International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.

62 (2015)
Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF THERMAL

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM USING
PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS (PCM)
a

Suman Kumar Jha,

Dr. S. Nallusamy

N. Manikanda Prabu

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Nehru Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore- 642105, Tamilnadu, India
e-mail: mkp.thetrinity@gmail.com

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute University,
Chennai-600 095, Tamilnadu, India
a
e-mail: jhasuman36@gmail.com,
b
e-mail: ksnallu@gmail.com,

day time it will absorb the heat and that can be used at the
night time also. The era of storing energy by sensible method
is very old, these days energy storage by latent heat method is
used widely by researchers and engineers. Phase Change
Materials are mostly used for the application of energy storage
by latent heat method [2] and are considered as smart material
[3]. These materials can absorb more amount of heat for small
volume change at almost constant temperature.

Abstract- Energy requirement of the world leads to increase the

rate of power tariff. The energy demand in future is very high
and to overcome these increase in power tariff many countries
are announced subsidy. In India also some of the state
governments like Delhi, Gujarat were announced power tariff
reduction through subsidy but these power subsidies or tariff
cuts are not permanent solutions. The implementation of new
techniques for storing the energy can give better outcome than
tariff cut and power subsidies. The renewable energy sources like
solar energy is considered as best option for energy source, but
solar energy is intermittent in nature i.e. it is available at day
time only. Thermal Energy Storage system can be used for the
removing the intermittent nature of solar energy and it can be
used at night also. According to researchers the application of
Phase Change Materials (PCM) for energy storage is one of the
best options to store the energy. Energy storage does not control
only the demand but it also enhances the performance and
reliability of energy sources and plays a vital role in conserving
the energy which helps to control the increase in power tariff.
Recent days almost PCMs are used in every engineering
department. In this research article we consider various thermal
energy storage system applications of PCM with some futuristic
applications and also analyze the Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC) of commercial available paraffin wax. The
result represent that PCM has ability to store large heat energy
by small volume change almost at constant temperature.

The storing and releasing of heat energy totally depends on

the melting temperature. There are three types of PCM
conversion for storing energy a) solid-solid, b) solid-liquid and
c) solid-gas. But due to very small thermal conductivity for
solid-solid and solid-gas makes it ineffective [4]. Generally
solid-liquid PCM are used for the thermal energy storage for
most of the applications. PCM store the heat energy when
ambient temperature is greater than the melting temperature of
materials by changing the phase from solid to liquid and it
releases the heat when the ambient temperature is below the
melting temperature of materials by changing the phase from
liquid to solid [5]. Storing and releasing the heat is
spontaneous and no external work is required [6]. Recently, all
major engineering departments are using PCMs starting with
mechanical engineering heat-exchanger for improving the
performance, power plant for reducing the heat loss and in an
automobile field for increasing the efficiency and controlling
the CO2 emission, etc. In civil engineering PCM are used for
the smart construction materials. In Electrical and Electronics
Engineering it is used for enhancing the efficiency of solar
panels and thermal management of batteries [7]. In Electronics
and Communication Engineering it is used for the radio
frequency switches and heat sink. PCM is also used in the
department of Bio-Technology and Chemical technology [8-9].
So there is a huge application area of PCM in engineering,
however this paper reviews the energy conversion and
conservation using PCM in various engineering fields.

Keywords- Thermal Energy Storage; Phase Change Materials;

Differential Scanning Calorimetry; Power Tariff; Solar Energy

I.

INTRODUCTION

Due to very high demand of energy in future the

implementation of new method of energy storage system is
one of the effective means to overcome the energy crisis.
There are so many methods by which energy can be stored
that can be used later for performing various works [1]. Solar
energy is clean in nature and also abundant. The importance of
solar energy in coming years is very high but the efficiency of
solar energy is very less and also intermittent in nature which
means it is only available at the day time. One of the options is
to develop energy storage devices, which are as important as
developing new sources of energy. These storage devices are
having its individual limitation. These limitations can be
removed by using Latent Heat Storage system (LHS). During

Phase Change Materials are classified into three types i)

Organic, ii) Inorganic and iii) Eutectic [10] which is shown in
Figure 1. Organic PCM are further classified into paraffin and
non-paraffin compound. Inorganic also classified into Salt
Hydrate and Metallic [11]. Eutectic is mixture of organic and

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.62 (2015)
Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm
TABLE I. PROPERTIES OF PCM MATERIALS
three types of Organic-Organic, Organic-

inorganic so it has
Inorganic and Inorganic-Inorganic [12]. There are large
numbers of phase change materials available at various
temperature but the application point of view melting
temperature and latent heat of fusion are only suitable for these
materials [13]. Since varieties of PCMs are available, selection
of PCM for a particular application is decided by some of the
parameters like Thermal, Physical, Chemical and Economical
Properties [14]. The required properties of PCM materials for a
particular application are shown in the Table 1.

Sl.
No.

Property

Selection Criteria

Thermal
Properties

a. Suitable Melting Temperature [15]

b. High Latent Heat of Fusion
c. Good Heat transfer Rate

2.

Physical
Properties

3.

Chemical
Properties

a.
b.
c.
a.
b.

