Int. j. eng. sci., Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015. pp.

45-50

TI Journals

ISSN:

International Journal of Engineering Sciences

2306-6474

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Copyright 2015. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

Simulation of Single Phase Digital PWM Inverter

with Boost PFC Technique
Tejashree R. Shukla*
M.E. Scholar, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, SSBTs College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon, India.

Paresh J. Shah
Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, SSBTs College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon, India.
*Corresponding author: shuklateju@gmail.com

Keywords

Abstract

SPWM
PFC
THD
FFT
MATLAB
Inverter

The power quality is the main issue now a day. Power saving and improve the quality of power supplies is
good for next decades. Inverter is the part of day to day life for every individual. Pulse width modulation
(PWM) technique is very useful to control the switching of an inverter. The digital PWM is more convenient
than natural analog PWM. To reduce the harmonics and improve the PF digital PWM techniques are used.
SPWM (sine PWM) and SVPWM (space vector PWM) are the two digital PWM methods. SPWM is suited
for single phase inverter. Matlab simulation of the circuit is foundation work before implementation of the
circuit. It is useful to determine the results of real time system. The harmonic distortion can be measured in
matlab. It reduces the expense of the hardware. It consumes less time for implementation of circuit. Poor PF
(power factor) increases consumers expenditures. To improve quality of power supplies and reduce
harmonics, PFC (power factor correction) is necessary. The boost converter is used as active PFC technique.
It boosts the DC voltage. The self PFC ability observes in the boost converter. It is normally worked in
discontinuous mode of operation. This DC voltage converts into constant AC with the help of inverter. LC
filter used at the output of inverter. It gives pure sine wave output.

1.

Introduction

Energy adversity is of special attention in resent day. Because of the sine wave output of the inverter, the electronic devices are efficiently
operated. Most of the inverter provides square wave output. Electronic devices run by this inverter will damage due to harmonic contents.
Available sine wave inverters are expensive and their output is not so good. Hence the improvement in the square wave output of the inverter is
most essential [1].
For getting pure sine wave output SPWM technique is used in the inverter. The PWM inverter has been the main choice in power electronics
because of its simplicity. SPWM is the mostly used method in motor control and inverter application. SPWM is used to control the switching
action of inverter. Digital PWM technique is more suited than analog PWM. Most of the lower level harmonics not removed by the filters; that
removes by the SPWM technique. As the harmonics reduced PF of the system increases. It improves the quality of power converter and
increases life of electronic sappliances [2-4].
This system first implements the single phase inverter with in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The output with different load is taken with
the help of scope in matlab. The output contains the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), with the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analysis THD
percentage waveforms are get.THD is reduced from output because of SPWM technique. As the inductive load increases THD increase. The
power modules in the matlab are used for circuit simulation. It gives many advantages to first simulate the circuit and then implement it[5-8].
Time honored closed loop analog control systems have been implemented at the expense of high complexity and low efficiency due to the large
number of components. It is very expensive. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is invented to avoid these disadvantages due to analog
system. Computational power limits of the FPGA are greater than microcontroller and DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The complex algorithms
can be easily implemented. Digital control for power converter applications is becoming very widely used. More processing power can also be
obtained by using fully programmable logic devices such as the FPGA.FPGA is preferred for the hardware realization of switching strategy
essentially due to its high computation speed that can ensure the accuracy of the instants that gate signals are generated. VHDL language is used
to model the inverter switching strategies. The PWM pulses are downloaded in FPGA from Spartan-III E kit [9-10].
For the PFC boost converter and critical conduction technique is used. Boost converter having self PFC ability. This active PFC technique gives
more advantages than passive PFC. FPGA has been chosen to implement the PWM due to its fast prototyping, easy hardware/software design.
Simulation and experimental results are provided. PFC improves quality of inverter output and reduces the THD [11].

2.

Single phase SPWM inverter

The circuit diagram of single phase full wave inverter is as shown in figure 1. The four MOSFET switches forms the h-bridge. All MOSFETs are
receiving the SPWM signal for triggering at the gate terminal. The THD, PF and output voltage of inverter is measured in matlab module. The
bridge of an inverter has two arms of MOSFET. The freewheeling diode connected across the MOSFET. These diodes discharges the reverse
current.
As the RL load is used, the reverse load current is flow through these diodes. These diodes provide an alternate path to inductive current which
continue so flow during the turn OFF condition. The switches in each branch is operated alternatively so that they are not in similar mode (ON
/OFF) simultaneously. In practice they are both OFF for short period of time called blanking time, to avoid short circuiting. The all four switches
should operate in a pair to obtain the output. These bridges legs are switched such that the output voltage is shifted from one to another and
hence the change in polarity occurs in voltage waveform. If the shift angle is zero, the output voltage is also zero and maximum when shift angle
is .

