies by Duke economist V. Joseph Hotz and colleagues, publish
ed in 2005, found that by age 35, former teen moms had earned more in income, pa
id more in taxes, were substantially less likely to live in poverty and collecte
d less in public assistance than similarly poor women who waited until their 20s
to have babies. Women who became mothers in their teens -- freed from child-rai
sing duties by their late 20s and early 30s to pursue employment while poorer wo
men who waited to become moms were still stuck at home watching their young chil
dren -- wound up paying more in taxes than they had collected in welfare.[76] Ei
ght years earlier, the federally commissioned report "Kids Having Kids" also con
tained a similar finding, though it was buried: "Adolescent child bearers fare s
lightly better than later-childbearing counterparts in terms of their overall ec
onomic welfare."
One-fourth of adolescent mothers will have a second child within 24 mont
hs of the first. Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have a
closely-spaced repeat birth include marriage and education: the likelihood decre
ases with the level of education of the young woman – or her parents – and incre
ases if she gets married.[77]
Article V - “Single parent”
Effects
Single parent families are at a higher risk of poverty than couple families, and
on average single mothers have poorer health than couple mothers [2].
Single parenting is strongly associated with an increased risk of a number of ne
gative social, behavioral and emotional outcomes for children. However while the
 association is strong, on balance the effect size and the actual numbers affect
ed are modest. Most children from single parent families do well. Many factors i
nfluence how children develop in single-parent families: the parent s age, educa
tion level, and occupation; the family s income and the family s support network
of friends and extended family members (including the non-resident parent, if a
vailable). Disadvantages in these factors that often accompany single parenting
appear to cause most of this association rather than single parenting itself [13
] [14].
Shocking headlines do get published; for example a 2003 Swedish study, stated th
at those living with a single parent were about three times more likely to eithe
r kill themselves or end up in the hospital after an attempted suicide by the ag
e of 26 than children living with two parents, however this only happened to 2.2
percent of girls and 1 percent of boys [15]. While such a finding is concerning
, clearly the vast majority of the children of single parents do not kill themse
lves and are underrepresented.
A variety of viewpoints do exist, with different readings of the research possib
le. The Institute for the Study of Civil Society reports that children of single
parents, after controlling for other variables like family income, are more lik
ely to have problems [16]. There are impacts of sole parenting on children; howe
ver the weight of the evidence does not appear to support a view that sole paren
ts are a major cause of societal ills and are doing irreparable damage to their
children [14].
Children of single parents are very likely to share more household responsibilit
ies, including looking after themselves. Single parents often discuss things wit
h their children (usually financial or family decisions) which, in other familie
s, are usually discussed only between parents.
Choice parent
A choice parent is a parent who voluntarily becomes a single parent to a biologi
c child from the very beginning, rather than by a later separation from a partne
r. Sometimes, it also includes becoming a single parent by adoption.[17]
A woman may voluntarily become a choice parent by artificial insemination or use
of a cervical cap conception device with donor sperm. In many countries, e.g. S
weden this is prohibited. Swedes, however, may go to Denmark, where it is legal
to have an insemination. Women who choose insemination or adoption to become par
ents are also referred to as "choice moms" or "choice mothers". These women, man
y of whom are over 35, tend to be educated, career women. Children of this group
of single moms are less likely to be at risk of poverty. Several books and inte
rnet groups exist to assist women in choosing this path.
People who are striving to become single parents may be termed choice mom aspire
rs or tryers, while people who are seriously thinking about doing going through
the procedure may be termed choice mom considerers or thinkers [17].
A small but growing number of men also choose to become single parents, and they
may be referred to as "choice fathers". It is achieved through surrogacy. Most
of the men are gay, but some are straight.
Q5: What happens to the father and other family members?

From Article IV - Teenage fatherhood

In some cases, the father of the child is the husband of the teenage gir
l. The conception may occur within wedlock, or the pregnancy itself may precipit
ate the marriage (the so-called shotgun wedding). In countries such as India the
majority of teenage births occur within marriage.[3][12]
In other countries, such as the United States and the Republic of Irelan
d, the majority of teenage mothers are not married to the fathers of their child
ren.[3][83] In the UK, half of all teenagers with children are lone parents, 40%
are cohabitating as a couple and 10% are married.[84] Teenage parents are frequ
ently in a romantic relationship at the time of birth, but many adolescent fathe
rs do not stay with the mother and this often disrupts their relationship with t
he child. Research has shown that when teenage fathers are included in decision-
making during pregnancy and birth, they are more likely to report increased invo
lvement with their children in later years.[85] In the U.S, eight out of ten tee
nage fathers do not marry their child s mother.[86]
However, "teenage father" may be a misnomer in many cases. Studies by th
e Population Reference Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics foun
d that about two-thirds of births to teenage girls in the United States are fath
ered by adult men age 20 or older.[87][88] The Guttmacher Institute reports that
over 40 percent of mothers aged 15-17 had sexual partners three to five years o
lder and almost one in five had partners six or more years older.[89] A 1990 stu
dy of births to California teens reported that the younger the mother, the great
er the age gap with her male partner.[90] In the UK 72% of jointly registered bi
rths to women under the age of 20, the father is over the age of 20, with almost
1 in 4 being over 25.[91]
Impact on Other Family Members
Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One study
found that the younger sisters of teen mother were less likely to emphasize the
importance of education and employment and more likely to accept sexual initiati
on, parenthood and marriage at younger ages. Younger brothers, too, were found t
o be more tolerant on non-marital and early births, in addition to being more su
sceptible to high-risk behaviors. An additional study discovered that those with
an older sibling who is a teen parent often end up babysitting their nieces or
nephews and that young girls placed in such a situation have an increased risk o
f getting pregnant themselves.
Q6: What are the possible things that can happen to the child?

