India - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Coordinates: 21N 78E
India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).
India, officially the Republic of India (Bhrat
Republic of India
Bhrat Gaarjya
Gaarjya),[13][c] is a country in South Asia.
It is the
seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous
country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous
democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on
the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of
Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan
to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east;
and Burma (Myanmar) and Bangladesh to the east. In the
Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the
Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands
share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of
historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian
subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural
wealth for much of its long history.[14] Four religions
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhismoriginated
here, whereas Zoroastrianism and the Abrahamic religions of
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium
CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture.
Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration
of the British East India Company from the early 18th century
and administered directly by the United Kingdom after the
Indian Rebellion of 1857, India became an independent
nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was
marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
Flag
Emblem
Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem: Jana Gana Mana

"Thou art the rulers of the minds of all people"[2][3]
0:00
MENU
National song:
Vande Mataram
"I Bow to Thee, M other"[a][1][3]
The Indian economy is the world's seventh-largest by nominal

GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).[10]
Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India
became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is
considered a newly industrialised country. However, it
Area controlled by India shown in dark green;
claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
Capital
New Delhi
2836.8N 7712.5E
Largest city
Mumbai
continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption,

malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. A
nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the thirdlargest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military
expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional
republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of
29 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic,
multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also home to a
diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Ancient India
2.2 Medieval India
2.3 Early modern India
2.4 Modern India
3 Geography
4 Biodiversity
5 Politics
5.1 Government
5.2 Subdivisions
6 Foreign relations and military
7 Economy
8 Demographics
9 Culture
9.1 Art and architecture
9.2 Literature
9.3 Performing arts
9.4 Motion pictures, television
9.5 Society
9.6 Clothing
9.7 Sports
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links
Etymology
Main article: Names of India
Official languages
Hindi English
Recognised
regional languages
8th Schedule
National language
None
Demonym
Indian
Government
Federal parliamentary
constitutional republic [1]
Pranab Mukherjee
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
Narendra Modi
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Chief Justice
- Speaker of the
House
Legislature
- Upper house
- Lower house
H. L. Dattu[6]
Sumitra Mahajan
Parliament of India
Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
Independence from the United Kingdom

- Dominion
15 August 1947
- Republic
26 January 1950
Area
- Total
- Water (%)
Population
- 2015 estimate
- 2011 census
3,287,590[7] km2 [b] (7th)

1,269,346 sq mi
9.6
1,276,267,000[8] (2nd)
1,210,193,422[9] (2nd)
- Density
384.2/km2 (31st)
995.0/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
- Total
- Per capita
2015 estimate
$7.997 trillion[10] (3rd)
$6,266[10] (124th)
GDP (nominal)
- Total
2015 estimate
$2.308 trillion[10] (7th)
- Per capita
$1,808[10] (141st)
Gini (2010)
33.9[11]
medium 79th
HDI (2013)
0.586[12]
medium 135th
Currency
Indian rupee () (INR)
Time zone
- Summer (DST)
IST (UTC+05:30)
not observed (UTC+05:30)
The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from

the Old Persian word Hindu. The latter term stems from the
Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local
appellation for the Indus River.[15] The ancient Greeks
referred to the Indians as Indoi (), which translates as
"the people of the Indus".[16]
Date format
dd-mm-yyyy (CE)
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+91
ISO 3166 code
IN
Internet TLD
.in
other TLDs
The geographical term Bharat (pronounced [bart

]), which
is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name
for the country,[17] is used by many Indian languages in its variations. The eponym of Bharat is Bharata, a
theological figure that Hindu scriptures describe as a legendary emperor of ancient India.
Hindustan ([nd
st
an]) was originally a Persian word that meant "Land of the Hindus"; prior to 1947, it referred
to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan. It is occasionally used to solely denote India in its
entirety.[18][19]
History
Main articles: History of India and History of the Republic of India
Ancient India
The earliest authenticated human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago.[20] Nearly
contemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at
the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh.[21] Around 7000 BCE, the first known Neolithic settlements
appeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan.[22] These gradually developed into
the Indus Valley Civilisation,[23] the first urban culture in South Asia;[24] it flourished during 25001900 BCE in
Pakistan and western India along the river valleys of Indus and Sarasvati.[25] Centred on cities such as Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged
robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.[24]
During the period 2000500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the
subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age.[26] The
Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,[27] were composed during this
period,[28] and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the
Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain.[26] Most historians also
consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan
migration into the subcontinent.[29][27] The caste system arose during this
period, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, free peasants and
Map of the Indian subcontinent
traders, and lastly the indigenous peoples who were regarded as impure; and
during the Vedic period
small tribal units gradually coalesced into monarchical, state-level
polities.[30][31] On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this
period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.[26] In southern India, a progression to
sedentary life is indicated by the large number of megalithic monuments dating from this period,[32] as well as by
nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.[32]
Paintings at the Ajanta Caves

in Aurangabad, Maharashtra,
6th century
In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and
chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated
into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the
mahajanapadas.[33][34] The emerging urbanisation and the orthodoxies of this
age also created heterodox religious movements, two of which became
independent religions. Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha
attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling
the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in
India.[35][36][37] Jainism came into prominence during the life of its exemplar,
Mahavira.[38] In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up
renunciation as an ideal,[39] and both established long-lasting monastic traditions.

Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or
reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire.[40] The empire was once
thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to
have been separated by large autonomous areas.[41][42] The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empirebuilding and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy
of the Buddhist dhamma.[43][44]
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula
was being ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman
Empire and with West and South-East Asia.[45][46] In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the
family, leading to increased subordination of women.[47][40] By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had
created in the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administration and taxation that became a model for later
Indian kingdoms.[48][49] Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of
ritual began to assert itself.[50] The renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found
patrons among an urban elite.[49] Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy,
medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.[49]
Medieval India
The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.[51]
When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand
southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.[52] When his successor attempted to expand
eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal.[52] When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards,
they were defeated by the Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas
from still farther south.[52] No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much
beyond his core region.[51] During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for the
growing agricultural economy were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling
classes.[53] The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.[53]
In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language.[54] They were imitated
all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the
subcontinent.[54] Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to
the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.[55] Temple towns of various sizes began to appear
everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.[55] By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in SouthEast Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day
Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Java.[56] Indian merchants, scholars,
and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many
sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.[56]
After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse
cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran
South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the
Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206.[57] The sultanate was to control much of North
India, and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for
the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population
to its own laws and customs.[58][59] By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the
13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and
Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers,
learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the
subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.[60][61]
The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India
paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.[62] Embracing a strong
Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the
empire came to control much of peninsular India,[63] and was to influence South
Indian society for long afterwards.[62]
The granite tower of

Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in
1010 CE by Raja Raja Chola
I.
Early modern India

In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers,[64] fell again to the superior
mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.[65] The resulting Mughal Empire did not
stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative
practices[66][67] and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,[68] leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform
rule.[69] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung
realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.[68] The
Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture[70] and mandating that taxes be paid in
the well-regulated silver currency,[71] caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.[69] The relative peace
maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,[69] resulting
in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[72] Newly coherent social groups in
northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing
ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military
experience.[73] Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites
along the coasts of southern and eastern India.[73] As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able
to seek and control their own affairs.[74] The "single most important power" that emerged in the early modern
period was the Maratha confederacy.[75]
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a
number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal
outposts.[76][77] The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military
training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion
of the Indian elite; both these factors were crucial in allowing the Company to gain control over the Bengal region
by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.[78][76][79][80] Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the
subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.[81]
India was then no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the British Empire
with raw materials, and many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.[76] By this time, with
its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British
administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic
arenas such as education, social reform, and culture.[82]
Modern India
Historians consider India's modern age
to have begun sometime between 1848
and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of
Lord Dalhousie as Governor General
of the East India Company set the
stage for changes essential to a modern
state. These included the consolidation
and demarcation of sovereignty, the
surveillance of the population, and the
Writing the will and

testament of the Mughal king
court in Persian, 15901595
The British Indian Empire, from the

