INDIANINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYROORKEE

DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING

CE201:ComputerAidedGraphics
Week2
RajatRastogi
rajatfce@iitr.ernet.in

Last week
Lastweek
IntrotoCG
Intro to CG
Graphics,sketching,photography

Rendering,ModellingandAnimation
Rendering Modelling and Animation
ApplicationsofCG
Movies,Games,Entertainment,CAD,Art,
Interactivegraphics,Education,Training,
Vi li ti
Visualization,Designing
D i i

AdvancementinGPUs
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RajatRastogi

Outline

GraphicPipeline
Graphic
Pipeline
CGProcesses
G hi i l S
GraphicDisplaySystemsandtechnologies
d h l i
DisplayDevices
InputOutputDevices

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ComputerAidedGraphics

GRAPHIC PIPELINE
GRAPHICPIPELINE

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Graphic Pipeline.1
GraphicPipeline.1
1.Geometric
1.
Geometric
Representation

2. Transformations
2.Transformations

Formationofanobject
Workingfromobjectspace
toimagespace

Adjustingtheobjecttoget
adesiredform
Transformationprocesses
T
f
ti

3.Viewing
ScanConvertingthe
g
desiredobjectfordisplay
systems
ViewingTransformations
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Graphic Pipeline.2
GraphicPipeline.2
ArchitectureofGraphicalsystem
y

x
x

Geometric
Representation
(joiningvertices
usingtwo
dimensional
Cartesian
coordinates)
August19,2010

Transformation
(Placementof
triangle(s)
triangle (s)
location,
orientation;size
oftriangle)

RajatRastogi,DOCE

ScanConversion
(linesdrawn
usingasetof
using a set of
pixels)

Graphic Pipeline3
GraphicPipeline3
y

Objectspace

Imagespace

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Graphic Pipeline4
GraphicPipeline4
GeometricalRepresentation:
Geometrical Representation:
Drawingprimitiveslikepoint,line,circle,polygon
Coordinatesystemtorepresentsuchprimitives
Coordinate system to represent such primitives
Workingwithconceptsandalgorithms
Projectionsystemslikeperspectiveor
P j ti
t
lik
ti
orthographicsystems

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Graphic Pipeline5
GraphicPipeline5
Transformations:
Usingtransformationstodefinelocation,
orientation and size of an object
orientationandsizeofanobject
Involvesbasictransformationslikescale,
translation and rotation, as well as, specific
translationandrotation,aswellas,specific
translationslikeshearandreflection
Knowledgeofmatrixoperationsisneeded
g
p
Homogenouscoordinatesystemisadopted

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Graphic Pipeline6
GraphicPipeline6
Transformations:
Alsoinvolvesvariousprocesseslike

August19,2010

Modelling
Hiddensurfaceoraline
Depthcueing
p
g
Depthclipping
Wireframes
Shadingandtextures
Curvedsurfaces
Reflectionsanddisplacements,etc.
fl
dd l
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Graphic Pipeline7
GraphicPipeline7
Viewing:
Scanconversionofobjectsfordisplaysystems
Workingwithcoordinatesystemslikeviewing
Working with coordinate systems like viewing
coordinatesystem,displaycoordinatesystem,
world coordinate system, etc.
worldcoordinatesystem,etc.
Possibletodisplaycompleteorapartofthe
objectasincaseofmediawalls
j

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Graphic Pipeline8
GraphicPipeline8
Viewing:
Aliasingeffectofconversion
Distortion
Distortioninducedbytheconversionfromcontinuous
induced by the conversion from continuous
spacetodiscretespace
Effectchangeswiththechangeinsizeofpixel
Pixelsdefinememoryspacerequired
Ifonepixeliscutinhalf,horizontallyandvertically,thenit
requires four time memory space
requiresfourtimememoryspace

Antialiasing:areaofCGwherenegativeimpactof
aliasingeffectisalleviated.
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Graphic Pipeline9
GraphicPipeline9
3
3Dimensional
DimensionalGraphics
Graphics
Profounddifferencebetweenobjectandits
representation onto a 2dimensional
representationontoa2
dimensionaldisplay
display
surface
Projectionmethodsareneededtorepresent3
Projection methods are needed to represent 3
dimensionalobjects
Hidden
Hidden
surfaces

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Graphic Pipeline10
GraphicPipeline10
3
3Dimensional
DimensionalGraphics
Graphics
Addingprojection andhiddensurfaceremovalto
simple graphic pipeline right after transformation
simplegraphicpipeline,rightaftertransformation
butbeforescanconversion,resultsinathree
dimensionalgraphics.
Projection
system

Hidden
surfaces

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Graphic Pipeline11
GraphicPipeline11
CPU

