Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

SKH Bishop Baker Secondary School

AL Chemistry
Section 11 The d-Block Elements
80 IA Q.4 (c)

(i)

Oxidation number of Ru = +3 or III; coordination no. = 6

(ii) Oxidation number of Ca = +2 or II; coordination no. = 6

80 IB Q.5 (a)

(i)

[ + ]
[ + ]

C, B, D, A(or name in the same order, i.e. light source, filter, sample tube,
photoelectric cell / micrometer OR can be given in the reverse order A, D, B, C.[1 or 0]

(ii) To select wavelengths (which are absorbed by the solution), monochromatic, one type
of colour, one frequency.
[1 or 0]
(iii) (I) By completing the graph, 2 straight lines intersect, which gives maximum
intensity when approximately 3.4 cm3 of CuSO4 is mixed with approximately
6.6 cm3 of ethane-1,2-diamine.
[]
No. of moles of ethane-1,2-diamine which gives a maximum intensity when
6.6
mixed with one mole of CuSO4 =
= 2. Thus x = 2.
[]
3.4
OR if the student just gives the answer x = 2, gives the full marks.
(II) Bonded through the nitrogen atoms

[1]

Each nitrogen atom as a lone pair of electron available for donation to the Cu 2+
ion.
[1]
80 IIB Q.10 (a) Two ligands

nd

(n+1)s

(n+1)p

sp

Four ligands

nd

(n+1)s

(n+1)p

sp3

[1] for correct hybridization ; [1] for correct representation

dsp2
Six ligands

nd

(n+1)s
(n+1)p

d2sp3

Note: If only sp, sp3, dsp2, d2sp3 are given grouping the appropriate boxes together, each
hybridization gains only [1]. Arrows are not but if they are drawn., they should be
drawn correctly, otherwise, [1] is deducted.
(b) (i) is an electrolyte

[]
IV

(ii) is not [] because [M en2Cl4] comprises a central metal ion complexed with 2 en and
2 Cl to give [MIVen2Cl2]2+ only [1]
(c) stereoisomers [1]

(or isomers with explanation)

Two forms of complexes with the composition [MA2B4]n+ arise

[2]

because of the possibility of the ligand being located either together or separated in the
octahedral complex.
[2]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

81 IB Q.5 (d)

(i)

Excitation of electrons between two d-orbitals having small difference in energy

brought about by absorption of visible light.
[1]

(ii) Existence of unpaired electrons in the orbitals of transition metal ions.

81 IIB Q.6 (a) (i)

[1]

2CrO42(aq) + 2H3O+(aq) Cr 2O72(aq) + 3H2O(l)

[1]

(iii) Cu2+(aq) + 2I (aq) CuI(s) + I2(aq)

(c) MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e
81 IIB Q.9 (a)

N
25.2
= 1.8
14.0

[1]

Mn2+ + 4H2O
C
5. 4
= 0.45
12.0

N : C : Cl = 4 : 1 : 1 or

[1]
Cl
167.0
= 0.45
35.5

[2]

NH3 : CO32 : Cl = 4 : 1 : 1

[1]

Possible molecular formula (because of monomer) is Co(NH3)4CO3Cl

[1]

Check : (on any one of N, C or Cl)

C% = 12.0/222.4 x 100% = 5.40 %

[1]

Structure :

(b) CoCl2.6H2O in water gives a pink Co(H2O)62+ (A) which is basic medium rendered by [1]
ammonia immediately turned to a blue Co(OH)2 (B) or Co(NH3)62+ or Co(NH3)42+ or
[Co(NH3)4(OH2)2]2+ (O.S. of Co is +2; charge must be correct)
[1]
When air was drawn through the oxidation, oxidation
occurred oxidizing the cobalt(II) species to the cobalt(III) state
in the form of either [Co(NH3)4(CO3)]+ or [Co(NH3)4(CO3)]Cl

[1]
[1]
[1]

Continual addition of ammonium carbonate is to maintain a sufficient carbonate

concentration to keep the cobalt as its carbonate complex.
[1]
C is the unreacted Co2O3.
On concentration, the desired product of Co(NH3)4CO3Cl crystallizes out.
(c) 1Co(III) 1Co(II) 1I 1S2O32
Mass of Co = 25.00 x 0.1000 x 58.9 = 0.147 g
1000
0.147
%=
x 100% = 26.5%
0.556
(d) E : CoCl42 or CoCl64 octahedral
tetrahedral (name or formula or diagram or bond description)

[1]

(method [1])

[1]
[1]
[1]

[1]
[1]

82 IIB Q.6 (b) NCS gives a red coloration with iron(III) but not with iron(II).
[1 + 1]
OR Potassium ferrocyanide gives a deep blue ppt. with iron(III) but not with iron(II)
(or OH brown ppt., but Fe(II) doesnt mask this colour.)
(e) Atomic radius first decrease and then increase with atomic number.
Effective nuclear charge increases with atomic number contraction.
Electron-electron repulsion increases causes expansion.
Compromise of the two effects.
OR
variation in atomic radius is small
filling of 3d orbitals.

[1]
[]
[]
()
()

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

82 IIB Q.7 (a) Cr : [Ar] 3d5 4s1

10

Zn : [Ar] 3d 4s
(b) (i)

[]

[]

Cr gives variable oxidation states, mainly +3, Zn gives +2.