From Article IV - Impact on the child

Early motherhood can affect the psychosocial development of the infant.
The occurrence of developmental disabilities and behavioral issues is increased
in children born to teen mothers.[78][79] One study suggested that adolescent mo
thers are less likely to stimulate their infant through affectionate behaviors s
uch as touch, smiling, and verbal communication, or to be sensitive and acceptin
g toward his or her needs.[78] Another found that those who had more social supp
ort were less likely to show anger toward their children or to rely upon punishm
ent.[80]
Teen pregnancy is one serious consequence of early initiation of sexual
activity. Infants of teenage mothers are greater risk of low birth weight and in
creased infant morality. Thirteen percent of infants born by 15 years olds have
a low birth weight, compared to 7 percent of infants born by mothers in their tw
enties. Infants of mothers 13 to 14 years old have an infant morality rate of 17
per 1000 live births, compared to the rate of 10 per 1000 live births for those
15 to 19 yeas old, and a rate of only 4.5 per 1000 live births.
Children of teenage mother are more likely to perform poorly in school,
more likely to drop out of school, and less likely to attend college. Poor acade
mic performance in the children of teenage mothers has also been noted, with man
y of them being more likely than average to fail to graduate from secondary scho
ol, be held back a grade level, or score lower on standardized tests.[6] Daughte
rs born to adolescent parents are more likely to become teen mothers themselves.
[58][6] A son born to a young woman in her teens is three times more likely to s
erve time in prison.[81]
Other Quotes
“The educational level of parents also affects child bearing the children of col
lege-educated parents are less likely to be sexually active at the age of 15 tha
n the children of those who have not completed high school.”
-Encarta
2009-
“Children of single parents are very likely to share more household responsibili
ties, including looking after themselves. Single parents often discuss things wi
th their children (usually financial or family decisions) which, in other famili
es, are usually discussed only between parents.”
-Single Parent a
rticle-
So now that we know the issues, impacts on the child, impacts on other family me
mbers and the reason why teenage pregnancy occur, of course there are still ways
on preventing it. Here
Article VI - “What lowers the risk for teen sex?”
Studies have shown that religious commitment consistently lowers the lik
elihood of adolescent sexual behavior.
• Educational accomplishment/commitment to school.
• Friends who have a similar commitment to abstinence.
• Presence of both parents in the home, especially the biological father.
Positive involvement of a father with his teenage offspring has been shown to be
an effective deterrent to early sexual activity.
• Parental and community values that support sexual abstinence until marri
age and making them clearly known.
• A host of other interesting activities and passions. Adolescents who hav
e other burning interests — such as earning academic honors; starting on a certa
in career path; participating in ministry or excelling in music, drama, sports o
r other areas — will be less likely to allow premature sexual involvement to der
ail their plans and dreams.
Be a role model for the kinds of relationships you want your kids to dev
elop with members of the opposite sex.
Parents should make every effort to keep their marriage intact and to no
urish, enrich and celebrate it, demonstrating respect and affection for each oth
er on an ongoing basis. This gives adolescents a sense of security and a strong
attachment to your values.
Fathers have a particularly important role to play. A boy who sees his f
ather treat his mother with physical and verbal courtesies and is taught to do l
ikewise will be more likely to carry this behavior and attitude into his own rel
ationships with women. Girls who are consistently affirmed, cherished and treate
d respectfully by their fathers aren t as likely to begin a desperate search for
male affection that could lead to sexual involvement. Furthermore, they will ex
pect appropriate behavior from the other men in their lives.
Single parents who are bringing up teenagers must repeatedly affirm them
and create as stable a home life as possible. Values concerning non-marital sex
should be practiced as well as preached. A sexually active single parent or one
who has a live-in partner is proclaiming in no uncertain terms that this activi
ty is all right for teenagers as well.
Causes
 Besides the obvious, that the cause of pregnancy is sex, we can say the
causes of teenage pregnancies are many and very complex.
The first and most important is the lack of sexual education. Many teena
gers reach that age without information on sexual functions, the relation betwee
n the sexes and how to avoid pregnancy. Nevertheless, information alone is not e
nough. The real education isn’t only about data, but the set of values that add
a sense to it and allow the construction of a life project. Inside that project
sex, a partner, marriage and procreation can be elected freely and responsibly.
The lack of this education is mainly due to a deficiency in the family.
In the homes there isn’t an open and understanding attitude towards sex. Many pa
rents, dominated by myths and fears, reject the responsibility of educating thei
r children in regards to sex, even though they themselves suffered that lack in
their families.
The official educational systems don’t usually give a proper formation i
n this and other issues that help in the development of a person, either.
This should be added to the overrating of sex that exists in current cul
ture. Today’s teenagers grow up surrounded by a culture where television, films,
music, music videos, advertising and places of entertainment are filled with me
ssages in which loveless sexual relationships are common, accepted and expected.
Information on contraceptive methods accessed by those who decide to be
sexually active is scarce and many times mistaken. Social sectors with low econo
mic possibilities are added to the impossibility of acquiring condoms or other m
ethods for avoiding pregnancy.
The growing use of alcohol and drugs from constantly lower ages also con
tributes negatively. Teenagers, under the influence of those substances, are in
worse conditions to prevent pregnancy.
Prevention
Many models for the prevention of teenage pregnancy have been tried worl
dwide with different degrees of success.
Some advocate abstinence, trying to postpone the beginning of sexual con
tact until the person is mature and skillful enough for handling sexual activity
without the risk of undesired pregnancies. Others consider that teenagers can m
aintain sexual relations since the moment they choose to, and therefore most hav
e enough information about their bodies and contraceptive methods.
In any case, choosing the values of responsible love and a respect for t
he new life that can be created will be the core for prevention not only teenage
pregnancy, but also numerous pathologies of sexual transmission among which the
most relevant in our times are HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B.
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

A. Theoretical Framework
• Introduction to Teen Sex
• Teen Sex
- Causes of Teen sex
- Studies/Statistics on Teen Sex
- Factors that provoke teens in doing so
• Teenage Pregnancy
- Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
- Studies/Statistics on Teenage Pregnancy
- Impact on the Mother
- Impact on the Father
- Impact on Other Family Members
- Impact on the Child
• Ways that can lower the risks of teen sex

B. Instruments
The internet played a huge part in conducting this research for the rese
archers used it to find most of their data and information about their topic. In
terview Questionnaires were also used and were given to women who experienced Te
enage Motherhood. Electronic devices were also used in finishing and conducting
this research.

C. Data Gathering
In conducting this research, the researchers made use of the Internet to
find data and information about their topic. They have also consulted their par
ents, friends, classmates, teachers and their neighbors for advice and further e
xplanations for them to have a more effective research paper. They also conducte
d interviews on women who have been teenage moms themselves, whom they know, hav
e not only ideas but experiences and more understanding about the world of Teena
ge Motherhood.
D. Data Analysis
In analyzing the research, the researchers made use of various methods l
ike observation: for them to know if their research is going to be effective, co
mparison: for them to have assurance that the information and their understandin
g about the topic is precise.
The researchers also conducted interviews with women who experienced bei
ng teenage moms, for them to know if the data and information that they have gat
hered are true, and to find out for themselves the real world of Teenage Motherh
ood.
The interviews came out with the following results: (The questions are provided
for better understanding about the interview results).
1. Have you had education about sex?
4 out of 10 answered that they have had education about sex at home.
3 out of 10 answered that they have had education about sex at school.
3 left haven’t got any education about sex.
2. At what age did you first experienced having sex?
5 out of 10 answered that they first experienced having sex at the age
bracket of 13-16.
3 out of 10 first experienced having sex at the age of 17.
2 left answered that they first experienced having sex at the ages of 18
to 19.
3. Did you think about using any contraception?
8 out of 10 answered that they didn’t think about using any contraceptiv
e.
2 left thought about using so.
4. At what age did you get pregnant?
1 out 10 got pregnant under the age of 15.
4 got pregnant at the 16 to 17 bracket.
5 out of 10 got pregnant at the ages of 18 to 19 years old.

5. How did you feel when you first know about it?
Almost all of them were surprised about it and were scared.

6. What is your boyfriends’ reaction when he knew about it?

4 were shocked.
2 wanted to pursue the pregnancy.
1 reacted nothing.
3 wanted the baby to be aborted.
7. How did you tell your parents about it and what was their reaction?
Almost all of them got their parents shocked. Most of the parents got ma
d and disappointed at first but had no choice but to accept their child being pr
egnant and later on their grandchild. Though 1 of our respondents stow away from
home.
8. Was marriage talked about?
7 gave a positive answer and said that marriage was talked about. One of
whom got married to the father of their child.
3 gave a negative response
9. How was your pregnancy supported?
8 of the respondents had their pregnancy supported by their parents.
2 had their pregnancy supported by their boyfriends.
10. How did it affect your education?
All of the respondents stopped. Almost all stopped because of shame.
11. How is the kid being supported now?
7 answered that their child are now supported by their parents.
3 are now supported by their boyfriends.
12. How does it affect your present life?
Half the numbers of the respondents regret what they have done.
2 got matured and became responsible by supporting their baby.
3 were not affected and happily accepted their life now. One of who jus
t gave birth to another unwanted child to another father but unfortunately died
because of premature delivery (the fetus was only 6 months old).