4.

Economical
Properties

1.

c.
a.
b.
c.

Favorable Phase Equilibrium

High Density
Small Volume Change [16]
Long Term Chemical Stability
Compatibility with Construction
Materials
Non-Toxicity
Cost Effective [17]
Abundant in Nature
High Scale Availability

Phase Change
Material
Paraffin Compounds

Organic

Non-Paraffin Compounds

Salt Hydrate

Inorganic

Metallic

Organic-Organic

Eutectic

Inorganic-Inorganic
Inorganic- Organic

Fig. 1. Classifications

of PCM

I.C. engine for thermal buffering has been highlighted in the

recent work of Nicholas et al [18].

II. USE OF PCM IN MECHANICAL

A. Automobile
Inorganic-Organic
In automobiles phase change materials are used in the
Internal Combustion (I.C.) engines for improving the
efficiency of fuel, it is also used in the cabin climate in
vehicles [18]. Based on the existing research articles it is
concluded that PCM is widely used for the reducing cold start
emission in engine and catalytic convertors [19].

a) Reducing the Cold Start Emission

The fuels used in the vehicles are viscous in nature which
leads to decrease the combustion efficiency. Vehicle cold start
forces to improve the thermal efficiency. Some of the vehicles
of the company show that reducing of cold start emission leads
to improve the fuel efficiency through significant amount. The
recent study by the Hyundai Motor Corporation reveals that
fuel economy can be improved it 2.5% could be achieved by
preheating both the coolant and gear box oil in commercial
vehicles. One more study discloses that efficiency of fuel can
be increased by 9% through Exhaust Heat Recovery (EHR)
[22].

1) Thermal Buffering In Vehicles

The efficiency of fuel can be improved by the thermal
buffering in vehicles. The efficiency of conventional fuels
(petrol and diesel) is very less and one of the key reasons is
high heat wastage. According to the operating conditions,
generally vehicles reject approximately 65-75% of the fuel
energy as waste heat through the exhaust or radiator. Various
review article deals with the application of PCM for improving
the efficiency of fuels [20-21]. Potential application of PCM in

Since PCMs have ability to store the heat for longer time
during the running condition of the engine, it can store the heat
and maintain component warmth long after engine shuts down.

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International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.62 (2015)
Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

The selection of PCM for this application is very important

because at what temperature the phase change occurs will
decide the heat sustain ability of phase change materials.
b) Thermal Buffering of Cabin for Passenger Cooling
A general commercial vehicles target cabin temperature is
around 25 0C. To keep the passenger cool most of the
commercial vehicles use external cooling system like airconditioning which also leads to decrease the fuel efficiency.
Implementation of phase change materials in the vehicles cabin
can decrease the external air-conditioning load about 40%.
This reduction of the load can increase the efficiency of fuel.
Efficiency improvement highly depends on the phase change
temperature and thermal conductivity. By the Delphi
automotive demonstration a thermal storage evaporator for a
hybrid vehicle that acts as a PCM buffered air-side heat
exchanger for the vehicle cabin. A PCM of melting
temperature 7 0C maintain the vent temperature below 15 0C
for 40-50 second under high thermal load condition. PCMs
used in mechanical energy are shown in Table 2.

Name of PCM

Melting
Temp. 0C
25-28
21

1.
2.

Paraffin C18-C23
Capric-Lauric acid

3.

Na2HPO4 7H2O

48

4.

Paraffin wax

64

5.
6.

Hydroquinone
KNO3

155
333

III. USE OF PCM IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

One by fourth of world energy requirements are used for
household application. In that, more than 70% electricity is
used for air conditioning purpose. There are lots of patent and
papers in which PCM is used for the application of passive
cooling [23-26].
It is also seen that by the application of PCM in building
the air-conditioning load is reduced by 40%. Some of the
Europe organizations like Seven Frame burns lot of money
for making the PCM commercial in building application. It is
found that the low thermal conductivity and flow of PCM in
liquid state make it imperfect of application in building but this
problem is solved by the encapsulation of PCM [27].
Encapsulation is a process in which phase change materials is
covered in plastic for increasing the thermal conductivity and
stop it to flow during the phase change. Phase change materials
can be used in building by two methods; first one through
direct application and second one mixed with the concrete
[28]. The structural view in application of PCM with concrete
is shown in Figure 3.

Table II. PCM Used In Mechanical Engineering

Sl. No.

Fig. 2. Catalytic Convertor with Phase Change Material

2) Catalytic Convertor
Catalytic convertors are used in the automobile to reduce
the CO2 emission. It converts harmful gasses HC, CO and NO2
into sampler form H2O, CO2 and N2.These catalytic convertors
work well only at the ideal condition, according to which
temperature should be well enough (350-400 0C). At ideal
condition catalytic convertors can purify 95% of exhaust
emission from the vehicles. A vehicle takes little time to reach
the ideal condition after the start emission during this period
from the automobile is called cold start emission. Phase change
materials are used for reducing the cold start emission. Most of
the research papers states that after using the PCM in catalytic
convertors cold start emission is reduced in significant amount.
The catalytic convertor with PCM is shown in the Figure 2.