[] + []

(ii) Cr complexes are mainly paramagnetic; Zn complexes are diamagnetic [] + []

(iii) Cr complexes are coloured; Zn complexes are white.
(b) (i)

[] + []

Amount of ionic Cl in E = (25.00 18.00) x 0.10 = 7.0 x 104 mol

1000
0.080
Amount of salt in E =
= 3.0 x 104 mol
266.5
Total amount of Cl in E = (3.0 x 104) x 3
Amount of non-ionic chloride in E = (9.0 - 7.0) x 10-4 = 2.0 x 10-4 mol
(Note : accept amounts in gm, e.g. total chloride in E = 0.032 g)

[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]

The most likely form of chloride containing complex is

Cr(H2O)5Cl2+,(accept CrCl(aq)2+ or any other forms) of chloroaquachromium(III)
complex)
[1]
Hence,

Cr(H2O)5Cl2+ = 2.0 x 104 mol

Cr(H2O)63+ = 1.0 x 104 mol

[1]

Decreasing order of concentration :

Cl, Cr(H2O)5Cl2+, Cr(H2O)63+, (H3O+ OH)
or Cl, Cr(III) complexes, (H3O+ OH)
[2]
(deduct [1] for 1 error; deduct [2] for 2 error)
(c)

Cr
17.2
= 0.330
52.0
1
Hence

K
12.9
= 0.330
39.1
1

C
15.8
= 1.32
12.0
4

H
1.32
= 1.32
1.0
4

Cr : K : C2O42 : H2O = 1 : 1 : 2 : 2

[1]

[1]

Molecular formula K[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]

[1]

Oxidation state of Cr = +3 (or III)

[1]

(for each structure; [] for drawing, [] for charge.)

83 IIB Q.6 (a) Cr2O72(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e === 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
[1] reaction + [1] balancing
(d) It is relatively easy to remove or add varying number of electrons (a maximum of 10) to the
five d orbitals of transition metals resulting in variable oxidation states.
[2]
(e) Fe(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2e (negative pole)
2H+(aq) + 2e
H2(g) (positive pole)

[1]

(from lemonade)

Concept of electrochemical cell.

83 IIB Q.7 (a) (i)

[1]

Caseium fluoride
Coulombic (or electrostatic) force of attraction between Cs + and F ions in a

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

3-dimensional lattice.

[2]

(ii) [CuCl4]2
Dative or co-ordinate bond.

[2]

(iii) He
weak van der Waals forces between the atoms.

[2]

(iv) iron wire

iron atoms has a closely-packed lattice with delocalized electrons
electrostatic attraction between the closely-packed positive Fe ions and the electron
cloud that holds the atoms together.
[2]
83 IIB Q.10 (a)

(c) (i) Increase in concentration of Cl, shifting the equilibrium position to the right,
more CoCl42 formed, blue color predominates.

[1]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

(ii) Acetone hydrogen-bonds with water, the equilibrium position shifts to the right
to produce CoCl42 and H2O, again the blue colour predominates (on the upper layer).
[1]

+
2+
84 IIB Q.6 (a) VO3 (aq) + 6H (aq) + 3e
V (aq) + 3H2O(l)
[Also accept VO2+(aq) and VO43(aq)]
(b) ZnO(s) + 2H3O+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + 3H2O(l)

[1] equation + [1] balancing

(basic)

ZnO(s) + 2OH(aq) ZnO22(aq) + H2O(l) (acidic)

Zn(s) + 2OH(aq) + H2O(l) Zn(OH)42(aq)
Aluminium oxide

[1] for acidic reaction

[1] for basic reaction
[1] for one example

84 IIB Q.9 (a) Tetrahedral :

Square planar :

Penalty :
1. Duplication of each structure, minus its corresponding mark earned.
2. For each additional structure on top of the maximum number, minus its corresponding
mark.
Note :
No double penalty for 1, & 2.
(b) (i)

U : Cr(OH)3(s) (green)
(accept a neutral ammonia complex)
V : CrO42(aq) (yellow)
W : Cr2O72(aq) (orange)

[1]
[1]
[1]

(ii) X : MnO42(aq) (green)

Y : MnO4(aq) (purple)
Z : Mn2+(aq) (colourless)
(c) (i)

(I)

[1]
[1]
[1]

(1) increasing steric effect.

(2) statistical factor.

(II) Ni(NH3)22+(aq) + NH3(aq) Ni(NH3)32+(aq)

[1]
[1]
states required [1]

[Ni(NH3)32+]
K3 = [Ni(NH3)22+][NH3]
(ii) [for Ni(NH3)62+]
= K1 x K2 x K3 x K4 x K5 x K6
= (4.68 x 102)(1.32 x 102)(4.07 x 10)(1.17 x 10)(4.27)(0.813)
= 1.02 x 108
Only order of magnitude is required
[for Ni(en)32+]
= K1 x K2 x K3
= (1.91 x 107)(1.23 x 106)(1.58 x 104)
= 3.71 x 1017
Only order of magnitude is required

[1]

[1]
[]
[]
[]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

Comment : Ni(en)32+ is more stable than Ni(NH3)62+

[1]
Explanation based on overall argument.
[1]
(Hence, if the candidates own calculation gives a wrong answer, his answer should be
consistent with his own calculation.)
Note : (for this part only)
If only say Ni(en)32+ is more stable than Ni(NH3)62+.
[no mark]
but then if the candidates went on to give an explanation.
An acceptable one but not based on values.
[1] overall instead of [2] full marks
85 IA Q.2 (b) (ii) add reducing agent (in acid medium) (H2S / I / C2H5OH/ acidified H2O2 / etc.)
(iii) add Zn powder / Zn amalgam / magnesium amalgam

[1]
[1]

85 IIB Q.5 (a) (i)

Co
25.59
25.59
58.9
0.4345
1

% mass
relative no. of atoms
ratio
simplest ratio

NH3
29
29
17
1.7059
4
x=4

Cl
45.41
45.41
35.5
1.2792
3 [2]
y = 3 [1]

(ii)

trans-tetraamminedichlorocobalt(III)
chloride
[1]
(b) [Co(H2O)6]2+.2Cl

or

cis-tetraamminedichlorocobalt(III)
chloride
[1]

Co(H2O)6Cl2

[1]

The chloride ion replaces water to form a new complex.

[1] + [1]

2+
2
or
Co(H2O)6 + 4Cl == (CoCl4) + 6H2O
[2]
or
The main cause for the blue colour is that the Co changes from octahedral to
tetrahedral structure.
[1]
(c) Electronic structure

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

Flame colour for copper is blue-green.

[1]
[1]

Excited electrons falling to a lower energy level and radiation is emitted in the visible
region of the spectrum.
(d) The brown solution is iodine in potassium iodide solution.

