Chapter 50 Key Terms Page 1379

abnormal breath sounds that occur when air passes through

Adventitious breath narrowed airways or airways filled with fluid or mucus, or when
sounds
pleural linings are inflamed
Apnea
Atelectasis
Biot's respirations
Bradypnea

Cheyne-Stokes
respirations

Closed suction
system

Cyanosis
Diffusion
Dyspnea
Emphysema
Erythrocytes
Eupnea
Expectorate
Hematocrit
Hemothorax
Humidifier

a complete absence of respirations

collapse of the air sacs
shallow breaths interrupted by apnea
abnormally slow respiratory rate, usually less than 10 respirations
per minute
rhythmic waxing and waning of respirations from very deep
breathing to very shallow breathing with periods of temporary
apnea, often associated with cardiac failure, increased intracranial
pressure, or brain damage
a method for suctioning an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy in
which the suction catheter, enclosed in a plastic sheath, attaches to
the ventilator tubing, and the client does not need to be
disconnected from the ventilator
a bluish tinge of skin color
the mixing of molecules or ions of two or more substances as a
result of random motion
difficult or labored breathing
a chronic pulmonary condition in which the alveoli are dilated and
distended
red blood cells, or RBCs
normal, quiet breathing
spit out
the proportion of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to the total blood
volume
the accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
a device that adds water vapor to inspired air

Hypercapnia
Hypercarbia
(hypercapnia)
Hyperinflation

Hyperoxygenation
Hyperventilation
Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Incentive
spirometer
(sustained maximal
inspiration device,
SMI)
Intrapleural
pressure
Intrapulmonary
pressure
Kussmaul's
breathing
Lung compliance
Lung recoil
Orthopnea
Oxyhemoglobin
Partial pressure
Pneumothorax

a condition in which carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood

accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood
giving the client breaths that are greater than the client's normal
tidal volume set on the ventilator through the ventilator circuit or
via a manual resuscitation bag
increasing the oxygen flow before suctioning and between suction
attempts to avoid suction-related hypoxemia
very deep, rapid respirations
low partial pressure of oxygen or low saturation of oxyhemoglobin
in the arterial blood
insufficient oxygen anywhere in the body

a device that measures the flow of air inhaled through a

mouthpiece

pressure in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs

pressure within the lungs
hyperventilation that accompanies metabolic acidosis in which the
body attempts to compensate (give off excess body acids) by
blowing off carbon dioxide through deep and rapid breathing
expansibility of the lung
the tendency of lungs to collapse away from the chest wall
ability to breathe only when in an upright position (sitting or
standing)
the compound of oxygen and hemoglobin
the pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture according
to its percentage concentration in the mixture
accumulation of air in the pleural space

Postural drainage

positioning of a client to allow the drainage, by gravity, of

secretions from the lungs

Respiratory
membrane

where gas exchange occurs between the air on the alveolar side
and the blood on the capillary side; the alveolar and capillary walls

form the respiratory membrane

Sputum

the mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea

Stridor

a harsh, crowing sound made on inhalation caused by constriction

of the upper airway

Suctioning

the aspiration of secretions through a catheter connected to a

suction machine or wall suction outlet

Surfactant

Tachypnea
Tidal volume
Torr
Vibration

a surface-active agent (e.g., soap or a synthetic detergent); in

pulmonary physiology, a mixture of phospholipids secreted by
alveolar cells into the alveoli and respiratory air passages that
reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and thus
contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue
abnormally fast respirations; usually more than 24 respirations per
minute
the volume of air that is normally inhaled and exhaled, 500mL
millimeters of mercury
a series of vigorous quiverings produced by hands that are placed
flat against the chest wall to loosen thick secretions

Chapter 51 Key Terms Page 1427

Afterload

the resistance against which the heart must pump to eject blood into
the circulation