According to our interviews, and the answers of the respondents, we conc

lude that Teenage Pregnancy indeed affects the lives of the teenage moms not onl
y mentally and socially, but also psychologically, as well. The girls develop lo
w self esteem because of the shame resulting from social unacceptance and having
stopped from schooling which a girl her age should have belonged.
 Please see attached interview answer sheets for reference.
Chapter IV

CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion
Teenage Motherhood is the result of early sexual activities or teenage s
ex that later turned out and became Teen Pregnancy. Early motherhood among teens
is now a wide spreading crisis. This happens due to some circumstances that a l
ot of teens, especially teen girls, nowadays are going through. The most importa
nt of which is proper sex education which should have started oat home. Other ci
rcumstances are early relationships, wherein the kids involved get out of their
limitations because of the lack of supervision or sometimes over protective supe
rvision by the parents. These factors may result to rebellion and ignorance, whe
re they decide to do stupid things. During these outcomes, teens strive for more
freedom and independence, pretending that they are responsible enough, but in t
he truth, they have no idea and they are not yet physically, mentally, socially
and financially psychologically ready to face these kinds of problems. What prov
okes them to pursue more on what they think they want is the unlimited and regul
ation-free access on sex-related materials that they can easily get. The modern
world has a lot to offer to these careless teens that they truly enjoy.
Being a mother at an early age is not a joke. Having a baby, the mother,
most especially has a lot of responsibilities to face and can really affect the
whole being of the teenager, and most of all, the baby. Being one adds more ris
ks to pregnancy and child-rearing, because physically the body is not yet fully
developed to undergo child bearing, plus the fact that she is not yet mentally a
nd socially and most of all psychologically ready to shoulder all the burdens of
being a young mother.

B. Recommendation
The researchers highly recommend that sex education should be given prio
rity in teaching the young, especially the girls, nowadays, not only at school b
ut also at home. This way they will be well informed of the outcome of having fr
ee sex and the effects of it in their lives, especially when the girls get pregn
ant and become mothers at an early age.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Article I
www.yahoo.answers.com/teen pre-marital sex.html
Article II
www.yahoo.answers.com/topic/why teens have sex.html
Article III
www.gogle.com/topic/teenage pregnancy in the Philippines.html
Article IV
www. Answers.com/topic/teenage pregnancy.html
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82. ^ East, Patricia L. (1996). Do Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing Aff
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)Prenatal involvement of adolescent unmarried fathers Fathering, Oct 2003
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91. ^ FM1 Birth statistics no.34 (2005) Office For National Statistics pp 14
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Article V
www. Answers.com/topic/teenage motherhood.html
References:
1. ^ Callister, Paul and Burks, Stuart (2006) "Two Parents, Two Households:
New Zealand data collection, language and complex parenting" Family Commission
(accessed February, 18 2008)
2. ^ a b Millar, Jane and Ridge, Tess (2001)"Families, Poverty, Work and Ca
re: A review of literature on lone parents and low income couple families" (DWP
Research Report No.153)
3. ^ http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/families_hou
seholds/009842.html
4. ^ Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Heal
th and Human Services - Indicators of Child, Family, and Community Connections:
Family Structure
5. ^ a b c nytimes: The Bachelor Life Includes a Family By MIREYA NAVARRO.
Published: September 5, 2008
6. ^ "Single Parents" PoBronson.com (accessed October 9, 2006)
7. ^ As of 2004. Office for National Statistics - Focus on Families
8. ^ As of 2004. Labour Force Survey - Focus on Families; see table 1.2
9. ^ "One Parent Families Today: The Facts" (2005), One Parent Families, Lo
ndon
10. ^ Labour Market Review (2006), Office for National Statistics
11. ^ households2005-final.xls2005 Office for National Statistics - General
Household Survey; see table 3.6
12. ^ 2005/06 Department for Work and Pensions
13. ^ Rickard, Maurice "Children of Lesbian and Single Women Parents" Resear
ch Note no. 41 2001-02, Social Policy Group, Parliament of Australia (accessed F
ebruary, 18 2008)
14. ^ a b Mackay, Ross (2005) "The impact of family structure and family cha
nge on child outcomes: a personal reading of the research literature"Social Poli
cy Journal of New Zealand (accessed February, 18 2008)
15. ^ The Lancet, January 25, paraphrased by CBS News Emma Ross, "Single-Pa
rent Kids More At Risk"
16. ^ Experiments in Living: The Fatherless Family
17. ^ a b [http://www.singlemothersbychoice.com Single Mothers By Choice
18. ^ McQueen, Michael. Quayle s Criticisms Of `Murphy Brown Send Sparks Fl
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ortion. Wall Street Journal. May 21, 1992.
Article VI
www. Answers.com/topic/teenage pregnancy.html

Other References
Encarta2009
Teenage Motherhood

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV

By:
Keesha Mae S. Ante
Mei-Lyn S. Murasaki
IV- Romans

To:
Rey R. Awacay
English Teacher

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers would like to acknowledge the support given to them by t

heir parents, friends and teachers. For the patience, understanding and encourag
ement they provided that helped us in finishing this research.

We would also like to thank our teacher in English IV, Sir Rey R. Awacay
for giving and introducing to us this kind of project. For having the time and
patience in teaching and guiding us through doing this research.

To all those people that cooperated with us through having some of our q
uestions answered, thank you for giving us a hand to come up with an effective r
esearch.

Finally, we want to thank God for giving us the strength, patience and u
nderstanding in doing this research.
ABSTRACT

Title of the research: Teenage Motherhood

Authors: Keesha Mae S. Ante

Mei-lyn S. Murasaki

Year and section: IV- Romans

School: Pineslight School of Makati

S.Y. 2008 – 2009

Year written: 2009

Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter contains the parts that discuss the contents of the researc
h paper. The significance of the study, the statement of the problem, the defini
tion of terms used and the scope and delimitation of the whole research.
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
This chapter includes the data and information that were gathered by the
researchers.
Chapter III: Methodology
This chapter includes and shows the flow of the study and how the study
was done. How the researchers got the data and information they gathered and the
instruments that they used. It also contains how the researchers analyzed their
research.
Chapter IV: Conclusion & Recommendation
This chapter contains the over-all view of the researchers on the topic.
How they understood and the impact of the study to them. It also contains their
opinions and recommendations about the topic.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Acknowledgement
• Abstract

• Chapter I – Introduction
A. Significance of the Study
B. Thesis Statement
C. Definition of Terms
D. Scope and Delimitation

• Chapter II – Review of Related Literature

• Chapter III – Methodology

A. Framework of the Study
B. Instruments
C. Data Gathering
D. Data Analysis

• Chapter IV – Conclusion and Recommendation

A. Conclusion
B. Recommendation

• Bibliography
• Appendix

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Teen Pregnancy in the Philippines is increasingly becoming a major cause

of concern. There is a rising trend of young women becoming mothers at an early
age which brought the country to a shocking state.
Teenage Motherhood has greatly affected the lives of young women, nowada
ys. As for the reason of such an early problem, we will know that later in this
research.
How Does It Happen?
TEEN PREGNANCY IS, of course, the result of teen sexual activity. Some t
eens find it as an entertainment or a pass-time activity this is why teenage sex
is done. Teen pregnancy happens when teenagers, out of their curiosity and bore
dom, have sex and then with them having that activity without knowing the outcom
es and the proper way of doing it. Some teenage girls that have sex are careless
about this issue while boys take advantage of these careless attitudes of girls
and later on, discover that they have done a mistake that will bring them early
parenthood.
The reason most of them are violent, or act rebellious and do stupid thi
ngs is because they are not getting any proper guidance. They think and pretend
that that they are already responsible enough to handle this kind of problem whi
le in reality, they are not. This is why proper guidance is a must especially, f
or those teens that grew up having and enjoying TOO MUCH freedom.
A. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers came up with this topic because they have observed that
there is a need of discussion about this problem that has greatly affected the l
ives of young people of their age. They want to impart their help to the readers
by conducting this research that will help teenage girls answer the same questi
ons as they have. This is to know better about how teenage motherhood affects th
e life of a female youth, nowadays.

B. THESIS STATEMENT

The study is all about Teenage Motherhood. The study aims to answer ques
tions about early pregnancy among teenagers. Specifically, this research aims to
answer the following questions:
1. Why do teenagers have illegal sex?
2. What are the factors that provoke them to have sex at an early age?
3. What causes teenage pregnancy?
4. What happens to the mother when she knew that she is pregnant?
5. What happens to the father and to other family members?
6. What are the possible things that can happen to the child?

