Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci., Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015. pp.

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Spatial Analysis of Bakun Period Settlements in Kazeroun and Nurabad

Mamasani Counties in Fars Province, Southern Iran
Mohammad Hossein Rezaei *
Assistant Professor of Archaeology, Neyshabur University, Iran.

Hakimeh Bargahi
MSc student of Archaeology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran campus, Iran.
*Corresponding author: mh.rezaei@yahoo.com

Keywords

Abstract

Spatial Analysis
Bakun Period
GIS
Kazeroun
Mamasani

Fars Province south of the country has an area of 122000 square kilometers, forming 7.4% of total surface
area of Iran area is allocated. Nurabad mamasani and Kazeroun counties in Fars Province have had an
important location and strategic status in prehistoric times. On the one hand, they are associated with the other
prehistoric cultures of Marvdasht Plain and on the other with Khuzestan cultures. Geography (climatology)
has an essential role in the formation and dispersal of sites, such that location, extent, subsistence economy,
political-social relations and somewhat culture have been a function of it. However, in addition to
environmental and geographical factors, other factors affect the formation of settlements, their expansion and
development. Identifying the Bakun period settlements in Kazeroun and Mamasani region, determining the
role of ecosystem in the development course of settlements in this period and describing a model for the
distribution of Bakun settlements in the studied region. Data analysis in this study was performed using GIS.
During the study period, 17 sites were identified from Bakun period in Kazeroun Plain, and Bakun pottery
was also found from 15 sites in Dashte Rostam 1 and 2 in Mamasani County. Half the Bakun sites in
Kazeroun Plain 1 and 2 and Dashte Rostam 1 and 2 in Mamasani region are less than half an acre in extent.
The largest of the prehistoric settlements in Kazeroun Plain is Tale Dehdaran (SK023) with an area of
approximately 10 hectares, which has been continuously settled from middle Neolithic to historic period, and
Tole Nurabad with an area of approximately 9 acres is the largest Bakun site in Mamasani region.

Introduction
Fars Province is a southern province of the country accounting for 7.4% of countrys surface area with an area of 122000 square kilometers. It
has a considerable strategic position. On the one hand, proximity with the Persian Gulf and the other relation with central provinces of the
country have increased the importance of the province. This province is considered as a bridge between south and center of the country, and has
been the access point and an important route for access to central Iranian Plateau from long ago, and has therefore been an arena for various
ethnicities and civilizations throughout the history. Kazeroun County and Nurabad mamasani in Fars Province have had an important place and
strategic position in the prehistoric period, since they have been related with both prehistoric cultures of Marvdasht Plain and Khuzestan cultures
(Fig. 1).
Natural phenomena and features are highly effective upon the location, distribution, influence, physical development, communication and view
of human settlements (Soltani and Aligholi zadeh, 2001, 98). Environmental factors (geography) and culture have always been addressed in the
distribution and spread of prehistoric settlements. Geography (climatology) has an essential role in the formation and dispersal of sites, such that
location, extent, subsistence economy, sociopolitical relations and sometimes culture have followed it. In addition to environmental and
geographical factors, other variables affect the formation of settlements, their expansion and development. Identification and introduction of
Bakun settlements in Kazeroun and Mamasani region, determining the role of ecosystem in formation process of settlements in this period and
presenting a model for spread of Bakun settlements in the mentioned region are among the objectives of this study. Therefore, several variables
were considered in evaluation and study of Bakun settlements in Kazeroun and Nurabad mamasani region. These variables include altitude,
remoteness and proximity to water resources and arable lands, the extent of settlements, distribution and density of sites relative to each other,
rainfall, temperature and the sequence of their chronology. All these factors will be considered together as criteria for identification of the
settlement model in this region. Then, the factors that have most influence on the formation of settlements will be discussed through analysis of
the considered variables and factors.
GIS and the use of natural and geographical maps are other methods of data analysis in this study. GIS is a tool that designs, stores and analyses
the spatial data as independent layers. Each layer independently contains the required information (environmental data in predictive models) in
the form of points (e.g., archaeological sites), lines (such as rivers) and polygonal shapes (such as information about soils and pasture), which are
entered into the system digitally with known coordinates, and their combination results in special operations to display, measure and analyze
data (Maschner 1996, Kvamme 1999, Aldenderfer 1998, Wheatley and Gillings 2002).