[1]
[2]

Copper(III) iodide is too unstable under these conditions and copper(I) iodide and iodine
are formed.
2CuSO4 + 4KI = 2CuI + I2 + 2K2SO4
I2 + I == I3
On adding thiosulphate ions, the iodine is reduced to iodide ions and the brown colour is
discharged, leaving a colourless solution and a white ppt. of CuI.
[2]
I2 + 2S2O32

86 IIB Q.5 (a) (i)

2I + S4O62

An element has a partially filled inner d shell

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

or, an element which has one of its oxidation states having partially filled d shells. [2]
(ii) (other transition metals may be used, but the same example must be used for all the
properties)
1.
Metallic properties iron is dense and has high m.p. & b.p.
[1]
3+
2+
2.
Coloured ions Fe (aq) is yellow / Fe is green.
[1]

3
3
3. Complex ions formation FeCl4 / [Fe(CN)6] / [Fe(C2O4)3] /
[Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+
[1]
4.
Variable oxidation states Fe(II) / Fe(III)
[1]
5.
Catalytic activity FeCl3 in chlorination of benzene /
Fe3+ catalyse the reaction
[1]
2I + S2O82 I2 + 2SO42
6.
Paramagnetism Fe3+ / Fe2+ having unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. [1]
Any 5
(b) (i)

See graph.

[2]

[1] for correctly labelled axes; [1] for correct graph

(ii) The absorbance of the complex is much greater
than that of Cu2+(aq) and en at the wavelength of measurement,
so the absorbance increase with the concentration of the complex ions formed.
(iii) The peak lies at the 33%(31 35%) Cu + 67% en (65 69%)
i.e. ratio of Cu to en is 1 : 2,
hence formula is [Cu(en)2]2+.
(c) (i)

deduction [1]
[1]

Co3+(aq) is reduced to Co2+(aq) with O2 evolved.

4[Co(H2O)6]3+ + 2H2O(l)
4[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq)
[1]
E = (1.83 1.23)V = 0.60 V
A positive value for E means that the reaction is thermodynamically possible.

(ii) 4[Co(NH3)6]2+ + O2 + 4H+

E = (1.23 0.10)V = 1.13 V

[1]

[1]

[1]

4[Co(NH3)6]3+ + 2H2O

[Co(NH3)6]2+ can be air oxidized, because the formation of [Co(NH 3)6]3+ through air
oxidation of [Co(NH3)6]2+ has a positive E value, the reaction is spontaneous.
[1]
While air oxidation of [Co(H2O)6]2+ to [Co(H2O)6]3+ given an E value of
(1.23 1.83) = 0.6 V, i.e. cannot be air oxidized.
87 IA Q.2 (b) (i)

6.

(ii) +3 / III / 3+ (not 3)

(iii)

[1]
[1]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

[1]
(iv)

[1]
(Mirror image relationship must be shown, with or without plane mirror)
[Note: Optical isomerism of complexes is not required in the existing syllabus.]
[(iii) & (iv) [] if either or both + charges are missing
and [] if not specified to be en or H2NCH2CH2NH2.]
(conc.) OH or OH + MnO2 or OH + ethanol

(c) (i)

[1]

(ii) H

[1]

Mole ratio of VO2+ : MnO4 = 0.323 : 0.05 x 22.10

116.99
1000
= 5:2

87 IIB Q.5 (b) (i)

(ii) Any acceptable explanation based on change of oxidation state and the ratio 5 : 2.
Oxidation number of V in filtrate is +3.
(iii)

VO3 + 2H+

VO2+ + H2O

VO2+ + Cu + 4H+

V3+ + Cu2+ + 2H2O

OR VO3 + Cu + 6H+

V3+ + Cu2+ + 3H2O

5V3+ + 2MnO4 + 2H2O

OR

88 IA Q.2 (g)

5V3+ + 2MnO4 + 7H2O

2Mn2+ + 5VO2+ + 4H+

2Mn2+ + 5VO3- + 14H+

Dissolve a certain mass of each sample in a certain volume of water.

[1]

Add excess/sufficient aqueous AgNO3 solution to ppt. all the free Cl ions.
Determine the mass of AgCl.

[1]

One mol of [Cr(H2O)6]3+3Cl should give three mol of AgCl.

One mol of [Cr(H2O)5Cl]3+2Cl.H2O should give two mol of AgCl.
One mol of [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]3+Cl.2H2O should give one mol of AgCl.

[1]

(If excess/sufficient is not mentioned, deduct [].)

88 IIB Q.5 (a) This is due to the very little difference in energy between (n 1)d and ns electrons. [2]
There is only a gradual increase in the ionization energy of the d electrons as the overall
charge of the metal ion increases, and no severe increase until an inert gas configuration
is broken into.
[1]
(b)

Sc3+
Cu+

3d0
3d10

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions /

Mn3+
V4+
Ti3+

3d4
3d1
3d1
[] for each answer; if all five are correct, [3]

Sc3+ and Cu+ are colourless.

[] + []

Because (1) absence of d electrons in the case of Sc3+.

[]
+
(2) d orbitals are completely filled in Cu .
[]
The colour of transitional metal ion is due to the presence of partially occupied d orbitals[1]
(c) Cu(OH)2.xH2O is practically insoluble in water, hence [Cu2+] is very low.
Cu(OH)2 === Cu2+ + 2OH
or low solubility of Cu(OH)2 in water.

+
NH4 + OH === NH3 + H2O
or mention NH4+ reacts with Cu(OH)2
4NH3 + Cu2+ === [Cu(NH3)4]2+
or mention Cu2+ reacts with NH3 to form
complex.
Blue colour is due to [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex ion.
No mark for Cu(OH)2
Cu2+ + 2OH ; wrong formula/name for [Cu(NH3)4]2+
89 IA Q.3 (e)

Deduct [] for wrong bonding or charges.

89 IIB Q.5 (a) (i)

Co2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
pink
from ammonia

Co(OH)2(s)
cobalt(II) hydroxide
blue ppt.

Co(OH)2(s) + 6NH3(aq) == [Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)

blue ppt.
hexaamminecobalt(II)
yellow-brown solution
+ O2
[Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) air

[1]
[]
[]
[1]
[]

[Co(NH3)6]3+(aq)
hexaamminecobalt(III)
red

OR, 2[Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) + O2(g) + 2H+(aq)

from air

[]
[1]
[]
[]

2[Co(NH3)6]3+(aq) + H2O2(aq)

(ii) The 3d electrons are of similar energies.