This research will provide the answers to the questions about Teenage Mo
therhood. The risk of having a child at an early age and how it affects the life
of the mother, father, other family members and the child.

C. DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Sex – sexual intercourse between two persons.
2. Pregnancy – state of having a child or other offspring developing in the bod
y.
3. Mother – a female who bears or rears an offspring; female parent.
4. Teenager – people or youths having the ages of 13 to 19 inclusive.

D. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

 This research only intends to answer specific questions stated in the Th
esis Statement. The scope of this research only bound between teenage sex, teena
ge pregnancy, family concern and to the child.
The interviews that were conducted were only given to and answered by te
enage moms, that the researchers know, however, their identities were kept confi
dential. We have not conducted any survey from particular places for surveys are
already supplied in some of the researched articles found in Chapter II: Review
of Related Literature. But those surveys are not based and done in the Philippi
nes; therefore, the researchers only want to know the percentage of particular i
ssues found in the research. To show and to know the possible numbers of the thi
ngs that they want to find out and to share to the readers how wide the issue is
spreading for more effective reasoning on the topic.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

“Teenage Pregnancy” is defined by teenagers who are between ages of 13 a

nd 19 years old. Teenage Pregnancy is also defined by anyone whose body is physi
cally not mature enough to bear a child.
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics (the branch of medic
ine concerned with pregnancy and children) issues as women in their 20s and 30s.
However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularl
y those under 15 years old and those in developing countries. For mothers betwee
n and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associ
ated with socioeconomic factors.
Basically, being a teenage mother is not a good state. Not because of th
e age or being in that state at an early age but because of the risks to the hea
lth, social life and the personal life of the mother.
 Nowadays, there is a rising trend of young girls becoming mothers and ma
jority of whom are not married. Young pregnant women are more vulnerable to deat
h during pregnancy and child-birth while a huge number are not physically, menta
lly and socially prepared for motherhood. This is a feet reflection that there i
s inadequate and inaccurate information on adolescent pregnancy and not enough p
riority is given to maternal and health care.

“Kids with Kids”

We are faced with a glaring truth that at a very young age, a lot of you
ng people today have children of their own. According to the 2003 National Demog
raphic and Survey, one out of four women become mothers by the age of 19 while f
our out of ten women in the 20 – 24 year old bracket have already engaged in sex
ual activity.
In this young population, the majority are still unmarried. 83.1 percent
are living-in with their partners and 2.6 left are not in union. The rate of pr
egnancy increases from 25 percent to 50 percent by the time women reach the age
of 20-24. More than the numbers, teenage pregnancy is a cause of concern because
of the special role young women play in the society. Therefore, the consequence
s increase and become more serious. Sadly, most kids do not know what to do when
confronted with these problems.
According to Dr Jean Marc Olive, Representative of the WHO (World Health
Organization) to the Philippines, “In the Philippines, there is a difficulty in
talking about issues on sexuality because Filipinos are very conservative. Beca
use of this, there is a lot of misinformation about sexuality. Therefore, I beli
eve that talking about sexuality will make children more responsible.”
In this interview with Dr, Jean Marc Olive, she points out that lack of
information and family communication is two of the reasons why teenagers do sexu
al activities beyond their actual age. The family, being the first learning cent
er and the parents, being the first teacher of the child, they should be discuss
ing this kind of issue within the family. Being conservative is right but in som
e cases, being so becomes a leash to teenagers that only provokes them to engage
to early sexual activities.
Dr. Corazon Raymundo, professor, UP Population Institute, emphasized th
e importance of educating the youth to help them to be more responsible in curbi
ng the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in the Philippines. “We should have more
awareness programs on sexual education and on how to deal with the adolescent pe
riod. The more educated the kids are, the more they san avoid pregnancy”, Dr Ray
mundo said.
Q1: Why do teenagers have illegal sex?

Article I - “Why Do Teenagers Have Premarital Sex?”

While a recent study suggested sexy media images might be to blame, a ne
w study shows kids might also be motivated by relationship goals like intimacy a
nd social status.
Teens want their relationships to bring them intimacy, social status, an
d sexual pleasure --and they have a strong expectation these goals will be fulfi
lled if they have sex, according to a reporting the June 2006 issue of Perspecti
ves on Sexual and Reproductive Health.
The report says these perceived benefits should be considered along with
 the risks (sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy) when developing programs a
imed at preventing early teen sex.
About 57% of the kids were girls, 43% boys, and most were 14 years old.
The researchers found the boys and girls valued relationship goals differently:
• Girls considered intimacy significantly more important than boys did.
• Boys reported higher expectations that sex would lead to pleasure and so
cial status.

Q2: What are the factors that provoke them to have sex at an early
age?

Article II - “Why Teens Have Sex?”

By: Focus on the Family
Inner drives.
Normal adolescents — even yours — have sexual interests and feelings. Th
ey also deeply need love and affirmation. As a result, they can become emotional
ly and sexually attracted to others around them and drawn toward physical intima
cy. Sadly, our culture practically drowns kids in sexual temptation.
Seductive messages.
Virtually all popular media (movies, TV, videos, music, the Internet) as
well as educational, healthcare and governmental organizations have been influe
nced by the sexual revolution of the 1960s. As a result, unless they live in com
plete isolation, adolescents are regularly exposed to sexually provocative mater
ial that expresses immoral viewpoints, fires up sexual desires and wears down re
sistance to physical intimacy. Even in the "safe" confines of the classroom, a t
eenager s natural modesty may be dismantled during explicit presentations about
sexual matters in mixed company.
Lack of supervision.
Because of fragmented families, complex parental work schedules, easier
access to transportation and at times, carelessness among adults who should know
 better, adolescents today are more likely to find opportunities to be alone tog
ether for long stretches of time. In such circumstances, nature is likely to tak
e its course, even when a commitment has been made to wait until the wedding nig
ht for sex.
Overbearing, overprotective supervision.
Adolescents who are smothered in a controlling, micromanaging, suspiciou
s environment are strong candidates for rebellion once the opportunity arises. I
ronically, a big (and dangerous) rebellion may represent an effort to break loos
e from an overabundance of trivial constraints. Parents can set appropriate boun
daries while still entrusting adolescents with increasing responsibility to mana
ge themselves and their sexuality.