Tejashree R. Shukla *, Paresh J. Shah

46

International Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Figure 1. Single phase full bridge inverter

The heart of this system is a FPGA controller. This controller is specially developed for the generation of SPWM. The FPGA controller
generates two PWM signal and two rectangular pulse signals that is modified SPWM signal. At the blue colored tag a, b, c and d SPWM pulses
are providing through the FPGA controller. Tag 1 and 4 used to indicate input DC supply to the inverter. It is the output of the boost converter.
The MOSFET driver IC is IR2110 is used in the high side of the MOSFET to isolate the ripple content of the high side to FPGA controller. In
low side used totem pole configuration, before totem pole configuration used a inverting transistor so that totem pole bypass 12V to low side
MOSFET when the signal is off, inverting transistor is used for protection purposes.

3.

Boost converter for PFC

The boost converter is a class of switching mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a MOSFET)
and at least one energy storage element. Filter made up of capacitor in combination with inductor is normally added to the output of the
converter to reduce output voltage ripple.

Figure 2. Boost converter circuit

The basic schematic of a boost converter is as shown in the figure 2. MOSFET is used as a switch. The 24 V AC supply is the input. This AC
voltage converts into DC with the help of a rectifier. The process that changes one DC voltage to a different DC voltage is called DC to DC
conversion. A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output voltage greater than the source voltage. A boost converter is sometimes
called a step-up converter since it steps up the source voltage. Since power must be conserved, the output current is lower than the source
current.

Figure 3. Boost converter operation circuit

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Simulation of Single Phase Digital PWM Inverter with Boost PFC Technique
International Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist changes in current. In a boost converter, the output
voltage is always higher than the input voltage. When the switch is turned-ON, the current flows through the inductor and energy is stored in it.
When the switch is turned OFF, the stored energy in the inductor tends to collapse and its polarity changes such that it adds to the input voltage.
Thus, the voltage across the inductor and the input voltage are in series and together charge the output capacitor to a voltage higher than the
input voltage.
The basic principle of a boost converter consists of 2 distinct states in the On-state, the switch S (see figure 3) is closed, resulting in an increase
in the inductor current; in the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is through the fly back diode D, the
capacitor C and the load R. This result in transferring the energy accumulated during the On-state into the capacitor. The input current is the
same as the inductor current. So it is not discontinuous as in the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are relaxed compared to a
buck converter.

4.

Matlab design of the circuit

Matlab module is foundation work to implement any kind of hardware circuit. Figure 4 shows the matlab module of the system. Different blocks
are used to implement this system are used from power lib. The rectifier, inverter, boost converter are the foremost blocks of the module. The PF
and THD are measured with distinct values of the load. PF is the phase angle between input voltage and input current. The PF is directly got on
the display in digits form. Similarly THD can be measured. Another way to measure THD is FFT analysis. The power graphical user interface is
the heart of the system. The AC voltage source block implements an ideal AC voltage source. The generated voltage U is described by the
following relationship:
= sin( + )
Where,
t = 2f
= Phase in radiance
The fundamental frequency 50Hz used in this circuit and the supply voltage is 24V AC. The diode bridge is the block set of four diodes, resistor
at the output. The output of this block is DC voltage. The MOSFET, inductor, diode, capacitor blocks include in the boost converter. This block
increases the value of DC voltage. At display -1 boosted DC voltage is present. It is near to the 45V. The PWM generator block generates pulses
for carrier-based PWM converters using two-level topology. The block can be used to fire the forced commutated devices like FETs, GTOs, or
IGBTs of single phase, two phase, three phase, two level bridges or a combination of two three-phase bridges. The pulses are generated by
comparing a triangular carrier waveform to a reference modulating signal. The modulating signals can be generated by the PWM generator itself,
or they can be a vector of external signals connected at the input of the block. One reference signal is needed to generate the pulses for a single
or a two arm bridge, and three reference signals are needed to generate the pulses for a three-phase, single or double bridge. The PWM pulses
applied to the gates of the MOSFETs for triggering. The inverter circuit converts DC signal into AC signal. The output voltage measure on the
scope labeled as sine. Because of the LC filter pure sine wave output is acquire.

Figure 4. Matlab module of the inverter with boost PFC technique

The THD block measures the THD of a periodic distorted signal. The signal can be a measured voltage. The THD is defined as the root mean
square (RMS) value of the total harmonics of the signal, divided by the RMS value of its fundamental signal. For example, for currents, the THD
is defined as,
THD = IH/IF
Where
IH= I22+I32..+In2
Where
In = RMS value of the harmonic n
IF = RMS value of the fundamental current.
The THD has a null value for a pure sinusoidal voltage or current. Another way to measure THD is FFT analysis. By FFT analysis graphical
measurement of THD is possible. The THD block is joining at the output of the circuit as shown in fig.5.

Tejashree R. Shukla *, Paresh J. Shah

48

International Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

reactive power Q associated with a periodic voltage current pair that can contain harmonics. P and Q are calculated by averaging the V I product
with a running average window over one cycle of the fundamental frequency, so that the powers are evaluated at fundamental frequency 50Hz.
P = 1/T V(t). I(t)dt
Q = 1/T V(t). I(t /2)dt
PF= P/Q

5.

