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para |x|<1.
dx
dx
y = an x
n=0
n a n x n -1 =
y ' =
n=1
y '' = ( n + 1 ) n a n +1 x
n -1
n=1
= ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) a n +2 x
n=0
n=0
n=0
n=0
( 1- x2 ) ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) a n+2 x n - x ( n + 1 ) a n+1 x n + 2 a n x n = 0
( n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) a n+2 x - ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) a n+2 x
n
n=0
n+2
n=0
( n + 1 ) a n+1 x
n+1
n=0
n=0
n=2
n=1
n=0
an xn
=0
n=0
( n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) a n+2 x n - n ( n - 1 ) an x n - n a n xn + 2 a n xn = 0
21 a2 + 32a 3 x - a 1 x + a 0 + a1 x + [ ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) an+2 - n ( n - 1 ) an - n a n + a n ] x
2
n=2
2 a2 + 2 a 0 + [ 6 a3 + ( 2 -1) a 1 ] x + [ ( n + 2 )( n + 1 ) a n+2 - ( n 2 - 2) a n ] x n = 0
n=2
2 a2 + 2 a 0 = 0
[6 a
2
+ ( -1) a 1 ] = 0
=0
( n 2 - 2 ) a n
a n+2 =
para n = 2,3,4,
(n + 2) (n + 1)
( n2 - 2 )
a n+2 =
(n + 2) (n + 1)
an
para n = 0 , 1, 2 ,
La solucin general en
Chebyshev es entonces
y = a0 1 -
a1 x -
serie
de
potencias
de
la
ecuacin
diferencial
de
2 2
2
4
2 2
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
2 2
x ( - 2 ) x ( - 2 ) ( - 4 ) x ( - 2 ) ( - 4 ) ( - 6 ) x
+
+
- +
2!
4!
6!
8!
( 2 - 12 ) x 3 ( 2 - 12 )( 2 - 3 2) x5 ( 2 - 12 ) ( 2 - 32 ) ( 2 - 52 ) x 7 ( 2 - 12 ) ( 2 - 32 ) ( 2 - 52 )( 2 - 7 2 ) x 9
+
3!
5!
7!
9!
y = a0 F ( x ) + a1 G ( x)
donde
F (x )
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
6
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
8
2 x2 ( - 2 ) x ( - 2 )( - 4 ) x ( - 2 ) ( - 4 )( - 6 ) x
= 1 +
+
-
2!
4!
6!
8!
( 2 - 12 ) x3 ( 2 - 12 )( 2 - 3 2) x5 ( 2 - 12 ) ( 2 - 32 ) ( 2 - 52 ) x 7 ( 2 - 12 ) ( 2 - 32 ) ( 2 - 5 2 )( 2 - 7 2) x 9
G( x ) = x -
3!
5!
7!
9!
dx
dx
( 1x 2 ) d
1 /2
dx
( 1x 2 ) dy + 2 y = 0
1 /2
dx
dx
= cos z
dz
dz
1
=
dx
cos z
1 /2
( 1- x2 ) = ( 1- sen 2 z )
1/ 2
= cos z
dy dy dz
1
dy
=
=
dx
dz dx
cos z dz
reemplazando en la ecuacin diferencial
[ (
cos z
d
1
dy
cos z
dx
cos z dz
cos z
[ ( )]
cos z
[ ( ) ]
cos z
[ ( )]
d dy
dx dz
)] + y = 0
2
+ 2 y = 0
d dy dz
+ 2 y = 0
dz dz dx
2
d y 1
2
d z cos z
+ y=0
d2 y
2
+ y=0
2
dz
cuya solucin es
y = A cos ( z ) + B sen ( z )
z = sen -1 x
Las
funciones
cos ( sen -1 x )
sin ( sen -1 x )
son
soluciones
de
la
ecuacin
cos ( sen -1 x )
sin ( sen -1 x )
'''
cos ( z )
Las funciones
inversas
''
f (a)
f (a)
(z-a) 2 +
(z-a)3 +
2!
3!
cos -1 z
sen ( z )
sen -1 z
sin ( sen -1 z )
cos ( sen -1 x )
|z|<1 .
1 /2
( 1- x2 )
2
x
- sen ( sen -1 x )
3 /2
2
( 1- x )
( 1- x2 )
x 2 (- 3 -2) + 3 -
( 1- x2 )
5 /2
+ cos ( sen -1 x )
-32 x
2
( 1- x 2 )
2
4
2
4
2
3
3
3
x (- -11 ) + -4
x (-6 -6)+x(6 -9)
-1
-1
(
)
(
)
f (x) = cos sen x
+ sen sen x
3
7/ 2
( 1- x 2 )
( 1- x 2 )
iv
f(0)=1
f(0)=0
f(0)=-
f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + f ' ( 0 ) x + f '' ( 0 )
cos ( sen -1 x ) = 1 - 2
f(0)=0
iv
f (0)= -4
x2
x3
x4
+ f ''' ( 0 )
+ f iv (0)
+
2!