Kazeroun geographic Landscape

Kazeroun County is situated in Fars province at an altitude of 732 meters above sea level (Figure 1). This county is surrounded by Mamasani
and Behbahan from north, from the east and northeast by Shiraz, southwest and west by part of the city of Borazjan and Bushehr and from
southeast to Firouzabad. Morphologically, Kazeroun County is located in a mountainous area surrounded by high mountains, and like other parts
of Fars the mountains have north-west to south-eastern slope (Mozaffarian 1994. P. 25). There are two mountain ranges with Kazeroun plain
and Parishan Lake located in between them. Kazeroun city has warm weather in terms of climate. Maximum temperature of this County reaches
49C and minimum to -6C, and the average rainfall in low rain years is less than 500 mm, and is approximately 700 mm in high rain years
(Behruzi 1967, p. 8).

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Spatial Analysis of Bakun Period Settlements in Kazeroun and Nurabad Mamasani Counties in Fars Province, Southern Iran
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Mamasani geographic Landscape:

Mamasani County with an area of approximately 6,638 square kilometers is located in the northwest of Fars Province west to Zagros Mountains.
It is limited to Rostam County and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province from north and northwest, to Sepidan (Ardakan) from northeast, to
Kazeroun and Bushehr Province from south and southwest, to Gachsaran from west and to Shiraz Province from east. Geographic coordinates of
the city is 3006N 5124E (Habibi Fahlyani, 2005: 52). Morphologically, this county is a mountainous area with general mountain direction of
Zagros Mountains but the mountain height is decreased when moving from east and north towards south and west, and the extent of dales and
foothill level land is increased. Mamasani County has three tropical climatic zones in Milati mound area and subtropical zone in central part of
Doshman zyari. The average elevation is 900 meters above sea level. Average annual rainfall varies between 350 and 900 mm, and is 550 mm in
average. Unfortunately, due to the recent drought, the average rainfall has been dropped to 350 mm, which has caused irreparable damage to
various agricultural subsectors (geography of Fars Province, 1984: 20).

History of Archaeological Research in Kazeroun Region

The majority of studies in this area have been conducted by western archaeologists on typical sites of the historical period (in particular Sassanid
period) including the excavations of the city of Bishapur and reliefs of Tangeh Chogan, Sar mashad and Tange Qandil, but prehistoric studies
have not been appropriately considered. Among the researches done in recent years in this area, we can mention the methodical evaluation of
surface earthenware of Bishapur by M. Rajayi in 2006; tracing the archaeological route from Bishapur to Borazjan in 2007 by Ali Qasemi;
evaluation of Paleolithic sites of Parishan Lake area by Hamed Vahdati Nasab in 2007 and also documentation and identification survey of the
archaeological sites of central Kazeroun plain by the author (Mohammad Hossein Rezaei) in 2007.