Results and discussions

The intention of this system is PFC and reduction in harmonics. The ideal values for PF and THD are obtained here with a variety of loads. The
resistive load and R-L loads are generally used in real time systems. Inductive load is especially bulky load. As inductance increases in the load
harmonics in the output is increases. For all values of load AC input voltage is 24V. The rectifier output, boost converter output are identical for
all type of load. The THD and PF is change slightly as load changes. Figure 5 shows the output voltage of an inverter at scope 4. It is pure sine
wave signal. The output voltage is 45V.

Figure 5. Output voltage of an inverter

The pulsating DC is the output of full bridge rectifier. The waveforms are as shown in the figure 6.The rectifier circuit converts AC signal into
DC signal. Pulsating DC is 35V rms value. It is the DC input of boost circuit. The boost circuit enhances this voltage up to 45.20V.

Figure 6. Pulsating DC output of the bridge rectifier

For the resistive load 500, PF=0.94 and THD=1.04%.The THD with FFT analysis is as shown in figure 7. Ideally resistive load give the in
phase voltage and current. So the PF becomes unity but in practice 0.9495 is the PF. It is very near to the ideal value.

Figure 7. THD for resistive load R=500

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Simulation of Single Phase Digital PWM Inverter with Boost PFC Technique
International Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

When the resistive load is 1K THD=1.11% and PF=0.97. The THD of the circuit with FFT analysis as indicates in figure 8.It is the graphical
representation of harmonics. The harmonic distortion is more than 500 load. PF is near to the ideal value.

Figure 8. THD for resistive load R=1K

When the resistive load is1.2 K THD=1.13% PF=0.97. The FFT analysis for the THD is presented in figure 9. Harmonics in the sine wave
output increases in small quantity. The fundamental frequency is 48.88Hz. The PF is close to the unity.

Figure 9. THD for resistive load R=1.2 K

If nature of the load changes R=500 L=1500 H then THD=1.03% and PF=0.94. In case of RL load current is lagging to the voltage. The
lagging phase difference is come into view. The PF of the circuit closed to the unity. THD is not so dreadful because of the boost PFC technique.
The graph of the FFT analysis is as shown in the figure 10.

Figure 10. THD for RL load R=500 , L=1500 H

AS the load uses R=1K , L=2000H, THD =1.10% and PF=0.97. The graphical representation of THD is as shown in figure 11. The quality of
output signal is good because PF near to the ideal value.

Figure 11. THD for RL load R=1K, L=2000 H

Tejashree R. Shukla *, Paresh J. Shah

50

International Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

When the RL load is R=1.2K, L=2200 H then the THD=1.11 and PF =0.97 are observed.FFT analysis for THD is as shown in figure 12.
Power factor of the supply is good. THD is varying as load change. The spectrum of THD for all the loads is shown in figures. It is the pictorial
view of THD. It is the graph of harmonic order verses magnitude of the output voltage.

Figure 12. THD for RL load R=1.2K, L=2200 H

Table 1. Simulation results with different load
R-load
500
1K
1.2K

THD
1.04%
1.11%
1.13%

PF
0.94
0.97
0.97

RL-load
R=500 L=1500 H
R=1K , L=2000H
R=1.2K, L=2200 H

THD
1.03%
1.10%
1.11%

PF
0.94
0.97
0.97

The simulation results are summarizing in table 1. The resistive load and RL load used to check variations in PF and THD. Results check for
resistive loads of 500 , 1K and 1.2K . The THD slightly changes as value of the resistive load increases. PF remains constant for all values
of loads. It shows the excellent output of inverter. The noise contents are very small and output is pure sine wave.
The PF and THD measurements for RL load is shown in table1. As resistance and the inductance of the load increases THD is increases to some
extent. The PF is moderately constant for all values of RL load. It gives the firm decision that output of inverter is too good for bulky inductive
loads. This improvement takes place in inverter because of the boost converter as an active PFC, the LC filter used at the output side of inverter,
which allows pure sine wave only.

6.

Conclusion

In this way THD and PF observed for different values of loads. As the value of the load increases harmonics in the output is increase. The PF is
somewhat constant at 0.9; it is near to the ideal value. This is possible because of the boost converter use for PFC.THD is measured by using
FFT analysis. Single phase bridge inverter gives same output at all values of load; as input is same for all values of load. Only THD is slightly
vary. The THD is lowest for the load R= 500, L=1500 H. It is 1.03%. As resistance and the inductance of the load increases THD is increases
to some extent. The PF is moderately constant for all values of RL load. It gives the firm decision that output of inverter is too good for bulky
inductive loads. This improvement takes place in inverter because of the boost converter as an active PFC, the LC filter used at the output side of
inverter, which allows pure sine wave only.
The major advantages of PFC are seen in the technical, commercial, environmental areas. The technical benefits are the load on the cables and
switches is reduced, the supply is able to support additional load. By reducing the load on cables and switches power loss is reduced and life of
the instruments is extended. By maintaining the PF at or above 0.95 lagging under all load conditions, any charges for excess reactive power are
avoided, system losses are reduced and distribution equipment runs cooler and lasts longer, lower system losses means reduced electricity
consumption. The SPWM single phase inverter easily used in industry as well as for domestic purpose.

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