Peer pressure.
This ever-present influence comes in three powerful forms:
• A general sense that "everyone is doing it except me."
• Personal comments from friends and acquaintances — including disparaging
remarks like "Hey, check out Jason, the last American virgin!"
Direct pressure from another person who wants a sexual experience or an
invitation from a willing potential partner. Come-ons, smooth talk and outright
coercion by men who want sex with a woman are timeworn negative behaviors. Resis
tance to them may be lowered by a need for closeness and acceptance and the mist
aken belief that physical intimacy will secure a man s love. In recent years a t
urnabout has become common: A young man is informed by his girlfriend that she w
ants to have sex with him. In a situation like this, personal convictions that s
ex is intended for marriage will be put to the ultimate test.
Lack of reasons (and desire) to wait.
The majority of teenagers keep an informal mental tally of reasons for a
nd against premarital sex. Inner longings and external pressure pull them toward
it, while standards taught at home and church, medical warnings and commonsense
restraints put on the brakes.
For many teenagers (even those who intend to abstain until marriage), de
cisions about sex tend to be made based on the drift of this internal "vote coun
t." When the moment of truth arrives, the tally may be close — or a landslide in
the wrong direction. Adolescents with a shaky or negative self-concept may be p
articularly vulnerable to sexual involvement when one of the reasons is the poss
ibility of winning approval from their peers. Therefore, without being overbeari
ng or obsessive, make an effort to have ongoing dialogues with your teenager abo
ut the many compelling reasons to postpone sex until the wedding night. (It shou
ld go without saying that you should be talking to your teenager about many thin
gs besides areas of concern and danger. If your communication is smooth in other
less volatile areas, it will likely flow more easily with a sensitive topic suc
h as sexuality.) The following list of reasons to wait may help you formulate an
d express your thoughts during these important conversations:
The incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has reached epidem
ic proportions. Several of these diseases are incurable, some are fatal, and man
y have long-term physical and emotional consequences.
Sex is how babies get started. Each year one million teenagers will beco
me pregnant, resulting in more than 400,000 abortions and nearly a half million
births. 1 Whatever the circumstances of the sexual encounter that began it, a pr
egnancy cannot be ignored, and whatever follows, it will have a permanent impact
on the young mother s life.
Infertility
An estimated 10 to 15 percent of couples (about 10 million people) have
difficulty conceiving. A significant number (but not all) of these infertility
problems arise as a consequence of sexually transmitted diseases and thus could
have been avoided if both husband and wife had postponed sex until marriage.
"Safe(r) sex" isn t. Many people believe that teens will avoid the physi
cal consequences of sex if they take certain precautions, including 1) limiting
their number of sexual partners, 2) knowing their potential partner s sexual his
tory and avoiding having sex with someone who has had many partners, and 3) usin
g a condom. Unfortunately, scientific study and experience have shown that safer
sex is not foolproof, and the results can be devastating.
• Devaluation. Sex outside of the commitment of a marital relationship dev
alues the act and the individuals involved.
• Sex never enhances a teenage romance. It almost always overwhelms and st
ifles the relationship. Condoms can t prevent a broken heart, and antibiotics ca
n t cure one.
• The "damaged goods" self-concept. Early sexual experiences never enhance
self-esteem but usually leave a strong feeling of having been used, violated an
d devalued.
• Despite the rising tide of sexual anarchy in our society, a great many p
eople still believe the words right and wrong apply to sexual behavior. Even som
eone with a casual exposure to traditional Judeo-Christian values should pick up
an important message: The Designer of sex cares a lot about when it s done and
with whom. Sex outside of marriage can be dangerous to one s physical, emotional
and spiritual health. Even for those who do not follow specific religious prece
pts, basic decency and concern for the well being of others should curtail the v
ast majority of sexual adventures, which so often are loaded with selfish agenda
s.

Article III - “Media Blamed for Teenage Pregnancy”

MASS Media has been a contributory factor to the increasing cases of tee
nage pregnancy in the Philippines..
Marinduque Bishop Reynaldo Evangelista cited the wide reach of Mass Medi
a as the foremost Reason why teenagers are exposed early to sex.
“The media have a strong influence on the people, especially on the yout
h”, Evangelista said over church-run Radio Venitas.
Another factor, he said, is the growing influence if Internet access in
computers, where regulation is almost nil; as another easy way for adolescents t
o find sex-related materials.
A report released by the World Bank entitled “Equality for Women; Where
Do We Stand on Millennium Development Goal 3?” indicated increasing incidents of
teenage pregnancies.
Besides the Philippines, other nations with high teenage motherhood case
s are Cambodia, the Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Peru and Zimbabwe.
The report came amid an intense debate over the impending passage of the
Reproductive Health (RH) bill that upholds the use of artificial contraceptives
and instigation of sex education.
The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) has been stro
ngly opposing the passage of RH bill or House Bill 5043, saying only natural fam
ily planning method should be promoted.
 According to Marinduque Bishop Reynaldo Evangelista, teenage pregnancy c
annot be simply resolved by making contraceptives available or by educating the
youth.
“This is not only about sex education, but a formation of conscience…..what is r
ight and wrong”, he said.

(MSN
/ Sunnex)

This article shows that teenage pregnancy and premarital sex is now beco
ming a world-wide crisis. As what Marinduque Bishop Reynaldo Evangelista said, e
ducating the youth on sex education on by no means, promoting it, but what it in
tends to do is to ass knowledge on the topic and especially is that it triggers
the conscience of youths or teenagers on “Is it right or wrong to do such things
as doing premarital sex and later on suffer to teenage pregnancy?”.
Youth, especially the ones in our generation, are engaged to the trends
of technology and one of which is the Internet. It offers a wide variety of info
rmation but not all these are benefitable.
Porn cites, sex videos, and other sex-related materials are now also ava
ilable in the internet. Teenagers, out of curiosity, enjoy having access on thes
e things.

Researchers’ over-all view: Reading these articles shows that influence has a gr
eat contribution to teenage pregnancy and premarital sex among teenagers. All po
ints in these articles are products of influence. These also shows that teen pre
gnancy and premarital sex is not only happening in our country, but as has alrea
dy become a world-wide crisis.

Q3: What Causes Teenage Pregnancy?