Showing the inert gas configuration of Group IA cations.

[1]
[1]

Group IA no low energy vacant orbitals for bonding with ligands.

Transitional metal ions has low energy empty d orbitals for interactions with ligands
ligand field stabilization
[2]
(b) NaCl and CuCl2 ionic compounds
containing discrete cations and anions.
AlCl3 covalent solid
Cl
Cl
Al
Cl
Cl

Cl
Al

[2]
Cl

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 10

NaCl and AlCl3 diamagnetic

CuCl2 paramagnetic

90 IA Q.3 (d)

[] + []
[]

NaCl and CuCl2 soluble in water

AlCl3 undergoes hydrolysis in water
H2O
AlCl3
Al(H2O)n3+ + 3Cl

Al(OH)3

[]

NaCl no reaction towards base.

CuCl2 form ppt. with base.
AlCl3 form Al(OH)3 which redissolves in strong base.
[Paramagnetism & chemistry of aluminium is not required.]

[]
[]
[1]

[1]

Catalytic property, e.g. the use of a nickel catalyst in the hydrogenation of oils to make
margarine.
[1]
2+
Complex ion formation, e.g. [Ni(H2O)6]
[1]
(Accept colour, paramagnetism or other properties which can be illustrated.)

90 IIB Q.5 (a) LiCl

colourless ionic solid.

AlCl3

colourless covalent solid, dimeric in structure

Cl
Al
Cl

PCl3

Cl
Al
Cl

Cl
, undergoes sublimation
Cl

covalent colourless liquid

, can be oxidized to POCl3.

K2NiCl4

coloured ionic solid with complex anion.

LiCl and K2NiCl4 are ionic solids whereas AlCl3 and PCl3 are covalent molecules.
LiCl and K2NiCl4 do not react with water;
whereas AlCl3 and PCl3 are hygroscopic and readily hydrolysed by water.
About the bonding : LiCl
ionic chloride
AlCl3
covalent Cl as ligand;
PCl3
covalent bond between P and Cl;
2
NiCl4
dative covalent bond.
Overall presentation
(Note: any duplication in property will not be marked.) [2]
(Highlights on their differences [2]; in table form only [1]
Structure and bonding [4] ([1] each; [] for structure, [] for bonding)
Physical and chemical properties [4] ([1] each; [] for physical, [] for chemical)
Physical properties :
m.p./b.p.; sublimation; solubility in water/organic solvent;
colour of complex, etc.
Chemical properties :

90 IIB Q.6 (a) (i)

NCl4

hydrolysis; ease of oxidation ; complex ion in equilibrium with

water,etc.)

because N has no lowlying energy orbitals for bonding.

2s
2p
no

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 11

N
(ii) SI6

2d

S(VI) has a high redox potential and would oxidize I to I2. SI6 is therefore
highly unstable with respect to disproportionation / explained in terms of
size factor / cannot form complex in empty d orbitals.

(iii) ArCl2

Ar does not form compounds because of the stability of the closed shell
electronic configuration.

(iv) [NaI4]3

because there is no low energy vacant orbitals for bonding /

Na+ has too low charge density for complex ion formation.

(v)

[PO4]2

P cannot have oxidation state higher than +5.

(vi) [Co(NH3)8]3+

(b)

Co(III) prefers six-coordinated complexes.

For eight-coordinated Co(III), the number of valence electrons around
Co is greater than 18.
([1], [1] or [0] each)

nH2O
FeSO4
Fe(H2O)n2+ / Fe2+(aq)
Fe(H2O)n2+ + O2
Fe(H2O)n3+
2Fe(H2O)n3+
Fe2O3 + 6H+
(or Fe(OH)3)
4
6

air oxidation [1]; product [1];

detailed explanation [1]
[Fe2(SO4)3 : no mark]

Fe(CN) is stable because CN is a better ligand H2O / CN ligand stabilize Fe2+.

The redox potential of Fe(CN)64- is different from Fe(H2O)n2+.

[2]

(c) Cl is much more electronegative than I / I size is larger than Cl-.

[1]

Cl is more resistant to oxidation than I /

Cu2+ is not oxidizing enough to oxidize Cl to Cl2 /
I is a stronger reducing agent / I ion is polarized by Cu2+

[1]

CuI2 disproportionates CuI2 CuI + I2

[1]

91 IA Q.3 (e)

[1]
(violet)

[1]

[1]
(green)

(f) [Cu(H2O)4]2+(aq) + NH3(aq)

OR,

[Cu(H2O)4]2+.Cu(OH)2(s)
Cu(OH)2(s)

[Cu(H2O)2+.Cu(OH)2(s) + NH3(aq)

[Cu(NH3)4]2+

[1]
[1]

excess

NH3 added slowly, gives first insoluble pale blue basic salts or hydroxide, but these dissolve
readily in excess NH3 to give deep blue solution containing the tetraammine.
[1]
91 IIB Q.6 (a) (i)

definition

[1]

Element which has incomplete d electron-subshell when combined in compounds.

(or complete in case of Zn)
between s, p-block [] only;
incomplete d-electron subshell / orbitals
[1]
(ii) Name (spelling must be correct; NOT -ate for + ion; accept no bracket)
[]
Formula
[] Shape
[1] if planar NOT shown [] only
(iii) Small [], highly charged []

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 12

or, high charge density

[1]

V4+ ion polarizes

[]
H2O molecules so strongly that it attracts electrons shared between H and O : []

By mild reductants, e.g. H2S, SO2, Fe2+, oxalate, Sn2+, I.