Atherosclerosis

buildup of fatty plaque within the arteries

Atria
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
Atrioventricular
(AV) valves
Automaticity
Blood pressure (BP)
Bundle of His
Cardiac arrest

two upper hollow chambers of the heart

conduction pathways that slightly delay transmission of the impulse
from the atria to the ventricles of the heart
between the atria and ventricles of the heart, the tricuspid valve on
the right and the bicuspid or mitral valve on the left
an electrical impulse and contraction independent of the nervous
system and generated by the cardiac muscle
the force exerted on arterial walls by blood flowing within the vessel
the right and left bundle branches of the ventricular conduction
pathways
the cessation of heart function

the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each ventricular

Cardiac output (CO) contraction
Cardinal signs
Contractility
Coronary arteries
Creatine kinase
(CK)

see Vital signs

the inherent ability of cardiac muscle fibers to shorten or contract
a network of vessels known as the coronary circulation
enzyme that is released into the blood during a myocardial infarction
(MI)

Diastole

in measuring blood pressure, the period during which the ventricles

relax

Endocardium

a layer of the heart wall lining the inside of the heart's chambers and
great vessels

Epicardium

the visceral pericardium adhering to the surface of the heart,

forming the heart's outermost layer

Heart failure

Ischemia
Myocardial
infarction (MI)

a condition that develops if the heart cannot keep up with the body's
need for oxygen and nutrients to the tissues; usually occurs because
of myocardial infarction, but it may also result from chronic overwork
of the heart
deficiency of blood supply caused by obstruction of circulation to the
body part
heart attack; cardiac tissue necrosis owing to obstruction of blood

flow to the heart

Myocardium

Pericardium

a layer of the heart wall; cardiac muscle cells that form the bulk of
the heart and contract with each beat
double layer of fibroserous membrane of the heart; the parietal, or
outermost, pericardium serves to protect the heart and anchor it to
surrounding structures

impedance or opposition to blood flow to the tissues; determined by

Peripheral vascular viscosity, or thickness, of the blood; blood vessel length; blood
resistance (PVR)
vessel diameter

Preload

the degree to which muscle fibers in the ventricle are stretched at

the end of diastole

Purkinje fibers

fibers of the ventricular conduction pathways that terminate in

ventricular muscle, stimulating contraction

Semilunar valves

crescent moon-shaped valves between the cardiac ventricles and the

pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve) and the aorta (aortic valve)

Septum

a dividing structure such as that between the cardiac chambers or

between the two sides of the nose

Sinoatrial (SA or
sinus) node
Stroke volume (SV)
Systole
Troponin
Ventricles

the primary pacemaker of the heart located where the superior vena
cava enters the right atrium
the amount of blood ejected with each cardiac contraction
the period during which the ventricles contract
enzyme that is released into the blood during a myocardial infarction
(MI)
two lower chambers of the heart
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Chapter 52 Key Terms Page 1450

Acid

a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Acidosis

a condition that occurs with increases in blood carbonic acid or with

decreases in blood bicarbonate; blood pH below 7.35

Active transport

movement of substances across cell membranes against the

concentration gradient
Agglutinins

specific antibodies formed in the blood

Agglutinogens

a substance that acts as an antigen and stimulates the production

of agglutinins

Alkalosis

a condition that occurs with increases in blood bicarbonate or

decreases in blood carbonic acid; blood pH above 7.45

Anions

ions that carry a negative charge; includes chlorine (Cl-),

bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (HPO42-), and sulfate (SO4-)

Antibodies

immunoglobulins, part of the body's plasma proteins, defend

primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral
infections

Bases

(alkalis) have low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept

hydrogen ions in solution

Buffers

prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing

hydrogen ions

Cations

ions that carry a positive charge; includes sodium (Na+),

potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+)

Central venous
catheter

catheter that is usually inserted into the subclavian or jugular vein,

with the distal tip of the catheter resting in the superior vena cava
just above the right atrium

Colloid osmotic
pressure

a pulling force exerted by colloids that help maintain the water

content of blood

Colloids

substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily

dissolve into true solutions

Compensation

defense mechanism in which a person substitutes an activity for

one that he or she would prefer doing or cannot do

Crystalloids
Dehydration

salts that dissolve readily into true solutions

insufficient fluid in the body

Diffusion

the mixing of molecules or ions of two or more substances as a

result of random motion

Drop factor

the number of drops that equal 1 mL as specified on the package

of IV tubing

Electrolytes

chemical substances that develop an electric charge and are able to

conduct an electric current when placed in water; ions

Extracellular fluid
(ECF)

