Cold War – threat of force, propaganda, military and economic aid

Communism vs. Capitalism

Yugoslavia is “independent” soviet nation – lead by Tito – people choose communism
Soviet Satellites – areas where communism is imposed
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania
Containment – idea by Kennan
U.S. idea to stop expansion of USSR power – keep communism in pre-existing lands
Truman Doctrine – 1st use of containment
USSR threatens Greece & Turkey, GB couldn’t defend
Truman provides military aid to oppose armed minorities or outside pressures
Available to any nation needing help – stop advancement of communism
Marshall Plan – economic aid to any nation in Europe
Eastern Europe wanted aid, Soviets refused, didn’t want US seeing their economy
Berlin Blockade – USSR blocks all transportation to West Berlin except aid – force West out
West airlifts supplies in – Berlin Airlift
USSR don’t do anything – don’t want war
The Candy Man – pilot would drop candy packages
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – result of USSR actions – (Western Europe)
US, Canada, France, GB, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Denmark,
Iceland, Norway
Warsaw Pact – Soviets and Satellites
MAD – mutual assured destruction
Since each side can blow each other up with an intercontinental ballistic missile, they won’t
– keep us from war
Sputnik – Soviets put satellite into space – US creates NASA as response
Berlin Wall – all around city of West Berlin built by East Germans
East Germans flee out of East Germany – brain drain
Cuban Missile Crisis – missile sites found by US in Cuba – potential of nuclear war
Quarantine Cuba to see what Soviets would do – Soviets willing to remove missiles if US
removes in Turkey
US says they’ll remove 6 months after USSR removes from Cuba
Great Britain
Atlee and Labor Party win election – nationalize coal, steel, transportation
Welfare State – national government provides for well being of citizens
France
New Constitution, Fourth Republic – strong legislature, weak president
Falls after they can’t hold onto Algeria
Emergency Government led by DeGaulle – New Constitution, 5th Republic
Gives independence to most colonies – believes France should be leader of West Europe
Blocks GB from Common Market, withdraws from NATO military (retains political ties)
DeGaulle retires – replaced by Pompidou & D’Estaing who are closer to UK and US
Germany
Christian Democratic party elects Adenaur
Believes in European unity – maintain close ties with USA – reunify Germany under
democratic government
Social Democrats grow under Brandt – wants ostpolitik – reduce east & west tensions
Europe
France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg make up Coal & Steel
Community
First economic unity of NATO – tariff free coal and steel
Common Market – bring WHOLE economy together, not just coal & steel
Formed by Treaty of Rome – compete economically with Japan & US, keep out GB
USSR
Command Economy – government controls ALL economic decisions - communism
Market Economy – everything decided by market (supply & demand), little government –
capitalism
Stalin dies, replaced by Khrushchev – De-Stalinization
Peace between East & West, continue military buildup (cannot accomplish Guns & Butter)
Brezhnev replaces – wins over Kosygin
Returns things back to Stalin times
Limits dissidents – people who criticize government
Solzhenitsyn – new form of writing called Samizdat
Sakharov – father of Soviet h-bomb, complained about limitations of science used only for
military
Economy comes to halt due to focus on military and not consumer spending
Détente – relaxation to improve Soviet – American relations
Nixon goes to Moscow – SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)
USSR invades Afghanistan – resulting in guerilla war to impose communistic government
Strong hold of Eastern Europe under Stalin – begins to dwindle
Military crushes rebellions in Poland – Polish workers are against collectivization
Gomulka appointed – eases situations – first state to run sustained revolution
Solidarity led by Walesa is independent & illegal union that goes underground
Poland ends up defeated Soviet Union
Hungary
Hungary unhappy with Soviets – focused into revolt in fall of 1956
Liberal communists under command of Nagy – Hungary is independent
Soviet tanks into Hungary, Hungary denied help from West – Soviets retake control under Kadar
Czechoslovakia
Last nation to fall to Soviet dominance
Novotny is rigid Stalinist
Soviet Union appoints Dubcek – creates reform period called Prague Spring
Soviet Union unhappy with reforms – switch Warsaw Pact training facilities to South
Germany
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Dubcek ousted from power – new constitution and power to whoever replaces him
Brezhnev Doctrine – Soviet Union can interfere in communist state to counter anticommunist
revolts
Used in Hungary and Czechoslovakia