History of Archaeological Research in mamasani Region

Most of the studies in this area have been conducted by western archaeologists, especially on typical works of the historical period. In 1882,
Andreas Stolez surveyed in this region and observed works like dragon bar, and Roman Ghirshman published information published in this
regard (Norouzi, 1997, p. 6). In 1924, (1303 AH), Ernest Herzfeld described an ancient Achaemenid structure west to Fahlian called Jenjon. He
also visited the Tale Spid west of Fahlian, and took note of it (Herzfeld, 1928: 168). Herzfeld also discovered Kurangun relief and named it
(Herzfeld 1935: 32). This relief was then re-examined by Stin (Stein 1940: 38). In 1935, Aurel Stein visited Fahlian villages and mentioned the
village of Jinjun, and noted two pedestals in the ruins of old forts (Stein 1940).
In 1959, Iran-Japan board of archaeologists excavated several pilot holes over five days in this site, and published a book entitled Fahlian,
excavation in Tepe Suruvan) (Atarashi and Horicuchi 1963). In 1997, Reza Norouzi undertook the survey of prehistoric sites of Mamasani
(Noruzi, 1997). Joint board of archaeology in Archaeological Institute of University of Sydney in Australia performed the first season of joint
research in accordance with bilateral agreement between the Institute of Archaeology and University of Sydney from 2002 to 2004. Phase I
results included identification of 51 archaeological sites in Rostam Plain 1 and 2 (Potts & Roustaei 2006). In February 2003, the first season of excavation
was conducted in Tole Spid Site (Askari Chaverdi, 2013: 21-20). In 2006, the Joint Board of Archaeology of the Iranian Institute of Archaeology and
University of Sydney was conducted with a broader perspective and deeper understanding. A major step in this research was identification of the
Achaemenid Site of Jinjun. In 2007 and 2008, the second and third season of excavations was conducted in this area (Askari Chaverdi, 2013: 82).

Bakun Period
Tale Bakun is located in Fars Province near Persepolis. It was first surveyed in 1928 by Herzfeld and then in 1932 together with Alexandrov. It
is the first prehistoric site in Fars, which is excavated in considerable extent using scientific method. After that, Eric Schmidt and McCawn
continued Bakun excavations (Gotch 1971, p.73). Bakun includes two mounds: Tale Bakun A and B. Eastern Tale Bakun B is Earlier and
consists of Bakun B1 and B2, and four periods have been specified in Tepe A (Malek Shahmirzadi 1999, p. 421). Excavations in Tale Bakun A
and B, Tale Gap, Tale Jari A1 and Tale Nokhodi were used to develop relative chronology for Bakun period, which has been divided to three
phases based on tomography evidence and painted motifs on characteristic pottery.
From the time Bakun period entered in the framework of Fars chronology by Vanden Berge (Vanden Berge 195 4, 1984) and was then
established by Sumner (Sumner 1973), Dyson for the first time presented the Early, Middle and Late Bakun period in a series of articles on
chronology of Iran (Dyson 1965) . However, the boundaries between these stages are not clear and as we continue to talk about the challenges of
this chronology, large-scale tomography excavations in different parts of Fars are required to be able to generalize this classification based on
detailed cultural traditions. After Dyson, who along with Mary Voigt conducted a fundamental revision of this period according to recent data
(Voigt and Dyson 1992), Sumner in a paper dealt with the classification of substages of Bakun. In relation to settlement patterns of Soun, Beyza
and Zarghan with respect to the distribution of pottery before and after Bakun (including Shams Abad and Lapui), he classified Bakun sites in
Early, Middle and Late periods, and performed a basic demographic analysis of the whole Bakun period (Sumner 1994: 51) . In this
classification, he attributed the sites with pottery from both Shams Abad periods to early Bakun, those with Bakun pottery to Middle Bakun and
the mounds with Bakun and Lapui pottery to Late Bakun, and virtually withdrew involvement with the pottery designs and textures. In his study
of pottery analysis, Alizadeh divided Bakun to substages and consequently presented a model in relation to reduction of permanent inhabitants of
Late Bakun (Late Fars) relative to nomadism based Middle Bakun (Middle Fars 2) (Alizadeh 2003 and 2006). The division of Bakun based on
archaeological sites and pottery findings in them will be presented.
In addition, the final phase of Neolithic is characterized by pottery from the lowest layers of Tale Bakun B (Smith 1937: 27. 1939: 124, McCown
1942: 23. Egami & Masuda 1962) and from Tale Jari (Egami et al.1977: 7, PL.2) in Kur River basin. This pottery was initially attributed to
Bakun B1, but this non-imprinted soft pottery was then renamed by Sumner (1972) to Shams Abad pottery. In Tale Bakun B, Shams Abad
pottery B in the lower layer was buff pottery with the black design of Bakun, although in Tel Jari A, Shams Abad pottery in the lower layer was
painted buff pottery in black Bakun color and the upper layer was painted Jari pottery (Egami and Masuda 1962 : 7, PL.2). Bakun B2 painted
buff pottery seems to be affected by the middle usiana pottery tradition. One of the ornamental characteristics of this pottery is the use of dot as
the complementary design (Alizadeh, 2004, p. 31). Pottery from the upper layers of Tale Bakun A (1-4) is similar to Tale nokhodi pottery
attributed to the Late Bakun (Vigot and Dyson 1992LI, 139-140). This type of pottery has a fine soft texture of pure essence color made by
pottery wheel, and the texture color is not uniform because of low temperature. Bakun pottery designs have been created directly on milky and
brown background of the containers, and their color has been somewhat changed and has become dark brown, red or red brown after baking in
the kiln. The motifs of this pottery are not as simple as Bakun B2 motifs, are often complex with increased complexity of geometrical designs.
Bakun A stage represents a culmination of several thousand years of prehistoric cultural development in Fars. During this stage, regional unity
reached its climax, as is evident in the style and production of pre painted buff pottery, (Alizadeh, 2004, p. 33).