Article IV - “Causes of teenage pregnancy”
In some societies, early marriage and traditional gender roles are impor
tant factors in the rate of teenage pregnancy. For example, in some sub-Saharan
African countries, early pregnancy is often seen as a blessing because it is pro
of of the young woman s fertility.[11] In the Indian subcontinent, early marriag
e and pregnancy is more common in traditional rural communities compared to the
rate in cities.[12]
In societies where adolescent marriage is uncommon, young age at first i
ntercourse and lack of contraceptive use may be factors in teen pregnancy.[3][18
] Most teenage pregnancies in the developed world appear to be unplanned.[18][19
]
Adolescent sexual behavior
According to information available from the Guttmacher Institute, sex by
age 20 is the norm across the world, and countries with low levels of adolescen
t pregnancy accept sexual relationships among teenagers and provide comprehensiv
e and balanced information about sexuality.[20]
However, in a Kaiser Family Foundation study of US teenagers, 29% of tee
ns reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported
"being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually",
and 24% had "done something sexual they didn’t really want to do".[21] Several p
olls have indicated peer pressure as a factor in encouraging both girls and boys
to have sex. [22] [23]Inhibition-reducing drugs and alcohol may encourage unint
ended sexual activity.[3][24][21][25]
Contraception
Adolescents may lack knowledge of, or access to, conventional methods of
preventing pregnancy, as they may be too embarrassed or frightened to seek such
information.[22][26]
In the United States, according to the 2002 National Surveys of Family G
rowth, in 2002, sexually active adolescent women wishing to avoid pregnancy were
less likely than those of other ages to use contraceptives (18% of 15- to 19-ye
ar-olds used no contraceptives, versus 10.7% average for women ages 15 to 44).[2
7] More than 80% of teen pregnancies are unintended.[28] Over half of unintended
pregnancies were to women not using contraceptives,[27] most of the rest are du
e to inconsistent or incorrect use.[28] 23% of sexually active young women in a
1996 Seventeen magazine poll admitted to having had unprotected sex with a partn
er who did not use a condom, while 70% of girls in a 1997 PARADE poll claimed it
was embarrassing to buy birth control or request information from a doctor.[22]
Among teens in the UK seeking an abortion, a study found that the rate o
f contraceptive use was roughly the same for teens as for older women.[29]
In other cases, contraception is used, but proves to be inadequate. Inex
perienced adolescents may use condoms incorrectly or forget to take oral contrac
eptives. Contraceptive failure rates are higher for teenagers, particularly poor
ones, than for older users.[24] Reversible longer term methods such as intraute
rine devices, subcutaneous implants, or injections (Depo provera, Combined injec
table contraceptive), require less frequent user action, lasting from a month to
years, and may prevent pregnancy more effectively in women who have trouble fol
lowing routines, including many young women. The simultaneous use of more than o
ne contraceptive measure further decreases the risk of unplanned pregnancy, and
if one is a condom barrier method, the transmission of sexually transmitted dise
ase is also reduced.[30]
Age discrepancy in relationships
According to the Family Research Council, studies in the US indicate tha
t age discrepancy between the teenage girls and the men who impregnate them is a
n important contributing factor. Teenage girls in relationships with older boys,
and in particular with adult men, are more likely to become pregnant than teena
ge girls in relationships with boys their own age. They are also more likely to
carry the baby to term rather than have an abortion. A review of California s 19
90 vital statistics found that men older than high school age fathered 77 percen
t of all births to high school-aged girls (ages 16-18), and 51 percent of births
to junior high school-aged girls (15 and younger). Men over age 25 fathered twi
ce as many children of teenage mothers than boys under age 18, and men over age
20 fathered five times as many children of junior high school-aged girls as did
junior high school-aged boys. A 1992 Washington state study of 535 adolescent mo
thers found that 62 percent of the mothers had a history of being raped or sexua
l molested by men whose ages averaged 27 years. This study found that, compared
with non-abused mothers, abused adolescent mothers initiated sex earlier, had se
x with much older partners, and engaged in riskier, more frequent, and promiscuo
us sex. Studies by the Population Reference Bureau and the National Center for H
ealth Statistics found that about two-thirds of children born to teenage girls i
n the United States are fathered by adult men age 20 or older.[31]
Sexual abuse
Studies have found that between 11 and 20 percent of pregnancies in teen
agers are direct results of rape, while about 60 percent of teenage mothers had
unwanted sexual experiences preceding their pregnancy. Before age 15, a majority
of first-intercourse experiences among females are reported to be non-voluntary
; the Guttmacher Institute found that 60 percent of girls who had sex before age
15 were coerced by males who on average were six years their senior. One in fiv
e teenage fathers admitted to forcing girls to have sex with them.[32]
Multiple studies have indicated a strong link between early childhood se
xual abuse and subsequent teenage pregnancy in industrialized countries. Up to 7
0 percent of women who gave birth in their teens were molested as young girls; b
y contrast, 25 percent for women who did not give birth as teens were molested.[
33][34][35][36]
In many countries, sexual intercourse between a minor and an adult is no
t considered consensual under the law because a minor is believed to lack the ma
turity and competence to make an informed decision to engage in fully consensual
sex with an adult. Sex with a minor in developed countries is considered statut
ory rape, although what constitutes statutory rape differs by jurisdiction (see
age of consent).
Dating violence
Studies have indicated that adolescent girls are often in abusive relati
onships at the time of their conceiving.[37][38][39][40][37][41][42] They have a
lso reported that knowledge of their pregnancy has often intensified violent and
controlling behaviours on part of their boyfriends.[43][44] Women under age 18
are twice as likely to be beaten by their child s father than women over age 18.
[45]A UK study found that 70% of women who gave birth in their teens had experie
nced adolescent domestic violence.[46] Similar results have been found in studie
s in the United States. A Washington study found 70% of teenage mothers had been
beaten by their boyfriends, 51% had experienced attempts of birth control sabot
age within the last year, and 21% experienced school or work sabotage.[42]
In a study of 379 pregnant or parenting teens and 95 teenage girls witho
ut children, 62% of the girls aged 11-15 years and 56% of girls aged 16-19 years
reported experiencing domestic violence at the hands of their partners. Moreove
r, 51% of the girls reported experiencing at least one instance where their boyf
riend attempted to sabotage their efforts to use birth control.[47]
Childhood environment
Women exposed to abuse, domestic violence, and family strife in childhoo
d are more likely to become pregnant as teenagers, and the risk of becoming preg
nant as a teenager increases with the number of adverse childhood experiences. A
ccording to a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by
 eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers not
e that "family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for
women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond." When the
family environment does not include adverse childhood experiences, becoming pre
gnant as an adolescent does not appear to raise the likelihood of long-term, neg
ative psychosocial consequences.[52]Studies have also found that boys raised in
homes with a battered mother, or who experienced physical violence directly, wer
e significantly more likely to impregnate a girl.[53]
Studies have also found that girls whose fathers left the family early i
n their lives had the highest rates of early sexual activity and adolescent preg
nancy. Girls whose fathers left them at a later age had a lower rate of early se
xual activity, and the lowest rates are found in girls whose fathers were presen
t throughout their childhood. Even when the researchers took into account other
factors that could have contributed to early sexual activity and pregnancy, such
as behavioral problems and life adversity, early father-absent girls were still
about five times more likely in the United States and three times more likely i
n New Zealand to become pregnant as adolescents than were father-present girls.[
54][55]
Low educational expectations have been pinpointed as a risk factor.[56]
A girl is also more likely to become a teenage parent if her mother or older sis
ter gave birth in her teens.[57][58]A majority of respondents in a 1988 Joint Ce
nter for Political and Economic Studies survey attributed the occurrence of adol
escent pregnancy to a breakdown of communication between parents and child and a
lso to inadequate parental supervision.[22]
Foster care youth are more likely than their peers to become pregnant as
teenagers.

Q4: What happens to the mother when she knew that she is pregnant?
 From Article IV - Impact on the mother
Being a young mother in an industrialized country can affect one s educa
tion. Teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school.[6] Recent studies
, though, have found that many of these mothers had already dropped out of schoo
l prior to becoming pregnant, but those in school at the time of their pregnancy
were as likely to graduate as their peers. One study in 2001 found that women w
ho gave birth during their teens completed secondary-level schooling 10-12% as o
ften and pursued post-secondary education 14-29% as often as women who waited un
til age 30.[69]
Young motherhood in an industrialized country can affect employment and
social class. Less than one third of teenage mothers receive any form of child s
upport, vastly increasing the likelihood of turning to the government for assist
ance.[70] The correlation between earlier childbearing and failure to complete h
igh school reduces career opportunities for many young women.[6] One study found
that, in 1988, 60% of teenage mothers were impoverished at the time of giving b
irth.[71] Additional research found that nearly 50% of all adolescent mothers so
ught social assistance within the first five years of their child s life.[6] A s
tudy of 100 teenaged mothers in the United Kingdom found that only 11% received
a salary, while the remaining 89% were unemployed.[72] Most British teenage moth
ers live in poverty, with nearly half in the bottom fifth of the income distribu
tion.[73] Teenage women who are pregnant or mothers are seven times more likely
to commit suicide than other teenagers.[74] Professor John Ermisch at the instit
ute of social and economic research at Essex University and Dr Roger Ingham, dir
ector of the centre of sexual health at Southampton University - found that comp
aring teenage mothers with other girls with similarly deprived social-economic p
rofiles, bad school experiences and low educational aspirations, the difference
in their respective life chances was negligible.[75]Teenage Motherhood may actua
lly make economic sense for poorer young women, some research suggests. For inst
ance, long-term studies by Duke economist V. Joseph Hotz and colleagues, publish
ed in 2005, found that by age 35, former teen moms had earned more in income, pa
id more in taxes, were substantially less likely to live in poverty and collecte
d less in public assistance than similarly poor women who waited until their 20s
to have babies. Women who became mothers in their teens -- freed from child-rai
sing duties by their late 20s and early 30s to pursue employment while poorer wo
men who waited to become moms were still stuck at home watching their young chil
dren -- wound up paying more in taxes than they had collected in welfare.[76] Ei
ght years earlier, the federally commissioned report "Kids Having Kids" also con
tained a similar finding, though it was buried: "Adolescent child bearers fare s
lightly better than later-childbearing counterparts in terms of their overall ec
onomic welfare."
One-fourth of adolescent mothers will have a second child within 24 mont
hs of the first. Factors that determine which mothers are more likely to have a
closely-spaced repeat birth include marriage and education: the likelihood decre
ases with the level of education of the young woman – or her parents – and incre
ases if she gets married.[77]
Article V - “Single parent”
Effects
Single parent families are at a higher risk of poverty than couple families, and
on average single mothers have poorer health than couple mothers [2].
Single parenting is strongly associated with an increased risk of a number of ne
gative social, behavioral and emotional outcomes for children. However while the
association is strong, on balance the effect size and the actual numbers affect
ed are modest. Most children from single parent families do well. Many factors i
nfluence how children develop in single-parent families: the parent s age, educa
tion level, and occupation; the family s income and the family s support network
of friends and extended family members (including the non-resident parent, if a
vailable). Disadvantages in these factors that often accompany single parenting
appear to cause most of this association rather than single parenting itself [13
] [14].
Shocking headlines do get published; for example a 2003 Swedish study, stated th
at those living with a single parent were about three times more likely to eithe
r kill themselves or end up in the hospital after an attempted suicide by the ag
e of 26 than children living with two parents, however this only happened to 2.2
percent of girls and 1 percent of boys [15]. While such a finding is concerning
, clearly the vast majority of the children of single parents do not kill themse
lves and are underrepresented.
A variety of viewpoints do exist, with different readings of the research possib
le. The Institute for the Study of Civil Society reports that children of single
parents, after controlling for other variables like family income, are more lik
ely to have problems [16]. There are impacts of sole parenting on children; howe
ver the weight of the evidence does not appear to support a view that sole paren
ts are a major cause of societal ills and are doing irreparable damage to their
children [14].
Children of single parents are very likely to share more household responsibilit
ies, including looking after themselves. Single parents often discuss things wit
h their children (usually financial or family decisions) which, in other familie
s, are usually discussed only between parents.
Choice parent
A choice parent is a parent who voluntarily becomes a single parent to a biologi
c child from the very beginning, rather than by a later separation from a partne
r. Sometimes, it also includes becoming a single parent by adoption.[17]
A woman may voluntarily become a choice parent by artificial insemination or use
of a cervical cap conception device with donor sperm. In many countries, e.g. S
weden this is prohibited. Swedes, however, may go to Denmark, where it is legal
to have an insemination. Women who choose insemination or adoption to become par
ents are also referred to as "choice moms" or "choice mothers". These women, man
y of whom are over 35, tend to be educated, career women. Children of this group
of single moms are less likely to be at risk of poverty. Several books and inte
rnet groups exist to assist women in choosing this path.
People who are striving to become single parents may be termed choice mom aspire
rs or tryers, while people who are seriously thinking about doing going through
the procedure may be termed choice mom considerers or thinkers [17].
A small but growing number of men also choose to become single parents, and they
may be referred to as "choice fathers". It is achieved through surrogacy. Most
of the men are gay, but some are straight.
Q5: What happens to the father and other family members?