Blue

(iv) (I)

92 IA Q.3 (e)

[1]
[]

(II) Zn/HCl
Violet
Both aqueous solutions contain hydrated cations and Cl(aq).
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + H2O == [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+ + H3O+
3+

2+

[1]
[]

(pKa = 9.5)

[1]

[Fe(H2O)6] + H2O == [Fe(H2O)5(OH)] + H3O

(pKa = 2.2)
[1]
(no need to balance; accept nH2O as water ligands)
smaller size [] greater charge [] of Fe3+ ion / higher charge density / more polarizing
results in more acidic solution than that of Fe2+ ion.
(h) vacant orbitals may act as electron acceptors from reactant species;
full orbitals can acts as electron donors to reactant species.
weak bonds(chemisorption) are formed between catalyst and reactant particles.
Variable O.S.
enable oxidation-reduction cycle of transition metal catalyst.
Cu0

92 IIB Q.4 (a) (i)

3d
4s

29

[1]
(1)
[1]
(1)

(if 3d10 4s1 [] only) [1]

Cr3+

3d

24

4s

[1]

10

(ii) Cu d
Cu2+ d9
(iii)

expect d-subshell completely filled more stable.

(not accept d9 is incompletely filled orbital or unstable

disproportionate
Cu+

[1]

Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s)

[1]

(iv) Cu(NH3)2+
(v)

[1 or 0]

Formation of insoluble compounds any correct examples like Cu2O, Cu2Cl2) [1]

(vi) Atoms lose electrons to form ions, whose polarizing power

[1]
increases with number of electrons lost.
atoms have partially filled d orbitals that can interact with ligand orbitals by transfer of
electron density.
[1]
OR, Complex ion formation is favoured by high positive charge on cation.
small ionic cation radius
high electronegativity of cation
available orbitals of right energy to interact with ligand orbitals.
(vii) Cu(H2O)42+ + 4NH3
CuEDTA2+

(viii)

Cu(NH3)42+ + 4H2O

(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
[1 or 0]

[] for 1 : 1; [] for charge

[1]

(ix) For NH3 complex, 4H2O are liberated when 4NH3 coordinate

[1]

For EDTA complex, 4H2O are liberated when 1EDTA coordinates,

so larger increase in disorder.
Or,
(b) (i)

the chelate effect

is essentially am entropy effect.
O

[1]
[1]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 13

Cr
O

Cr
O

O
O

Cr

[1]

[1]

(ii) 2CrO42 + 2H+ == Cr2O72 + H2O

H2O2
(iii) Cr 3+

CrO42

H2O2
Cr2O72-

[1 or 0]

oxidation [1]

CrO3

Cr3+

unstable, deep blue

93 IA Q.2 (b) (i)

slow reduction [1]

Unpaired e or partly filled d-orbitals () absorb energy / light in visible region

() transition
The outer electronic orbitals of transition metal ions have only
small energy difference and many of these ions have unpaired electron(s) in the
outermost orbital.

()
()
[]
[]

These unpaired electrons can absorb electromagnetic radiation in the visible region []
and undergoes transition, hence the ions are colored.
[]
(ii) CrO3 < Cr 2O3 < CrO
Increase in oxidation state [], increase the polarizing power of chromium [],
thus the electron density of oxygen decrease [] and
its tendency to react with proton also decrease. []

[1]

(iii)

(and its mirror image) [cation only]

[Note: Optical isomerism of complexes is not required in the existing syllabus.]
trans-dichlorobis-(ethane-1,2-diamine)chromium(III) chloride or
cis-dichlorobis-(ethane-1,2-diamine)chromium(III) chloride
[1]
Name should agree with the structure drawn
(iv) Fe3+(aq) + SCN(aq) == Fe(SCN)2+(aq)
[1]

deep red

Fe(SCN)2+(aq) + 6F(aq) == [FeF6]3(aq) + SCN(aq)

[FeF6]3(aq) + 3OH(aq) == Fe(OH)3(s) + 6F(aq)

[1]
[1]

brown ppt.

Equations need not be balanced

93 IC Q.2

Area
1. Definition
2. Atomic / physical properties
3. Characteristic properties
- variable oxidation states
- complex oxidation states
- catalysis
- chemical reactions

Max. marks
1
3
6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 14

Note : For each property mentioned :

only stating the property
property + example / description
additional point related to the property

[0]
[]
[]

Chemical Knowledge (10 marks) :

1. Electron configuration
From Ti-Cu, they form ions with an incomplete d-electron subshell
3d
e.g. Cu

2+

[Ar]

4s

Definition [] (statement) + example [] (electronic structure)

2.

Atomic properties
The variation of atomic radius ( I.E., electronegativity) from one member to another is
small. metallic bond and its origin.
Nuclear charge increases from Ti to Cu, but electron is added to the inner d-subshell.
This gives better shield of outer electrons from the increasing nuclear charge and
consequently the atomic radius decreases but less rapidly than in Na to Ar.

3.

4.

Physical properties
(i) High m.p.; b.p.; heat of fusion and vaporisation than main group metals
(ii) High density
(iii) High tensile strength/hardness
(iv) Good mechanical properties used as constructional material
(v) High conductivity
(vi) Packing (structure)
(vii) Paramagnetism
(viii) Coloured ions Energy level splitting in d-block is small and absorption falls in the
visible region of the spectrum therefore salts are coloured.
[2]
Chemical properties
Most of these metals reacts slowly with dilute acids owing to protection by a thin impervious
and unreactive oxide layer. Ions of these metals have high charge/radius ratio
highly polarising which results in (compared with s-block elements) :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

5.

[2]

oxides and hydroxides I O.S. +2, +3 are less basic and less soluble
salts less ionic and less thermally stable
salts and aqueous ions more hydrated and more readily hydrolysed forming acid salts
ions are easily reduced.
[]x 4
[]statement +
[]elaboration

Other properties of the transition metals/transition metal ions

(1) Variable oxidation states
Exhibit more than 1 oxidation state since energy difference is small for 3d and 4s levels.
common Oxidation states : +2, +3
Up to Mn, max. O.S. occur in compounds of O and F.
Ti, V, Cr, Mn never form simple ions in highest O.S. since ions of extremely high charge
density will result. These compounds exhibit highest O.S. either covalently bonded TiO2,
V2O5 or complex ions VO3-, MnO4-.

(2)

Stability of ion related to filled shell :

Mn2+ and Fe3+ are stable

Complex ion formation

High charge density on central metal ion helps formation of complex where
co-ordination no. is often 6. Hydrated complex dissociate
Fe(H2O)63+ == [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+ + H+
Hence aqueous solutions are acidic.
For O.S. > +3, oxo-anions formed, thus CrO42-, MnO4-.