fluid found outside the body cells

Filtration

process whereby fluid and solutes move together across a

membrane from one compartment to another

Filtration pressure

the pressure in a compartment that results in the movement of

fluid and substances dissolved in fluid out of the compartment

(hypovolemia) loss of both water and electrolytes in similar

Fluid volume deficit proportions from the extracellular fluid
(hypervolemia) retention of both water and sodium in similar
Fluid volume excess
proportions to normal extracellular fluid (ECF)
(FVE)
Hematocrit

the proportion of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to the total blood

volume

destruction of red blood cells as a result of transfusion of

Hemolytic
incompatible blood
transfusion reaction

Homeostasis

Hydrostatic
pressure
Hypercalcemia
Hyperchloremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypertonic
Hypervolemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypochloremia
Hypokalemia

the tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance or

equilibrium while continually changing; a mechanism in which
deviations from normal are sensed and counteracted
the pressure a liquid exerts on the sides of the container that holds
it; also called filtration force
an excess of calcium in the blood plasma
an excess of chloride in the blood plasma
an excess of potassium in the blood plasma
an excess of magnesium in the blood plasma
an excess of sodium in the blood plasma
an excess of phosphate in the blood plasma
solutions that have a higher osmolality than body fluids
increased blood volume
deficiency of calcium in the blood plasma
deficiency of chloride in the blood plasma
deficiency of potassium in the blood plasma

Hypomagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypotonic
Hypovolemia

Infiltration

Insensible fluid loss

Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
(ICF)
Intravascular fluid
Ions
Isotonic

Metabolic acidosis

deficiency of magnesium in the blood plasma

deficiency of sodium in the blood plasma
deficiency of phosphate in the blood plasma
solutions that have a lower osmolality than body fluids
an abnormal reduction in blood volume
occurs when the tip of the IV is outside the vein and the fluid is
entering the tissues instead; manifested by local swelling, coolness,
pallor, and discomfort at the IV site
fluid loss that is not perceptible to the individual
fluid that surrounds the cells, includes lymph
fluid found within the body cells, also called cellular fluid
plasma
atoms or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electric
charge; electrolytes
solutions that have the same osmolality as body fluids
a condition characterized by a deficiency of bicarbonate ions in the
body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH
falls to less than 7.35

a condition characterized by an excess of bicarbonate ions in the

body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH
Metabolic alkalosis
rises to greater than 7.45

Milliequivalent
Obligatory losses
Oncotic pressure
Osmolality

Osmosis

one-thousandth of an equivalent, which is the chemical combining

power of a substance
essential fluid losses required to maintain body functioning
see Colloid osmotic pressure
the concentration of solutes in body fluids
passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an
area of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute
concentration

Osmotic pressure

Overhydration
Peripherally
inserted central
catheter (PICC)

pressure exerted by the number of nondiffusible particles in a

solution; the amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water
across a membrane
occurs when water is gained in excess of electrolytes, resulting in
low serum osmolality and low serum sodium levels, also known as
hypo-osmolar imbalance or water intoxication
a long venous catheter inserted in an arm vein and extending into
the distal third of the superior vena cava

pH

a measure of the relative alkalinity or acidity of a solution; a

measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions

Pitting edema

edema in which firm finger pressure on the skin produces an

indentation (pit) that remains for several seconds

Plasma

the fluid portion of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended

system initiated by specialized receptors in the juxtaglomerular

Renin-angiotensin- cells of the kidney nephrons that respond to changes in renal
aldosterone system perfusion
Respiratory
acidosis
Respiratory
alkalosis
Selectively
permeable
Solutes
Solvent

Specific gravity

Third space
syndrome

Transcellular fluid

Volume expanders

(hypercapnia) a state of excess carbon dioxide in the body

a state of excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body
cell membranes that allow substances to move across them with
varying degrees of ease
substances dissolved in a liquid
the liquid in which a solute is dissolved
the weight or degree of concentration of a substance compared
with that of an equal volume of another, such as distilled water,
taken as a standard
fluid shifts from the vascular space into an area where it is not
readily accessible as extracellular fluid
compartment of extracellular fluids; includes cerebrospinal,
pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, and
synovial fluids
used to increase the blood volume following severe loss of blood, or
loss of plasma