GPU

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Transformation,Projection,Cuing,Clipping,Surfaces,
a s o at o , oject o , Cu g, C pp g, Su aces,
Shading,Mapping

CG PROCESSES
CGPROCESSES

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Modelling
generatingmodels
g
g
lines,curves,polygons,smoothsurfaces
digitalgeometry

17

Modelling Transformation: Object Placement

ModellingTransformation:ObjectPlacement

18

Viewing Transformation: Camera Placement

ViewingTransformation:CameraPlacement

19

Perspective Projection
PerspectiveProjection

20

Depth Cueing
DepthCueing

21

Depth Clipping
DepthClipping

22

Colored Wireframes
ColoredWireframes

23

Hidden Line Removal

HiddenLineRemoval

24

Hidden Surface Removal

HiddenSurfaceRemoval

25

Curved Surfaces
CurvedSurfaces

26

PerPolygon
Per
PolygonShading
Shading

27

Gouraud Shading
GouraudShading

28

Phong Shading
PhongShading

29

Complex Lighting and Shading

ComplexLightingandShading

30

Texture Mapping
TextureMapping

31

Displacement Mapping
DisplacementMapping

32

Reflection Mapping
ReflectionMapping

33

Specular Reflection
SpecularReflection

34

Changesoccurredduringlast510years

RENDERING

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Rendering
Creatingimagesfrommodels
Creating images from models
geometricobjects
lines,polygons,curves,curvedsurfaces
, p yg ,
,

camera
pinholecamera,lenssystems,orthogonal

shading
lightinteractingwithmaterial

illustrationofrenderingcapabilities

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Computer Graphics
ComputerGraphics
Difference
Differencebetween
between
watchingafiction
movieorplayinga
computergame?

August19,2010

One
Oneisofflineandother
is offline and other
isinteractive

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Interactive Graphics
InteractiveGraphics
Frame rate and flicker rate

System latency

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Offline Rendering some years back

OfflineRenderingsomeyearsback

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Modern Rendering
ModernRendering

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Modern Rendering
ModernRendering

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InteractiveRenderingsomeyears
back

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Interactive Rendering now

InteractiveRenderingnow

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Interactive Rendering now

InteractiveRenderingnow

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Animation
generatingmotion
generating motion
interpolatingbetweenframes,states

http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~van/papers/doodle.html

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Animation
Sequence of still frames per second
Sequenceofstillframespersecond
Updaterate:minimumof24hz
Videoplayback:minimumof30hz
Video playback: minimum of 30 hz
Flickerrate:minimumof50hz

Rule1:
Alldiscontinuousframetoframechanges
All discontinuous frame to frame changes
correspondtodiscontinuoussceneorvisibility
changes
46

VideoDisplayTechnologies

GRAPHIC SYSTEMS
GRAPHICSYSTEMS

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Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)

CathodeRayTubes(CRTs)
Mostcommondisplaydevicetoday
Most common display device today
Extremelyhighvoltage
Components

Electrongun
Focusinganddeflectionsystems
Phosphorcoatedscreen
Glasstubeenvelopemaintaining
vacuum

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CRTs1

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CRTs2
ElectronGun
Electron Gun
Containsaheatingfilamentthatemitsastreamof
electrons
Electronsarefocusedwithanelectromagnetintoasharp
beamanddirectedtoaspecificpointofthefaceofthe
picture tube
picturetube
Thefrontsurfaceofthepicturetubeiscoatedwithsmall
phospherdots
Whenthebeamhitsaphospherdotitglowswitha
brightnessproportionaltothestrengthofthebeamand
how long it is hit
howlongitishit
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CRTs3
Intensityoftheelectronbeamiscontrolledbysettingvoltage
y
y
g
g
levelonthecontrolgrid.Negativevoltagewilldecreasethe
numberofelectronspassingthrough.
Asthedistancetravelledbyabeamincreasestowardsthe
A th di t
t
ll d b b
i
t
d th
peripheryofthescreen,duetoitscurvature,displayedimage
becomeblurred.
Deflectionoftheelectronbeamcanbecontrolledeitherwith
electricfieldorwithmagneticfield.
Electronstransferenergytophosphor,whichexcitesandon
El
f
h h
hi h
i
d
heatinggiveslightenergyproducingglowingspot,which
fadesasphosphorreturnsbacktogroundenergylevel.
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CRTs4

Thefrequencyorcolor
of the light emitted by
ofthelightemittedby
thephosphoris
proportionaltothe
energydifference
diff
betweentheexcited
quantumstateandthe
groundstate.
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CRTs5
Phosphorsaredefinedeitherbycolour ortheirpersistence
(howlongtheycontinuetoemitlight).
Persistence isdefinedastimeittakestheemittedlight
fromthescreentodecaytoonetenthofitsoriginal
intensity.
Phosphorwithlowerpersistenceisusefulforanimation;
andwithhigherpersistenceisusefulforhighlycomplex,
staticpictures.
Usualpersistencerangeforgraphicmonitorsis10to60
microseconds.
Resolution ofCRTisdefinedasmaximumnumberofpoints
percentimeterthatcanbeplottedhorizontallyorvertically.