Mohammad Hosein Rezaei *, Hakimeh Bargahi

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Bakun sites in Kazeroun and Mamasani counties

In Kazeroun Plain, 17 Bakun sites were identified during the survey (Fig. 2)(Hejabri Nobari et al. 2012). The identified sites are often small
mounds with an area less than one hectare. The largest sites include mound sites of Sk011, Sk020 and Sk023, the largest of which was Sk023
(Tale Dehdaran) with an area of 10 hectares. Bakun B1 pottery was detected in three sites of SK006, SK022, SK023. SK002, SK005, SK010,
SK013 and SK023 sites present the largest collection of Bakun A and B2 pottery in Kazeroun Plain, which have been settled in several
periods(Table. 1).
Bakun pottery was retrieved from 15 sites in Dashte Rostam 1 and 2 in Mamasani County (fig.3). Ms23 and MS1 in Dashte Rostam 2 as well as
ms43 and MS31 in Dashte Rostam 1 were the sites providing the largest collection of Bakun pottery (McCall 2009).

Bakun settlement pattern in Kazeroun County

Almost half of the Bakun sites are located near Parishan Lake. However, during Bakun B2 period, the settlements in Kazeroun Plain were
increased and expanded into new sections in the plain, so that there is evidence of habitation in Jereh Plain in the southern Kazeroun Plain. In
this period, three sites (Sk02, 3, 6) are located along the Jereh River. The number of sites has increased from 3 in Bakun B1 to 17 in Bakun B2
period, which reflects the population growth in this period. The majority of sites in this period are located in open plain close to water
sources(Fig. 4). Three sites (Sk02, 3, 4) are near Jereh River, two sites (Sk022, 23) near Shapur River and four sites (Sk011, 18, 20, 21) in the
central plain far from permanent water sources. Sk05, 6, 7,8, 10, 13, 14, 15 sites are in the margin of Parishan Lake.
A reduction in the general population is observed in Bakun A, indicated by few examples of Bakun A pottery in each of the sites as well as the
reduction in the number of smaller sites. In this period, the number of sites was decreased to 9 from 17 in the former period.

Bakun settlement pattern of Mamasani County

In general, the majority of Bakun sites in Mamasani region are located in Dashte Rostam 2 Plain excluding MS31 and MS43, as in the Neolithic
period. The new sites are located in open spaces near constant flow of water like Sarab Siah (m23, ms1) and are transversely spread, and a few
sites are located in open spaces near water in Dasht-e Rostam 1 (Ms51,45,43,31) (Fig. 5). Sites with clear evidence of Early Bakun habitation
(ms1.ms10, ms11) are all close to each other in Dashte Rostam 2 near Sarab Siah River. The sites settled in Middle Bakun (Ms1,9,10,23,31) are
mostly located along Sarab Siah River but a number of them are located along the course of Solak River. There are also clear evidences for
settlement in Dashte Rostam 1 (ms43,31) at this time. The majority of sites show settlement in Late Bakun period
(Ms1,10,11,14,17,23,31,43,45,51) and are distributed in Dashte Rostam 1 and 2.

