Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics
1. Landslide mechanism and causes
2. Rock strength
3. Rock slope engineering
4. Shear strength and failure criteria
Jizukiyama
Landslide,
Japan
Many houses were
buried by the slide.
Sueling Landslide
Geological formations are subdivided into bedrock, debris soil and earth
soil. Slope movements were classified by Varnes (1978) into 18 types.
The abbreviated classification of slope movements:
Type of Movement
Type of Material
Bedrock
Engineering soils
Predominantly coarse
Predominantly fine
Falls
Rockfall
Debris fall
Earth fall
Topples
Rock topple
Debris topple
Earth topple
Rock slump
Debris slump
Earth slump
A few units
Many units
Rock slide
Debris slide
Earth slide
Lateral spreads
Rock spread
Debris spread
Earth spread
Flows
Complex
Slides: Rotational
A few units
Slides: Translational
Identification
Type of Movement
Identification
Rockfall
Debris slide
Rock topple
Debris spread
Rock slump
Debris flow
Rock slide
Earth fall
Rock spread
Earth topple
Rock flow
Earth slump
Complex
Earth slide
Debris fall
Earth spread
Debris topple
Earth flow
Debris slump
Definition term
Extremely rapid
Very rapid
Rapid
Moderate
Slow
Very slow
Extremely slow
FAST
Debris
Mud Flow
Earth Flow
Landslide
DRY
SLOW
Rock Slide
HEAVE
SLIDE
FAST
SLOW
Slope Failures
Geology
Soils
Topography
Situation of
activities
Continuous, or repetitive
occurrences
Occur suddenly
Moving velocity
Masses
Provoking causes
Scale
Symptom
Gradient
10 to 25
35 to 60
Causes of Landslide
Rainfall or storm rainfall the rising of
groundwater level
Construction works Earthwork, Cutting,
Filling, Tunnel construction,
Reservoir induced landslide the rising and
drawdown of reservoir level
Earthquake horizontal acceleration gx, gy
The number of
occurrence of landslides
in cliffs
S 421967
Hourly rainfall amount
Hourly rainfall
amount
Accumulated
rainfall amount
Number of occurrence
Landslides
in cliffs
Landslides in
cliffs
8th,
9th,
10th,
11th,
12th,
13th
September 1976
Road cutting
Human-induced landslide
Subsidence
Deformed sliding surface
Loosened zone
Sliding cliff
Landslide mass
Subsidence
Block
Sliding surface
Tunnel
Human-induced
Geological feature:
Weathered slate and schalstein (Mesozoic & Paleozoic)
Fracture-zone type landslide
Site investigation:
1. Tiltmeter
2. Piezometers installed in the boreholes
Tiltmeter
fluctuation (sec)
0
-50
-100
Typhoon Typhoon
No. 13
No. 19
Cracks found
210
200 1 m/day
190
180
170
50
160 40
30
150 20
0.5 m/day
1 m/day
10
4/1
5/1
Precipitation (mm)
6/1
7/1
8/1
9/1
Time
(m)(m)
a
Reservoir level
level
Reservoir
230
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.5
1.6
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
220
210
V
IV
III
200
Sliding
mass
190
180
170
II
I
Bedrock
160
0
10
20
30
40 50 60
Distance (m)
Distance
(m)
70
80
90
c= 0 kN/m2 ; =34.25o
c= 5 kN/m2 ; =32.15o
c=11 kN/m2 ; =29.50o
c=15 kN/m2 ; =27.65o
c=20 kN/m2 ; =25.26o
c=25 kN/m2 ; =22.77o
c=30 kN/m2 ; =20.19o
c=62.54 kN/m2 ; =0o
I Low level
II Limiting level
III Normal level
IV Failure level
V Surcharge level
Cohesion, c (kN/m )
80
180
3
1 2
160
6
45
140
t=18 kN/m3
120
kN/m2
100
80
60
sub=8 kN/m3
40
0
20
40
60
80
;
1 c=20
2 c=30 kN/m2 ; =31.93o
3 c=40 kN/m2 ; =30.10o
4 c=42.1 kN/m2 ; =29.71o
5 c=45 kN/m2 ; =29.16o
6 c=50 kN/m2 ; =28.20o
7 c=80 kN/m2 ; =22.05o
Distance (m)
70
60
6
50
54
40
3
2
30
1
20
0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70
tan
=33.69o
FS vs c
1.00
Safety Factor
34 5 6
0.99
2
0.98
0.97
0.96
1
20
30 40 50 60 70
Cohesion, c (kN/m2)
80
Acceleration(gal)
E-W
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
0
20
40
60
80
Time(Second)
Tsaoling Landslide
Total length: 4 km
Source area:
Length: 1.5 km
Width: 2 km
Depth: < 200 m
Destruction of 5
houses, resulting in 29
deaths
Chiufengershan Landslide
Volume : 3 x 107 m3
Width: 1.1 km
Average depth:
30~50m
Destruction of 21
houses, resulting in 41
deaths.
16
(2004)
20041023
1910