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CRTs6
Resolution:
Twoilluminatedphosphorspotsaredistinguishable
whentheirseparationisgreaterthanthediameterat
whichaspotintensityhasfallento60percentof
hich a spot intensit has fallen to 60 percent of
maximum
Dependentupon
p
p
Typeofphosphor
Intensitytobedisplayed
Focusinganddeflectionsystems
Focusing and deflection systems

Highdefinitionsystem:basicallyhighresolution
system,1280x1024orhigher
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CRTs7
AspectRatio:
p
Ratioofverticalpointstohorizontalpointsnecessary
toproduceequallengthlinesinbothdirectionsonthe
screen.
screen.
Ex.meanslengthof3pointsonverticalline=length
of4pointsonhorizontalline

Measuringcapabilities
Measuring capabilities ofCRT
of CRT

Sizeoftube(=lengthofscreendiagonal)
Brightnessofphosphers vs.darknessoftube
Speedofelectrongun
Widthofelectronbeam
Pixels

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DirectView
Direct
ViewStorageTubes(DVST)
Storage Tubes (DVST)
DVSTstoresthepictureinformationasacharge
S s o es e p c u e o a o as a c a ge
distributionjustbehindthephosphorcoatedscreen.
Itusestwoelectronguns,primarygunstorespicture
patternandfloodgunmaintainspicturedisplay.
Thereisnoneedtorefreshscreen,henceverycomplex
picturescanbedisplayedatveryhighresolutions
i t
b di l d t
hi h
l ti
withoutflicker.
Becauseofstorageprocess,asectionofpicturecannot
Because of storage process a section of picture cannot
beerasedandthewholepictureistobeerasedand
redrawn.Nowreplacedbyrastersystems.
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Flat Panel Displays

FlatPanelDisplays
FlatCRTs
Flat CRTs
PlasmaPanels
Liquidcrystaldisplays
i id
l di l
Twocategories
Emissivedisplays:devicesthatconvertelectricalenergy
intolight.Ex.Plasmapanel,thinfilm
electroluminescent displays, lightemitting
electroluminescentdisplays,light
emittingdiodes
diodes
Nonemissiveorreflectivedisplays:useopticaleffects
toconvertlightfromasourceintographicpatterns.Ex.
LCD
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Plasma Panels
PlasmaPanels
Alsocalledgasdischargedisplays,constructedbyfillinga
so ca ed gas d sc a ge d sp ays, co s uc ed by
ga
mixtureofgas(usuallyhasneon)betweentwoglass
plates.
ThegasisexcitedbyelectricfieldemittingUVlight.
UVlightexcitesphorphor.
Phosphorrelaxesandemits
someothercolour
Gas at intersection of hori. and
vert. conductors break down on
application of high voltage into
glowing plasma of electrons and
ions
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Plasma Panels1
PlasmaPanels1

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Organic Light Emitting Diode

OrganicLightEmittingDiode
Thedisplayofthefuture?Manythinkso.
The display of the future? Many think so.
OLEDsfunctionlikeregularsemiconductorLEDs
But they emit light
Buttheyemitlight
Thinfilmdepositionoforganic,light
emittingmoleculesthroughvapor
sublimationinavacuum.
Dopeemissivelayerswithfluorescent
molecules to create color
moleculestocreatecolor.

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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LiquidCrystalDisplay(LCD)
LCDs:
LCDs:organicmolecules,naturallyincrystallinestate,
organic molecules, naturally in crystalline state,
thatliquefywhenexcitedbyheatorEfield
Crystallinestatetwistspolarizedlight90
y
p
g
Flatpaneldisplayscommonlyusenematic
(threadlike)liquidcrystalcompounds
q
y
p
Itconsistsof

Liquidcrystals
Glassplates 2
Lightpolarizer 2at90o
Transparentconductors builtintoglassplatesat90o

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LCD1

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LCD2
PassivematrixLCD
Passive matrix LCD

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LCD3
Active
Active
matrix
LCD

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Virtual Reality Systems

VirtualRealitySystems

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Media Walls MultiscreenDisplay

MediaWalls
Multiscreen Display

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Media Walls MultiscreenDisplay

MediaWalls
Multiscreen Display

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Graphic Monitors / Workstations

GraphicMonitors/Workstations

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Input Devices
InputDevices
Spaceball

Trackball

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Output Devices
OutputDevices

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