If C.N. = 6 complex is octahedral arrangement;

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 15

C.N. = 4
complex is usually tetrahedral arrangement (or square planar)
(3) Catalytic properties
Explained in terms of the ability to exist in variable O.S. or coordination compound
formation.
[10 marks for content; [6] for organization; [4] for presentation]
Organization (6 marks)
Note : The marks should be related to chemical knowledge.
If C.K. mark is 10/10 award mark out of a max. of 6;
if C.K. mark is 5/10 award mark out of a max. of 3, etc.
A candidate who hardly writes anything cant get 6/6.
94 IA Q.2 (b) (i)

Ni2+ higher charge density / more polarizing than K+ / more electronegative /

lowlying d orbitals
[1]
greater ability to form covalent bond / dative bond with ligand /
accepting lone pair from ligand.
[1]
(Effective nuclear charge not accepted)

(ii) 1 example (Geometry not considered; C.N. 4 or 6;

[1]
charge[correct oxidation no. total charge, stoichiometry must be correct)
94 IIB Q.5 (a) (i)

Elements with valence electrons in d-orbitals

[1]
0
(point out from Periodic Table partially filled d subshells ; [noble gas] d d10.)

(ii)
2+

Mn [Ar]
Fe2+ [Ar]

3d

(must be `box, if no [Ar] and 3d -[]) [1]

[1]

(iii) Mn2+ with half-filled 3d orbitals is relatively stable.

[1]

Removing e disturb this stable configuration relative high energy is required.

[1]
Therefore, Mn2+ is not readily oxidized to Mn3+.
Fe2+ with an electronic configuration of d6, after removal of an e from the outermost
shell will attain the relatively stable e configuration with half-filled 3d orbitals.
Therefore, the Fe2+ ions are easily oxidized to Fe3+.
[1]
(iv) Variable oxidation states of d-block elements allow electron transfer between
reactants and products by means of catalyst changing between two oxidation states.
Any one example of transition metal or its compound as catalyst,
V2O5
e.g. 2SO2 + O2
2SO3(may be not balanced)
[1]
(Haber process accepted; C=C + H2 not accepted as no redox catalyst)
(v)
Wrong diagram but show MnO4 []
no charge deduct []
tetrahedral []
(not necessary 3-D diagram but show tetrahedral arrangement)
(b) (i)

MnO4 is unstable in the presence of sunlight / photodecomposition

it will decompose to form MnO2/brown ppt. or black (or dark colour)
(oxidize to [0 mark])

(ii) Cobalt(II) chloride, in anhydrous state is blue in colour.

After absorption of water / forming complex ion with H2O,
it changes colour to pink.
(any similar formula to complex)
(iii) In aqueous solution, Fe3+ exists as aquo-complex.
Addition of OH causes the formation of a brown ppt.

[1]
[1]

[1]
[1]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 16

[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 3OH
Fe(OH)3(s) + 6H2O

[1 or 0]
brown ppt. or Fe2O3.3H2O

In the presence of excess CN, Fe3+ forms a very stable complex [Fe(CN)6]3
concentration of free Fe3+ ions is lowered,
addition of 2 M NaOH cannot cause the precipitation of Fe(OH)3.
95 IA Q.2 (f)

[1]
[1]

(i)

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

4p

4d

[1 or 0]
(ii) +6 / VI

[1 or 0]

(iii) CrO42 / Cr2O72 / HCrO4 / CrO2Cl2 / CrO3 etc.

(or correct name of compound) (any chromium(VI) compound)
95 IC Q.6 Chemical knowledge (10 marks)
Definition of a transition metal complex [1]

central metal ion + ligand

(monodentate or multidentate)

dative covalent bonding

at least one example of a transition metal complex.

Stability [2]
definition of overall stability constant (association equilibrium)

Mn+ + xL == [MLx]n+
Kst = [MLxn+]
[Mn+][L]x
with at least one specific example.

Optional marks (any 3 of the following; [] mark each)

factors affecting the stability of complexes

e.g. charge/radius ratio of cation, electron-pair donation properties of ligands

mention of stepwise stability constant

explanation of the displacement of ligands in term of the difference in Kst

e.g. [Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4NH3 == [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 6H2O

mention of the chelating effect

solvent effect.

Stoichiometry [3]
geometrical isomers
- four coordinate (square-planar)
cis-ML2X2 and trans-ML2X2
(best with at least one specific example)
- six-coordinate (octahedral)
cis-ML4X2 and trans-ML4X2
(best with at least one specific example)

optical isomers
- four-coordinate (tetrahedral)
MLLLL
(best with at least one specific example)
- six-coordinate (octahedral)
M(L-L)3 and cis-[M(L-L)2X2] where L-L represents a bidentate ligand
(best with at least one specific example)
(Bonus mark [1] on good description of M-L hybridization.)
Stoichiometry [3]
Description of either the continuous variation technique or the titration method.

[1]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 17

continuous variation technique e.g. Cu(en)x2+ complex.

mix Cu2+(aq) and en(aq) in different mole ratio and place the solutions in different test tube.
measure the absorbance of each solution using a (calibrated) colorimeter.
plot a graph of absorbance against the mole ratio of Cu : en the solution with maximum absorbance
contains the highest concentration of complex
the stoichiometry of complex = Cu : en ratio in this solution.
Optional marks (any two)
more detailed description of the experiment.
choice of a suitable colour filter
brief description of a colorimeter.
brief description of the colour absorption properties of complexes
calibration of the colorimeter
comparison with other methods

Stoichiometry of complex by titration e.g. Ni2+-EDTA complex.

prepare standard solutions of Ni2+ and EDTA
place a known volume of the Ni2+ solution with a few drops of murexide in a conical flask.
add EDTA from a burette until the murexide changes colour.
stoichiometry of complex = mole ratio of Ni2+ to EDTA

Optional marks (any two)

EDTA is a stronger ligand than murexide

Ni-EDTA complex and Ni-murexide complex are of different colour.

limitation of the method

comparison with other methods.