3!
4!
x2
x4
+ 2 ( 2 - 22 )
-
2!
4!
Los primeros trminos de la serie obtenida coinciden con los de F(x), y como
cualquier solucin de la ecuacin diferencial de Chebyshev debe ser una
combinacin
lineal
de
las
funciones
F(x)
G(x)
entonces
cos ( sen -1 x )
justamente F(x).
cos ( sen -1 x ) = 1 -
2
2
2
4
2 2
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
2 x 2 ( - 2 ) x ( - 2 ) ( - 4 ) x ( - 2 )( - 4 ) ( - 6 ) x
+
+
- ,-1<x<1
2!
4!
6!
8!
es
sen ( sen -1 x )
( 1- x 2)
1/ 2
x
+ cos ( sen -1 x )
3 /2
2
( 1- x )
( 1- x 2 )
x2 ( 3 +2)- 3 +
( 1- x2 )
+ sen ( sen -1 x )
5 /2
-3 2 x
2
( 1- x2 )
x 2 (- 4 -11 2 ) + 4 -4 2
x 3 (6 3 +6)+x(-6 3 +9)
-1
-1
(
)
(
)
f (x) = sen sen x
+ cos sen x
3
7 /2
( 1- x 2 )
( 1- x 2 )
iv
f(0)=0
f(0)=
f(0)= - 3 +
f(0)=0
f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + f ' ( 0 ) x + f '' ( 0 )
f iv (0)= 0
x2
x3
x4
+ f ''' ( 0 )
+ f iv (0)
+
2!
3!
4!
sen ( sen -1 x ) = x - ( 2 - 12 )
x3
+
3!
lineal
de
las
funciones
F(x)
G(x)
entonces
sen ( sen -1 x )
es
sen ( sen -1 x ) = x -
( 2 - 12 ) x3 ( 2 - 12 ) ( 2 - 32 ) x 5 ( 2 - 12 ) ( 2 - 32 ) ( 2 - 52 ) x 7 ( 2 - 12 )( 2 - 3 2) ( 2 - 52 ) ( 2 - 72 ) x 9
+
+
3!
5!
7!
9!
donde -1<x<1 .
Ahora es posible hallar frmulas para sen(n) en trminos de sen()
sen ( sen -1 x ) = x -
( 2 - 12 ) x3
+ , -1<x<1
3!
x 1
, entonces cuando es un
( 2 - 12 ) x3
sen ( sen x ) = x + , -1 x 1
3!
-1
-1
sen ( ) = sen -
( 2 - 12 ) sen 3
+,
3!
cos ( sen -1 x ) = 1 -
-1
-sen ( sen x
cos ( sen -1 x )
2
2
2
4
2 x 2 ( - 2 ) x
+
- ,-1<x<1
2!
4!
2 ( 2 - 22 ) x 3
= - x+
-
3!
2
( 1- x2 )
1 /2
-1
-sen ( )
2 ( 2 - 22 ) sen3
= - sen+
-
3!
( 1- sen 2 )
1/ 2
( 2 - 22 ) sen3
+ , la serie es finita si es un entero par.
3!
cos -1 x + sen -1 x =
cos ( cos -1 x )
, -1x1
2
[(
)]
( )
( )
2 2
2
4
2 2
/ 2
x ( - 2 ) x
-1
(
)
cos cos x = ( -1 ) 1 +
- , la serie es finita para entero par.
-1
2!
4!
cos ( ) = ( -1 )
/2
1-
2
2
2
4
2 cos2 ( - 2 ) cos
+
- , entero par.
2!
4!
-1
-1
x)
se obtiene
-1
cos ( cos x ) = ( -1 )2
x -
( 2 - 12 ) x 3
+ , la serie es finita para entero impar.
3!
-1
cos ( ) = ( -1 )
-1
2
( 2 - 12 ) cos3
cos + , entero impar.
3!
sen ( n ) =
cos ( n ) =
n ( n2 - 12 ) sen 3 n ( n 2 - 12 )( n 2 - 3 2) sen 5
+
-, n impar.
3!
5!
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
5
n ( n - 2 ) sen n ( n - 2 ) ( n - 4 ) sen
cos n sen+
- , n par.
3!
5!
n sen -
( -1 )
( -1 )
n-1
2
n/ 2
n ( n 2 - 12 ) cos 3 n ( n 2 - 12 )( n 2 - 3 2 ) cos
n cos +
- , n impar.
3!
5!
2 2
2
4
2
2
2
2
6
n 2 cos 2 n ( n - 2 ) cos n ( n - 2 )( n - 4 ) cos
1+
+ , n par.
2!
4!
6!
sen ( 2 ) = 2sencos
3