From Article IV - Teenage fatherhood

In some cases, the father of the child is the husband of the teenage gir
l. The conception may occur within wedlock, or the pregnancy itself may precipit
ate the marriage (the so-called shotgun wedding). In countries such as India the
majority of teenage births occur within marriage.[3][12]
In other countries, such as the United States and the Republic of Irelan
d, the majority of teenage mothers are not married to the fathers of their child
ren.[3][83] In the UK, half of all teenagers with children are lone parents, 40%
are cohabitating as a couple and 10% are married.[84] Teenage parents are frequ
ently in a romantic relationship at the time of birth, but many adolescent fathe
rs do not stay with the mother and this often disrupts their relationship with t
he child. Research has shown that when teenage fathers are included in decision-
making during pregnancy and birth, they are more likely to report increased invo
lvement with their children in later years.[85] In the U.S, eight out of ten tee
nage fathers do not marry their child s mother.[86]
However, "teenage father" may be a misnomer in many cases. Studies by th
e Population Reference Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics foun
d that about two-thirds of births to teenage girls in the United States are fath
ered by adult men age 20 or older.[87][88] The Guttmacher Institute reports that
over 40 percent of mothers aged 15-17 had sexual partners three to five years o
lder and almost one in five had partners six or more years older.[89] A 1990 stu
dy of births to California teens reported that the younger the mother, the great
er the age gap with her male partner.[90] In the UK 72% of jointly registered bi
rths to women under the age of 20, the father is over the age of 20, with almost
1 in 4 being over 25.[91]
Impact on Other Family Members
Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One study
found that the younger sisters of teen mother were less likely to emphasize the
importance of education and employment and more likely to accept sexual initiati
on, parenthood and marriage at younger ages. Younger brothers, too, were found t
o be more tolerant on non-marital and early births, in addition to being more su
sceptible to high-risk behaviors. An additional study discovered that those with
an older sibling who is a teen parent often end up babysitting their nieces or
nephews and that young girls placed in such a situation have an increased risk o
f getting pregnant themselves.
Q6: What are the possible things that can happen to the child?

From Article IV - Impact on the child

Early motherhood can affect the psychosocial development of the infant.
The occurrence of developmental disabilities and behavioral issues is increased
in children born to teen mothers.[78][79] One study suggested that adolescent mo
thers are less likely to stimulate their infant through affectionate behaviors s
uch as touch, smiling, and verbal communication, or to be sensitive and acceptin
g toward his or her needs.[78] Another found that those who had more social supp
ort were less likely to show anger toward their children or to rely upon punishm
ent.[80]
Teen pregnancy is one serious consequence of early initiation of sexual
activity. Infants of teenage mothers are greater risk of low birth weight and in
creased infant morality. Thirteen percent of infants born by 15 years olds have
a low birth weight, compared to 7 percent of infants born by mothers in their tw
enties. Infants of mothers 13 to 14 years old have an infant morality rate of 17
per 1000 live births, compared to the rate of 10 per 1000 live births for those
15 to 19 yeas old, and a rate of only 4.5 per 1000 live births.
Children of teenage mother are more likely to perform poorly in school,
more likely to drop out of school, and less likely to attend college. Poor acade
mic performance in the children of teenage mothers has also been noted, with man
y of them being more likely than average to fail to graduate from secondary scho
ol, be held back a grade level, or score lower on standardized tests.[6] Daughte
rs born to adolescent parents are more likely to become teen mothers themselves.
[58][6] A son born to a young woman in her teens is three times more likely to s
erve time in prison.[81]
Other Quotes
“The educational level of parents also affects child bearing the children of col
lege-educated parents are less likely to be sexually active at the age of 15 tha
n the children of those who have not completed high school.”
-Encarta
2009-
“Children of single parents are very likely to share more household responsibili
ties, including looking after themselves. Single parents often discuss things wi
th their children (usually financial or family decisions) which, in other famili
es, are usually discussed only between parents.”
-Single Parent a
rticle-
So now that we know the issues, impacts on the child, impacts on other family me
mbers and the reason why teenage pregnancy occur, of course there are still ways
on preventing it. Here
Article VI - “What lowers the risk for teen sex?”
Studies have shown that religious commitment consistently lowers the lik
elihood of adolescent sexual behavior.
• Educational accomplishment/commitment to school.
• Friends who have a similar commitment to abstinence.
• Presence of both parents in the home, especially the biological father.
Positive involvement of a father with his teenage offspring has been shown to be
an effective deterrent to early sexual activity.
• Parental and community values that support sexual abstinence until marri
age and making them clearly known.
• A host of other interesting activities and passions. Adolescents who hav
e other burning interests — such as earning academic honors; starting on a certa
in career path; participating in ministry or excelling in music, drama, sports o
r other areas — will be less likely to allow premature sexual involvement to der
ail their plans and dreams.
Be a role model for the kinds of relationships you want your kids to dev
elop with members of the opposite sex.
Parents should make every effort to keep their marriage intact and to no
urish, enrich and celebrate it, demonstrating respect and affection for each oth
er on an ongoing basis. This gives adolescents a sense of security and a strong
attachment to your values.
Fathers have a particularly important role to play. A boy who sees his f
ather treat his mother with physical and verbal courtesies and is taught to do l
ikewise will be more likely to carry this behavior and attitude into his own rel
ationships with women. Girls who are consistently affirmed, cherished and treate
d respectfully by their fathers aren t as likely to begin a desperate search for
male affection that could lead to sexual involvement. Furthermore, they will ex
pect appropriate behavior from the other men in their lives.
Single parents who are bringing up teenagers must repeatedly affirm them
and create as stable a home life as possible. Values concerning non-marital sex
should be practiced as well as preached. A sexually active single parent or one
who has a live-in partner is proclaiming in no uncertain terms that this activi
ty is all right for teenagers as well.
Causes
Besides the obvious, that the cause of pregnancy is sex, we can say the
causes of teenage pregnancies are many and very complex.
The first and most important is the lack of sexual education. Many teena
gers reach that age without information on sexual functions, the relation betwee
n the sexes and how to avoid pregnancy. Nevertheless, information alone is not e
nough. The real education isn’t only about data, but the set of values that add
a sense to it and allow the construction of a life project. Inside that project
sex, a partner, marriage and procreation can be elected freely and responsibly.
The lack of this education is mainly due to a deficiency in the family.
In the homes there isn’t an open and understanding attitude towards sex. Many pa
rents, dominated by myths and fears, reject the responsibility of educating thei
r children in regards to sex, even though they themselves suffered that lack in
their families.
The official educational systems don’t usually give a proper formation i
n this and other issues that help in the development of a person, either.
This should be added to the overrating of sex that exists in current cul
ture. Today’s teenagers grow up surrounded by a culture where television, films,
music, music videos, advertising and places of entertainment are filled with me
ssages in which loveless sexual relationships are common, accepted and expected.
Information on contraceptive methods accessed by those who decide to be
sexually active is scarce and many times mistaken. Social sectors with low econo
mic possibilities are added to the impossibility of acquiring condoms or other m
ethods for avoiding pregnancy.
The growing use of alcohol and drugs from constantly lower ages also con
tributes negatively. Teenagers, under the influence of those substances, are in
worse conditions to prevent pregnancy.
Prevention
Many models for the prevention of teenage pregnancy have been tried worl
dwide with different degrees of success.
Some advocate abstinence, trying to postpone the beginning of sexual con
tact until the person is mature and skillful enough for handling sexual activity
without the risk of undesired pregnancies. Others consider that teenagers can m
aintain sexual relations since the moment they choose to, and therefore most hav
e enough information about their bodies and contraceptive methods.
In any case, choosing the values of responsible love and a respect for t
he new life that can be created will be the core for prevention not only teenage
pregnancy, but also numerous pathologies of sexual transmission among which the
most relevant in our times are HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B.
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