Selection of PCM for the application in building depends

on the comfort level and ambient temperature. Generally
organic PCM are used for the air-conditioning purpose but
application of different types in different parts of building
leads to reduce the air-conditioning load through higher
percentage [29]. Types of PCM for different parts of building
are listed in Table 3. The application of PCM will reduce the
air-conditioning load which helps to reduce the energy crisis
[30].

3) Heat Exchanger
Heat exchanger are energy storage device in which heat
exchange takes place from hot fluid to cold fluid. The heat
exchangers possess less efficiency and for increasing the
efficiency size should be larger which leads to increase the
weight. There are lots of research articles available in which
PCM is used for increasing the efficiency of heat exchanger.
Pandiyarajan V used the thermal energy storage system with
heat exchanger in which PCM is used. The system is used for
the heat recovery from diesel engine exhaust [38-42].

Fig. 3. PCM

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with Concrete

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.62 (2015)
Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm
TABLE 3. Types of PCM for Different Parts of Building
A. Testing and Analysis:

Sl. No.

Name of PCM

1.

MicroEncapsulated
Paraffin Wax

2.

Bio-Based
Materials

3.

Eutectic Salt
Mixture

Building Part
a. Wallboard
b. Ceiling Tiles
c. Floor Panels
d. Interior Wall Construction
a. Interior Wall Construction
b. Attic/Drop Ceiling Plenum
Floor
a. Interior Wall Construction
b. Attic/Drop Ceiling Plenum
Floor.

Material: Paraffin
Instrument Used: DSC 200F3 Maia.
Temperature Range: RT 200oc-RT
Atmosphere: Nitrogen
Sample Crucible: Aluminium crucible with lid pierced
& sealed.
Amount of Paraffin wax tested: 3.57mg

IV. USE OF PCM FOR ELECTRONICS DEVICES

The application of phase change materials in electronics field is
also catching race day to day. There are so many examples like
battery, RF switches, cooling pad for laptop, heat sink, etc. in which
PCM is used for enhancing the performance [21, 31-33]. Among
the above some of the products are also available commercially.
V. FUTURISTIC APPLICATION OF PCM
Many research articles concluded that PCM is used for
increasing the performance and efficiency of solar panels. Available
solar panels efficiency is very less and one of key reason is high
temperature loss. Maximum efficiency of solar panels only exists at
Standard Test Condition (STC). According to STC during the
working of solar panels temperature cell should be 25oC in another
statement it also states that efficiency is decreased by 0.5% for an
increase in each 1oC from the nominal temperature of 25oC. A high
class thermal management leads to increase the efficiency of solar
panels through significant amount. PCM can use for the thermal
management in solar panels. Some other use of PCM like
application in ceiling fan for cooling of room, cooling of motorcycle
helmet, applications in textiles for providing high class human
comfort, combat vehicles for controlling the high internal
temperature, Cold Storage plant etc. [34-37&43].
VI. DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
OF PARAFFIN WAX

B. Heating curve:
In the above Figure 4 DSC graphical representation of the
paraffin wax is shown. It started to melt at 58.8 0C and ends at
67.2 0C. The area of graphical representation is shown the
amount of heat absorb during the complete melting process.
Paraffin absorb 138 j/g of heat energy during the temperature
change of 8.4 0C with the pick temperature of 65.3 0C.
C. Cooling curve:
In the reverse process the solidification is started at 61.7
0
C and ends at 52.4 0C where the paraffin is completely
converted into solid. The graphical area represents the amount
of heat releases during the solidification. Paraffin releases the
amount of 135.2 j/g of heat energy during the temperature
change of 8.9 0C. The above DSC curve represents that there is
also a small sub cooling during melting and solidification in
case of paraffin.

Fig. 4. Heating and Cooling Curve of Paraffin Wax

The materials which are used for various applications must

possess two basic properties called high latent heat of fusion and
high thermal conductivity. Based on these applications the melting
temperature should be in the range of applied temperature like
coolness in air-conditioning PCM melting temperature is less than
15 0C and for absorption refrigeration PCM melting temperature is
greater than 90 0C. The Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is
used for the checking the properties of materials. Few common
PCM is being used for this research purpose are paraffin wax,
eutectic mixture and hydrated salt. The commercial paraffin wax is
normally cheap and easily available.
The effectiveness of any thermal storage system using Phase
Change Materials the characterization of materials are very
important. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is used for the
characterization of materials. DSC used for the determination of
their melting enthalpy as well as their melting and solidification
behavior.

121

VII. CONCLUSION
This paper presents experimental details in research on the
PCM usage application range in various fields. Already many
researches are carried out on this topic; still we have conducted
this experiment to continue our research on this field using
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of commercial
available paraffin wax. From this we may conclude that the
DSC of paraffin represents the practical validation of thermal
energy storage system with PCM. The result represents that the
PCM has ability to store large heat energy by small volume
change at almost constant temperature.
High energy requirement is shifting our focus from nonrenewable energy source to renewable energy source and also
insist to start new renewable energy sources. Storing of
available energy is better than going for new energy source.
The direct electricity storage system using PCM is costly in

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Acknowledgement

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