Discussion
Mean size of the total Bakun sites in Kazeroun Plain is about 482,600 square meters (Fig. 6). The largest prehistoric settlement is Tale Dehdaran
(SK023) with an area of approximately 10 hectares, which had been continuously settled from Middle Neolithic to historic period. It is also
noteworthy that the smallest site of this region is Tale Siah 2 (SK014) with an area of 2400 square meters, which contained pottery data from
chalcolithic and Bronze periods. Total surface area of Bakun sites in Dashte Rostam 1 and 2 is about 212,800 square meters, accounting for less
than half of the area of Bakun sites in Kazeroun Plain(Fig. 7). Tole Nurabad with an area of approximately 9 hectares is the largest Bakun site in
Mamasani region, which includes data from the Mushki and Jari up to the Islamic period. Bakun period sites in Mamasani region are located in a
slope between 0 and 6 degrees except for MS009, a condition observed in Kazeroun Plain as well(Fig. 8 , 9). Kazeroun Plain sites are located in
a region with average annual rainfall of 200-400 ml while in Dashte Rostam 1 and 2 in Mamasani region(Fig. 10), the sites are situated in an area
with average annual 400-800 ml except for the four sites of MS023, MS031, MS039 and MS043 due to higher elevation of Dashte Rostam 1 and
2 relative to Kazeroun Plain(Fig. 11). The altitude has an important effect in precipitation, vegetation and water resources.
Half of the Bakun B2 sites in Kazeroun Plain have an area of approximately 0.5 ha. The largest sites include mound sites of Sk011, Sk020 and
Sk023, the largest of which is Sk023 (Tale Dehdaran) with an area of 10 ha. In Dasht-e Rostam 1 and 2 in Mamasani region, Bakun sites have an
area less than half a hectare similar to Kazeroun Plain. The largest sites include Sk051 and Tole Nurabad, the latter being the largest Bakun site
in Mamsani region with an area of about 9 hectares. This condition is also seen in the Kur River basin, so that the Bakun B2 sites in Kur River
basin are all smaller than 3 hectares regardless of the period, and have often an area of half a hectare or less than one hectare (Sumner 1990b: 4).
Out of 156 residential premises of Bakun in Kur River basin, only 3 are estimated to be between 6 to 8 hectares (Sumner 1994a: 50. Abdi et al.
20103: 339). In Darab-Fasa valleys, the largest Bakun site is larger than 7 hectares, while other sites do not have such a condition (Miroschedji
1973: 2). A few large sites have been identified in Behbahan and Zuhreh valleys, with the largest being Dutulan sites with an area of
approximately 8 Hectares, Tale Sohz with 13.5 hectares and Chogha Sofla with an area of about 15 hectares (Dittmann 1984 : Table. 13), which
are larger than the largest Bakun sites of Kazeroun Plain and Dashte Rostam 1 and 2, including Tale Dehdaran with an area of approximately 10
hectares (Rezaei et al. 2008), Tale Jeidun with 7.5 hectares (Hejabri Nobari et al. 2006) and Tale Rashtoon with 9 hectares.
In Mamasani region, similar to Kazeroun, the number of settlements is significantly increased with the beginning of Bakun B2 compared to the
prior period. The number of sites increases to 10 sites in Bakun 2 from 4 sites in Bakun 1. In Kazeroun Plain, during Bakun B2, 11 sites were
settled for the first time. In Kur River basin, changing location of sites is associated with ecology and water resources, and increasing number of
settlements in Bakun period has been interpreted as an indication of the progress of agriculture (Sumner 1994a: 52-58). The position of
settlements in Bakun 2 suggests the use of irrigation canals to draw water from Kur River (Sumner 1994a: 57). The number of settlements is
decreased in Bakun A and they are more dispersed, and this shows that population growth in this period could not be continued (Sumner 1994a:
58). Reduction in the number of Late Bakun sites in Kazeroun Plain has been similar to what occurred in Bakun A sites in Kur River basin and
Mamasani. This indicates a widespread phenomenon, and perhaps the environmental conditions in these areas have been the reason for it.

