mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

CHAPTER 5
CHEMICAL BONDS
Almost all chemical
substances exist as
compounds in nature
except inert gases
and other stable
element (such as
gold and silver).

Atom of other
element that have
less than eight
valence electron
are not stable

All other elements

combine together to
achieve the stability by
forming duplet or octet
electron arrangement by
i) The transfer of electron
ii) Sharing of electron

Less stable atom

will tend to release,
accept or share
electron to
achieve the stable
electron
arrangement
of an inert gas.

Two types of chemical

bonds formed:i) ionic bonds
ii) covalent bond

Ionic Bond

Covalent Bond

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

Ionic Bond

Ionic bond formed

when metal atom
transfer electrons to
non-metal atom to
form ionic
compound.

Example:

Formation of
Cation

Metal atom from

group 1,2 and 13
tend to released all
their valence
electrons.

Formation of
Anion

Non-Metal atom
from group 15, 16
and 17 tend to
accept the
electrons.

Draw the formation

of sodium ion.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

Exercise

1.

Draw the formation of the following cations:

a) Potassium ion

b) Magnesium ion

c) Aluminium ion

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

2.

Draw the formation of the following anions:

a) Chloride ion

b) Oxide ion

c) Nitride ion

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Formation of Ionic Compound

[Write in general about the formation of ionic compound]

Example: Formation of Sodium Chloride, NaCl

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

Exercise

1.

Explain the formation of ionic compound below:

a) Lithium fluoride

b) Magnesium oxide

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

c) Calcium chloride

d) Aluminium oxide

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

2.

Draw the formation of the following ionic compound:

a) Lithium fluoride

b) Magnesium oxide

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

c) Calcium chloride

d) Aluminium oxide

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

Ionic Equations
Equation that represent the formation of ionic compounds are
known as ionic equation.
Example:
a) Formation of sodium chloride, NaCl
i) Chemical Equation :
ii) Half-ionic Equation :

b) Formation of Magnesium oxide, MgO

i) Chemical Equation :
ii) Half-ionic Equation :

Exercise
1.

Write an ionic equation of the following compound

a) Lithium fluoride

b) Magnesium chloride

c) Aluminium oxide

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

Exercise

1.

Atom X and Y each have proton numbers of 3 and 8. What is

the ionic compound formula formed between atoms X and Y?

2.

Complete each of the following table:

Atom

Proton
Number

A
1

Electron
Arrangement

Ionic
Formula

Atom

Proton
Number

11

12

17

20

19

17

13

13

17

Electron
Arrangement

Ionic
Formula

Compound
Formula

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

Covalent Bond
Covalent bond is the
chemical bond
formed through the
sharing of electron
between two or more
non metal atom to
form covalent
compound.

Three types of covalent

bonds:
single covalent bond
( sharing one pair of e )
double covalent bond
( sharing two pairs of e )
triple covalent bond
( sharing three pairs of e )

Single Covalent Bond

Example:
Draw the formation of chlorine gas.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

Double Covalent Bond

Example:
Draw the formation of oxygen gas.

Triple Covalent Bond

Example:
Draw the formation of nitrogen gas.

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Exercise

1.

Draw the formation of the following compound.

a) water

b) Carbon dioxide

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c) Ammonia

b) Tetrachloromethane , CCl4.

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Determine the Formula of Covalent Compound

Guideline:
1. State the electron configuration of atoms.
- Make sure electron valence for both atoms is either 4, 5, 6, and 7.
2. Determine the number of electrons needed to achieve stability.
3. Write the number of electron needed to achieve stability at the
below right corner of each atom.
4. Cross the number.

Example:
If atom P has 8 protons and atom Q has 9 protons, determine the
formula of the covalent compound formed.

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mohd faisol mansor/chemistry form 4/chapter 5

Exercise

1. Atoms K and S each have a proton number of 6 and 8

respectively. What is the formula of the covalent compound
which is formed by K and S?

2. Complete the table below to show the formulae of compounds

which are formed.
Atom

Proton
number

Electron
config.

Atom

Proton
number

Electron
config.

Compound
formula

2.4

2.7

AB4

16

17

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Comparison between the formation of the ionic bond and the

covalent bond

IONIC BOND

COVALENT BOND
Similarity

Differences

Formation

Particles

Force of
Attraction

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The following figure compares and contrasts the properties

of ionic compound and covalent compound
IONIC COMPOUND

COVALENT COMPOUND
PROPERTIES

Melting &
Boiling point

Electric
Conductivity

Physical State

Solubility
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Exercise
1. (a) Table 1.1 shows the proton number of three elements, X, Y, and
Z. The letters used do not represent the actual symbols of the
elements.
Element
X
Y
Z
i)

Proton Number
6
12
17
Table 1.1

Write the electron arrangement of:

Atom Y : _______________________________________________
The ion of Z : ___________________________________________

ii)

Write the formula of the compound formed between

elements Y and Z.
________________________________________________________

iii)

Element X reacts with element Z to form a covalent

compound with a formula XZ4. State two physical
properties of this compound.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

i)

Draw the electronic structure of the compound XZ4.

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(b) Table 1.2 shows some physical properties of two compounds, U

and V.
Compound

Melting pt
(oC)

Boiling pt
(oC)

Solubility in
water

Solubility in
organic
solvent

800

1 420

Soluble

Insoluble

- 95

86

Insoluble

Soluble

Table 1.2
i) State the physical state of the following compound at room
condition.
U : _______________________________________________________
V : _______________________________________________________
ii) State the type of compound for U.
__________________________________________________________
iii) Explain why melting point and boiling point of compound U is
higher than V?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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