(accept other experimental methods)

95 IIB Q.6 (a) Electronic configuration of Ti atom :

3d

4s

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s / [Ar]
(accept any correct form of electronic configuration.)
2

[1]

(b) Ti metal : In the production of supersonic aircraft body.

or, Space shuttle.
Ti compound : TiO2

paint filler.

[1]
[1]

or, Polymerisation catalyst in Ziegler/Natta process.

(TiCl4/AlEt3) in polymerization of ethylene.
(accept any correct use of Ti and Ti compounds)
(c) (i)

octahedral
[1]
(ii) The colouration in transition metal ion is due to absorption of energy in uv-visible region
by d-electrons when they are excited from one energy level to the other. [1]
In TiO2+(aq), there is no d electron (d0) / no d-d transition is possible.
it is colourless.
In [Ti(H2O)6]3+ ion, the presence of 3d electron (d1) cause the violet colour in
solution due to d-d transition.

[1]

[1]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 18

(iii) From the E

values, O2 is a stronger oxidizing agent than TiO2+.
At standard conditions, the E of the following reaction is
+1.23 (+0.11)V = +1.12V
(Deduct [1] for no indication of + sign.)
4Ti3+(aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

4TiO2+(aq) + 4H+(aq)

In the presence of oxygen, [Ti(H2O)6]3+ will be oxidized to TiO2+(aq) /

the violet solution will turn colourless.
96 IA Q.2 (e)

(i)

[2]
[1]
[1]

[Fe(H2O)6]3+
[]
2+
The conjugate base [Fe(H2O)5OH] is stabilized to a greater extent because the []
anionic ligand OH- tends to stabilize the electron deficient Fe3+ more than Fe2+ / []
causes the eqm. to lie towards the right / increase the ease of ionization of H. []

or, Fe3+ has a higher charge to radius ratio/charge density, greater polarizing power, (+)
and hence the H develops larger partial +ve charge.
()
(ii) HClO4
the conjugate base ClO4- possesses a larger no. of oxo group (O atoms) is
stabilized to a greater extent by resonance/mesomeric effect.

[]
[]+[]
[]

or, In HClO4, the Cl has a higher oxidation state and a larger number of oxo groups
(O atoms),
(+)
which can induce a higher positive charge density on H.
()
(ii) HMnO4
[]
The conjugate base MnO4- possesses a large no. of oxo group then HCrO4- is []+[]
stabilized to a greater extent by resonance/mesomeric effect.
[]
or, Mn has a higher O.S. than Cr, MnO4- is singly charged while CrO42- is doubly (+)
charged thus the conjugate base MnO4- is more stable.
()
or, Mn has a higher oxidation state and a larger number of oxo groups,
(+)
which can induce a higher positive charge density on H.
()
(For answers marked with , maximum [1])
(f) (i)

(en represents H2NCH2CH2NH2)

([1] for the trans-isomer; [] for each cis-isomer)
(ii) geometrical / cis-trans isomerism
enantiomerism / optical isomerism.

[]
[]

(iii) For geometrical isomers : the trans-isomer has zero dipole moment while the cis-isomer
has a net dipole moment / they have different colours / the cis-isomer is optically active
while the trans-isomer is not / they have different dipole moment / melting point /
solubility.
[1]
(iv) For optical isomers : they rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of (plane) polarized
light to different directions.
[1]

3d

96 IIB Q.6 (a)

V2+
Cu+

([Ar])
([Ar])

[1]
[1]

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 19

(b) (i)

(ii)

A complex ion is formed by combination of a central metal ion [] with ligands /

complexing agents. [] The ligands/complexing agents are either neutral molecules /
negatively charged ions carrying lone pair(s) of electrons [1] which can be donated to the
metal ion/can form dative bond with the metal ion, [] e.g. [Cu(NH3)4]2+ []
(accept any complex of Cu(II))
Stability constant Kst : e.g. [Cu(NH3)4]2+
Kst is the equilibrium constant for the following process
Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) == [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)
i.

[1 or 0]

2+

e., Kst = [Cu(NH3)4]

[Cu2+][NH3]4
[1]
(Accept expressions for stability constant of other copper(II) complexes and answers for
stepwise and overall stability constants.)
(c) Any THREE of the following :
exhibition of variable oxidation states, e.g. Cu(I) & Cu(II) / V2+, V3+, VO2+ and VO2+ (+)
formation of coloured compounds, e.g. Cu2+(aq) is blue / VO2+ is yellow

(+)

exhibition of catalytic properties, e.g. V2O5 in contact process

(+)

exhibition of paramagnetic properties, e.g. Cu2+/V2+ are paramagnetic

(+)

formation of non-stoichiometric compounds, e.g. sulphide of vanadium.

([] marks for each properties; for a correct example.)

(+)

(c) (i)

In aqueous solutions, Cu+ disproportionates to give Cu(s) and Cu2+(aq) [] + []

2Cu+(aq) Cu(s) + Cu2+(aq)

(1)

because the above reaction has a +ve Eo of +0.52 (+0.15) = +0.37 V

[1]

(ii) A brown solution and a (white) precipitate are formed because the reaction [] + []
2Cu2+ + 4I 2CuI + I2

[1]

has a Eo value of (0.92 - 0.54) = + 0.38 V

(e)

[1]

VO2+(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e VO2+(aq) + H2O(l)

+) SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) SO42(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e
2VO2+(aq) + SO2(g) 2VO2+(aq) + SO42(aq)

[]
[]
[1]

(Award FULL marks if only the overall equation is given.)

97 IB Q.7 (b)

Formula mass of Cr(NH3)5Cl3 = 243.52

No. of moles of complex = 0.40/243.52 = 1.64 x 103

[1]

No. of moles of free Cl ions = No. of moles of Ag used

= 21.90 x 103 x 0.150
= 3.285 x 103

[1]

No. of moles of free Cl ions = 2.00

No. of moles of complex
i.
e. 1 mole of complex contains 2 moles of free Cl ions.
The structural formula of the complex ion is [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+

[1]
[1]

or

(1)

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 20

98 IB Q.7 (a)

(i)

Add NaOH (aq);

()
+
evolution of an alkaline gas/ gas with pH ~10 indicates the presence of NH4 ()

(ii) Add KNCS (aq)

appearance of red colour indicates the presence of Fe3+

()
()

or,

Add K4[Fe(CN)6] (aq);

appearance of deep blue colour indicates the presence of Fe3+

()*
()*

or,

Add NaOH (aq);

formation of brown ppt.