Conclusion
The majority of detected sites of Bakun in Kazeroun Plain are located in the center of plain perhaps due to suitable environmental conditions in
view of access to water and pasture (Fig. 12). Kazeroun Plain has rich water resources (Parishan Lake, Jereh River and Shapur River) so does
Dashte Rostam 1 and 2 (Solak River, Sarab Siah, etc.). In addition, fertile soil and proper vegetation in terms of grassland and livestock provide
a fertile ground for agriculture (Fig. 13, 14). All the prehistoric sites of Kazeroun Plain are located in arable lands. Because of natural richness in
this region, most prehistoric settlements of Kazeroun Plain and Dashte Rostam 1 and 2 have several settlement periods. Many Bakun sites in the

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Spatial Analysis of Bakun Period Settlements in Kazeroun and Nurabad Mamasani Counties in Fars Province, Southern Iran
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

plain (13 sites) are less than 1500 meters away from water resources. In Dashte Rostam 1 and 2, the same conditions are observed, and the
majority of sites are less than 1500 meters far from water resources. The spread of Kazeroun Plain settlements within the fertile area and their
proximity to water resources show increase in number of Bakun B2 sites. This can indicate widespread use of agricultural production techniques
by the settlers. However, no evidence of the use of complex irrigation systems was found during the survey. Relative change in the distance
between sites in Kur River basin has been considered an indication of increase in resources. As the distance between sites has changed, available
areas for each village could be increased or decreased. It is difficult to understand whether the settlers were farmers or chose other methods of
sustenance, and it is unlikely to be able to detect all the small sites. In Kazeroun and Mamsani region, no evidence of increase in agriculture can
be found, although the number of sites has been increased.
Settlement patterns in Kazeroun Plain and Dashte Rostam 1 and 2 in Mamasani County have been prevalent in Bakun period with simple
irrigation methods and spread of agriculture, with decreased number of settlemnets with increased distance from lakes and rivers. This pattern is
also observed in Kur River basin. Kazeroun Plain sites near permanent water resources have several advantages, including easy access of settlers
to a truly reliable water resource for direct use and possibility of irrigation agriculture by the settlers. Nowadays, agriculture is in the form of
irrigation agriculture. Ancient climatic data from southwestern Iran (from Mirabad Lake) indicate relatively dry climate during Neolithic to
Bakun transition, and has been dryer than later periods (Griffiths et al. 2001:762). Irrigation could be a good guarantee in a drought period to
provide water during summer months with little or no rainfall and even for increase yield in other months of the year.

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Mohammad Hosein Rezaei *, Hakimeh Bargahi

334

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Appendix

Banesh

Kaftari

Qaleh

Historic

Islamic

Mushki and jari

Distribution of sites relative to

water resources (meter)

Lapui

Tappeh Sorna- Ms001

Eshkaft-e Karah Khonge-Khanimeh Ms009
Tappeh Jovi Khanimeh- Ms010
Tappeh Zurband- Ms011
Tol-e Khasm Ms012
Tol-e Bondu- Ms014
Tappeh Solak Dehnow Sdt-Ms017
Tappeh Moll Shamshiri- Ms020
Tol-e Borj- Ms023
Tappeh Nderi- Ms031
Tappeh Mishband-Ms039
Tol-e Kohneh Zirdu- Ms043
Tappeh Btlage Qaleh No- Ms045
Tol-e Spid- Ms051
Tol-e Nurabad

Bakun A

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Bakun B2

Tale Qalat 2- SK002

Jadval Torki- Sk003
Tale Sangak-Sk004
Tale Badi- Sk005
Tale Qaleh narenji-SK006
Tale Qaleh haj Mohammad- SK007
Kalgeh narges zar-SK008
Mollah Areh- SK010
Tale Jeidun-Sk011
Tale Siah 1- SK013
Tale Siah 2- SK014
Ghabristan Korayi - SK015
Tale Zirakan-SK018
Tale Rashtoon-SK020
Tale Gabri-SK021
Tale panj Mahal-SK022
Tale Dehdaran-SK023