A. Theoretical Framework
• Introduction to Teen Sex
• Teen Sex
- Causes of Teen sex
- Studies/Statistics on Teen Sex
- Factors that provoke teens in doing so
• Teenage Pregnancy
- Causes of Teenage Pregnancy
- Studies/Statistics on Teenage Pregnancy
- Impact on the Mother
- Impact on the Father
- Impact on Other Family Members
- Impact on the Child
• Ways that can lower the risks of teen sex

B. Instruments
The internet played a huge part in conducting this research for the rese
archers used it to find most of their data and information about their topic. In
terview Questionnaires were also used and were given to women who experienced Te
enage Motherhood. Electronic devices were also used in finishing and conducting
this research.

C. Data Gathering
In conducting this research, the researchers made use of the Internet to
find data and information about their topic. They have also consulted their par
ents, friends, classmates, teachers and their neighbors for advice and further e
xplanations for them to have a more effective research paper. They also conducte
d interviews on women who have been teenage moms themselves, whom they know, hav
e not only ideas but experiences and more understanding about the world of Teena
ge Motherhood.
D. Data Analysis
In analyzing the research, the researchers made use of various methods l
ike observation: for them to know if their research is going to be effective, co
mparison: for them to have assurance that the information and their understandin
g about the topic is precise.
 The researchers also conducted interviews with women who experienced bei
ng teenage moms, for them to know if the data and information that they have gat
hered are true, and to find out for themselves the real world of Teenage Motherh
ood.
The interviews came out with the following results: (The questions are provided
for better understanding about the interview results).
1. Have you had education about sex?
4 out of 10 answered that they have had education about sex at home.
3 out of 10 answered that they have had education about sex at school.
3 left haven’t got any education about sex.
2. At what age did you first experienced having sex?
5 out of 10 answered that they first experienced having sex at the age
bracket of 13-16.
3 out of 10 first experienced having sex at the age of 17.
2 left answered that they first experienced having sex at the ages of 18
to 19.
3. Did you think about using any contraception?
8 out of 10 answered that they didn’t think about using any contraceptiv
e.
2 left thought about using so.
4. At what age did you get pregnant?
1 out 10 got pregnant under the age of 15.
4 got pregnant at the 16 to 17 bracket.
5 out of 10 got pregnant at the ages of 18 to 19 years old.

5. How did you feel when you first know about it?
Almost all of them were surprised about it and were scared.

6. What is your boyfriends’ reaction when he knew about it?

4 were shocked.
2 wanted to pursue the pregnancy.
1 reacted nothing.
3 wanted the baby to be aborted.
7. How did you tell your parents about it and what was their reaction?
Almost all of them got their parents shocked. Most of the parents got ma
d and disappointed at first but had no choice but to accept their child being pr
egnant and later on their grandchild. Though 1 of our respondents stow away from
home.
8. Was marriage talked about?
7 gave a positive answer and said that marriage was talked about. One of
whom got married to the father of their child.
3 gave a negative response
9. How was your pregnancy supported?
8 of the respondents had their pregnancy supported by their parents.
2 had their pregnancy supported by their boyfriends.
10. How did it affect your education?
All of the respondents stopped. Almost all stopped because of shame.
11. How is the kid being supported now?
7 answered that their child are now supported by their parents.
3 are now supported by their boyfriends.
12. How does it affect your present life?
Half the numbers of the respondents regret what they have done.
2 got matured and became responsible by supporting their baby.
3 were not affected and happily accepted their life now. One of who jus
t gave birth to another unwanted child to another father but unfortunately died
because of premature delivery (the fetus was only 6 months old).

According to our interviews, and the answers of the respondents, we conc

lude that Teenage Pregnancy indeed affects the lives of the teenage moms not onl
y mentally and socially, but also psychologically, as well. The girls develop lo
w self esteem because of the shame resulting from social unacceptance and having
stopped from schooling which a girl her age should have belonged.
 Please see attached interview answer sheets for reference.
Chapter IV

CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion
Teenage Motherhood is the result of early sexual activities or teenage s
ex that later turned out and became Teen Pregnancy. Early motherhood among teens
is now a wide spreading crisis. This happens due to some circumstances that a l
ot of teens, especially teen girls, nowadays are going through. The most importa
nt of which is proper sex education which should have started oat home. Other ci
rcumstances are early relationships, wherein the kids involved get out of their
limitations because of the lack of supervision or sometimes over protective supe
rvision by the parents. These factors may result to rebellion and ignorance, whe
re they decide to do stupid things. During these outcomes, teens strive for more
freedom and independence, pretending that they are responsible enough, but in t
he truth, they have no idea and they are not yet physically, mentally, socially
and financially psychologically ready to face these kinds of problems. What prov
okes them to pursue more on what they think they want is the unlimited and regul
ation-free access on sex-related materials that they can easily get. The modern
world has a lot to offer to these careless teens that they truly enjoy.
Being a mother at an early age is not a joke. Having a baby, the mother,
most especially has a lot of responsibilities to face and can really affect the
whole being of the teenager, and most of all, the baby. Being one adds more ris
ks to pregnancy and child-rearing, because physically the body is not yet fully
developed to undergo child bearing, plus the fact that she is not yet mentally a
nd socially and most of all psychologically ready to shoulder all the burdens of
being a young mother.

B. Recommendation
The researchers highly recommend that sex education should be given prio
rity in teaching the young, especially the girls, nowadays, not only at school b
ut also at home. This way they will be well informed of the outcome of having fr
ee sex and the effects of it in their lives, especially when the girls get pregn
ant and become mothers at an early age.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Article I
www.yahoo.answers.com/teen pre-marital sex.html
Article II
www.yahoo.answers.com/topic/why teens have sex.html
Article III
www.gogle.com/topic/teenage pregnancy in the Philippines.html
Article IV
www. Answers.com/topic/teenage pregnancy.html
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Article VI
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