()*
()*

(iii) Add BaCl2 (aq) / Ba(NO3)2 (aq) to an acidified solution of the salt;
appearance of white ppt.indicates the presence of SO42-

()
()

(iv) Heat a sample of the salt; water vapour will turn anhydrous CoCl2 from blue to pink / ()
anhydrous CuSO4 from white to blue.
()

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 21

98IIB Q.8 (a) I

[]

(b)

For the d-block elements, the energy difference between the 3d and 4s
subshell is small.
A halfly filled subshell has extra stability and thus the ground state econfiguration of Cr is 3d54s1 instead of 3d44s2.

[1]
[]

(i)

[1]

The colour of the solution changes from yellow to orange.

2 CrO42- + 2 H+ Cr 2O72- + H2O

[1]

(ii) A blue ppt. is formed

[]
2+
Cu + 2 OH
Cu(OH)2 (s)
[]
And the ppt. dissolves in excess NH3 to give a deep blue solution
[]
Cu(OH)2 + 4 NH3 Cu(NH3)42+ + 2 OH[]

99 IA Q.3 (a)

(b)

(iii) Solutions turns yellow and then purple / pink / violet (due to excess
MnO4-)
MnO4 -+ 8 H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4 H2O + 5 Fe3+
[1]

[,]

Electronic configuration of Fe3+ (g) is [Ar]3d5

Electrons in degenerate orbitals tend to have the same spin.
(Accept any correct description of Hunds Rule.)
Fe3+ has 5 unpaired electrons

[]
[]

(i)

[1]

2 MnO4- + 5 C2O42- + 16 H+ 2 Mn2+ + 10 CO2 + 8 H2O

[1]

(ii) Mn2+ acts as a catalyst for the reaction

[1]
2+
At the beginning, when [Mn ] is low, rate of reaction is slow
When [Mn2+] builds up gradually, the reaction occurs much faster

[]
[]

(c)

99 IA Q.7 (d)

Heat the sample

Water vapour will turn anhydrous CoCl2 from blue to pink /
anhydrous CuSO4 from white to blue.
(0 mark if heating is not mentioned.)

99 IIA Q.2(d) (i)

or,

The solution changes from blue to green / yellow

Cu2+ (aq) + 4 Cl- (aq) == CuCl42- (aq)
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4 Cl- (aq) == CuCl42- (aq) + 6 H2O (l)

(ii) Heat is evolved

NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) NH4+ (aq)
or, Formation of dense white fumes
NH3 (aq) + HCl (aq) NH4Cl (aq)

[]
[]

[,]
[1]
[1]*
[]
[]
[]*
[]*

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 22

00 IA Q.3 (a)

or,

The solution changes from green / yellow to blue

[]*
[CuCl4]2+ (aq) + 6 H2O (l) == [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4 Cl- (aq) []*
A blue ppt. is formed
[]
2+
Cu + 2 OH
Cu(OH)2 (s)
[]
And the ppt. dissolves in excess NH3 to give a deep blue solution
[,]
Cu(OH)2 + 4 NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2 OH[1]

(i)

Cr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

3d

Cr [Ar]

or

[1]
4s

(ii)

00 IA Q.4 (a)

[1]

(i)
Species
VO2+ (aq)
VO2+ (aq)
V3+ (aq)
V2+ (aq)

Colour
yellow
blue
green
violet

oxidation state of vanadium

+5 /V
+4 / IV
+3 / III
+2 / II

(Award marks for each correct O.S.)

(ii) (I)

Observation : brown / yellow solution

(Award marks for green solution.)
Equation : 2VO2+ + 4 H+ + 2 I- 2 VO2+ + I2 + 2 H2O

(II) Observation : green solution

Equation : VO2+ + H2SO3 V3+ + SO42- + H2O
or,
VO2+ + SO2 V3+ + SO4200 IA Q.4 (b) (i)
or,

[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]*

cis-diammimedichloroplatinum (II)
cis-dichlorodiammimeplatinum (II)

(ii) Oxidation state = +2

Coordination no. = 4
Stereochemistry of Pt : square planar
00 IIA Q.3(a) (i)

or,

Disproportionation refers a redox reaction in which an element in one

oxidation state reacts to form products in two different oxidation states,
one higher than the original and one lower.
The chemical species/ substance / element has been oxidized and reduced
in the same reaction.

[1]
[1]*
[]
[]
[1]

[1]

(ii) Copper (I) sulphate (VI) dissolves to give a blue solution

[,]
(copper (II) sulphate) and a reddish brown / red / brown (copper) solid /ppt
Cu2SO4 Cu + CuSO4
[1]
+
2+
or, 2 Cu
Cu + Cu
[1]*

Section 11/ The d-Block Elements / Suggested solutions / 23

00 IIA Q.4 (c) (i)

or,
or,
or,

In the presence of moisture, SO2 dissolves to give an acidic solution

[1]
+
SO2 (g)/(aq) + 2 H2O (l) == HSO3 (aq) + H3O (aq)
[1]*
2+
2CrO4 reacts with H3O to give Cr 2O7
[1]
2 CrO42-(aq) + 2 H+ (aq) Cr2O72- (aq) + H2O(l)
[1]*
23+
2SO2 reduces Cr2O7 to give green Cr ions and SO4
[1]
2+
23+
3 SO2 (g)/(aq) + Cr 2O7 (aq) + 2 H (aq) 3 SO4 (aq)+2 Cr (aq) + H2O(l) [1]*

(ii) Concentration of sulphur dioxide in air is low thus the reactions are slow
or, The reaction involves a solid and a gas. The area of contact is small

01 IIA Q.2 (c) (i)

A yellow / green solution is formed

(The mixture contains the yellow CuCl42- complex)
Cu(H2O)62+ +4 Cl- == CuCl42- + 6 H2O

[1]
[1]*

[1]
[1]