Bakun B1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Extent (hectare)

Sites

51 57 05. 42
29 17 14.57
818m
1
200m
51 50 43.71
29 16 46.09
715m
/4
300m
51 50 43.79
29 21 03.35
615m
/4
300m
51 50 18
29 30 39
844 m
1/4
500m
51 54 59.30
29 28 10.85
808 m
1/4
1/5 km

51 53 57.04
29 27 23.49
822m
/3
400m
51 53 53.29
29 27 19. 88
823m
7/5
500m
51 46 42
29 29 06
819m
/5
1/5 km
51 39 59
29 35 38
807m
7/5
7/5 km
51 46 23.93
29 32 50.87
841m
/4
250 m
51. 48 .18.87
29 32 48.18
840m
/3
250m
51 44 22.82
29 32 48.18
793m
1/4
1/5 km
51 42 09.14
29 34 53.80
859m
7/5
3/5 km

51 36 60
29 38 48
797m
7/5
10/5 km
51 36 20
29 38 48
811m
/6
10/5 km
51 33 19
29 45 58
805m
/5
500m

51 32 36
29 44 20
776m
10
500m

Characteristic of the Bakun Period Sites in the Mamasani Region

51 17 627
30 20 64
812 m
1
51 18 998
30 22 047
869 m
0.08
51 19 791
30 21 432
799 m
0.65

51 20 020
30 21 256
796 m
1h

51 44 718
30 20 951
805 m
0.5
51 21 45
30 19 522
805 m
0.75
51 22 951
30 18 877
815 m
0.8

51 20 167
30 21 180
817 m
0.6

51 03 823
30 19 453
802 m
0.65
51 68 626
30 16 647
864 m
1.5
51 81 931
30 16 647
904 m
1/3
51 25 724
30 34 114
864 m
0.3
?
51 27 992
30 13 162
855 m
0.75
51 29 060
30 13 715
900 m
2.1
51 31 273
30 07 344
965 m
9
-

Longitude

Latitude

Altitude

Number

Table 1. Characteristic of the Bakun Period Sites in the Kazeroun and Mamasani Region

Figure1. Location of Kazeroun and Mamasani on The Map of Fars Povince

Figure 2. Distribution of Bakun sites in the

Kazeroun Plain relative to altitude

335

Spatial Analysis of Bakun Period Settlements in Kazeroun and Nurabad Mamasani Counties in Fars Province, Southern Iran
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Figure 3. Distribution of Bakun sites in the Mamasani Region relative to altitude

Figure 5. Distribution of Bakun sites in the Mamasani Region relative to Water Resource

Figure 4. Distribution of Bakun sites in the

Kazeroun Plain relative to Water Resource

Figure 6. Distribution of Bakun sites in the

Kazeroun Plain in terms of Extent

Mohammad Hosein Rezaei *, Hakimeh Bargahi

International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Figure 7. Distribution of Bakun sites in the Mamasani Region in terms of Extent

Figure 9. Distribution of Bakun sites in the Mamasani Region relative to Slope

Figure 8. Distribution of Bakun sites in the

Kazeroun Plain relative to Slope

Figure 10. Distribution of Bakun sites in the

Kazeroun Plain relative to Rainfall

336

337

Spatial Analysis of Bakun Period Settlements in Kazeroun and Nurabad Mamasani Counties in Fars Province, Southern Iran
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(4), No (3), March, 2015.

Figure 11. Distribution of Bakun sites in the Mamasani Region relative to Rainfall

Figure 13. Distribution of Bakun sites in the

Kazeroun Plain relative to Vegetation

Figure 12. Distribution of Bakun sites in the

Kazeroun Plain relative to Climate Zone

Figure 14. Distribution of Bakun sites in the

Mamasani Region relative to Vegetation