1909 edition of The Imperial
Gazetteer of India. Areas directly
governed by the British are shaded
pink; the princely states under British
suzerainty are in yellow.
education of citizens. Technological changesamong them, railways, canals, and the telegraphwere introduced
not long after their introduction in Europe.[83][84][85][86] However, disaffection with the Company also grew during
this time, and set off the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive
British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the
rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.[87][88]
Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and to the
direct administration of India by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited Britishstyle parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against
future unrest.[89][90] In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the
founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885.[91][92][93][94]
The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the
second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks
many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away
markets.[95] There was an increase in the number of large-scale
famines,[96] and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by
Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for
Indians.[97] There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping,
especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production
for internal consumption.[98] The railway network provided critical famine
Jawaharlal Nehru (left) became
relief,[99] notably reduced the cost of moving goods,[99] and helped
India's first prime minister in 1947.
Mahatma Gandhi (right) led the
nascent Indian-owned industry.[98] After World War I, in which
independence movement.
approximately one million Indians served,[100] a new period began. It
was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislations, by more
strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-cooperation, of which
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol.[101] During the 1930s, slow
legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting
elections.[102] The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress's final
push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence
in 1947, but tempered by the partition of India into two states: India and Pakistan.[103]
Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a
secular and democratic republic; upon Indian independence in 1947 George VI ceased to be the Emperor of India,
a title rescinded retroactively by an Act of Parliament on 22 June 1948, and became King of India until 26 January
1950.[104] In the 60 years since, India has had a mixed record of successes and failures.[105] It has remained a
democracy with civil liberties, an active Supreme Court, and a largely independent press.[105] Economic
liberalisation, which was begun in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into one of
the world's fastest-growing economies,[106] and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual
teachings play an increasing role in global culture.[105] Yet, India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty,
both rural and urban;[105] by religious and caste-related violence;[107] by Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies;[108]
and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir and in Northeast India.[109] It has unresolved territorial disputes with
China[110] and with Pakistan.[110] The IndiaPakistan nuclear rivalry came to a head in 1998.[111] India's sustained
democratic freedoms are unique among the world's new nations; however, in spite of its recent economic
successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.[112]
Geography
Main article: Geography of India
See also: Geology of India
India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the Indian
tectonic plate, and part of the Indo-Australian Plate.[113] India's defining
geological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indian plate,
then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a northeastward drift caused by seafloor spreading to its south-west, and later,
south and south-east.[113] Simultaneously, the vast Tethyn oceanic crust,
to its northeast, began to subduct under the Eurasian plate.[113] These
dual processes, driven by convection in the Earth's mantle, both created
the Indian Ocean and caused the Indian continental crust eventually to
under-thrust Eurasia and to uplift the Himalayas.[113] Immediately south
of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that
rapidly filled with river-borne sediment[114] and now constitutes the IndoGangetic Plain.[115] Cut off from the plain by the ancient Aravalli Range
lies the Thar Desert.[116]
A topographic map of India
The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It
extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian
Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.[117] To the south,
the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as
the Western and Eastern Ghats;[118] the plateau contains the country's oldest rock formations, some over one
billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6 44' and 35 30' north
latitude[e] and 68 7' and 97 25' east longitude.[119]
India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi)
belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island
chains.[120] According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43%
sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.[120]
Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both
of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[121] Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi;
the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes.[122] Major peninsular rivers,
whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and
the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[123] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the
Arabian Sea.[124] Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans
delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.[125] India has
two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's southwestern coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in
the Andaman Sea.[126]
The Kedar Range of the Greater

Himalayas rises behind Kedarnath
Temple (Indian state of Uttarakhand),
which is one of the twelve jyotirlinga
shrines.
The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar
Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal
summer and winter monsoons.[127] The Himalayas prevent cold Central
Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian
subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.[128][129] The
Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide
the majority of India's rainfall.[127] Four major climatic groupings
predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and
montane.[130]
Biodiversity
Main article: Wildlife of India
India lies within the Indomalaya ecozone and contains three biodiversity
hotspots.[131] One of 17 megadiverse countries, it hosts 8.6% of all
mammalian, 13.7% of all avian, 7.9% of all reptilian, 6% of all amphibian,
12.2% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.[132][133]
About 21.2% of the country's landmass is covered by forests (tree
canopy density >10%), of which 12.2% comprises moderately or very
dense forests (tree canopy density >40%).[134] Endemism is high among
plants, 33%, and among ecoregions such as the shola forests.[135]
Shola highlands are found in
Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands,
Kudremukh National Park,
Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the
Chikmagalur which is part of the
Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the moist deciduous sal forest of
Western Ghats.
eastern India; the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India;
and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western
Gangetic plain.[136] The medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies, is a key Indian tree. The
luxuriant pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated more than
105 million years before present.[137] Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards and collision with the
Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. Epochal volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years
ago forced a mass extinction.[138] Mammals then entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes
flanking the rising Himalaya.[136] Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians are endemic, only 12.6%
of mammals and 4.5% of birds are.[133] Among them are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and Beddome's toad of the
Western Ghats. India contains 172 IUCN-designated threatened animal species, or 2.9% of endangered
forms.[139] These include the Asiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, the snow leopard and the Indian white-rumped vulture,
which, by ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-laced cattle, nearly went extinct.
The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian
wildlife. In response the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially
expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act[140] and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial
wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.[141] India hosts
more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves,[142] four of which are part of the World
Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.[143]
Politics
Main article: Politics of India
See also: Constitution of India
India is the world's most populous democracy.[144] A parliamentary
republic with a multi-party system,[145] it has six recognised national
parties, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP), and more than 40 regional parties.[146] The Congress is
considered centre-left in Indian political culture,[147] and the BJP rightwing.[148][149][150] For most of the period between 1950when India
first became a republicand the late 1980s, the Congress held a
majority in the parliament. Since then, however, it has increasingly shared
the political stage with the BJP,[151] as well as with powerful regional
parties which have often forced the creation of multi-party coalitions at
the centre.[152]
A parliamentary joint session being

held in the Sansad Bhavan.
In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and
1962, the Jawaharlal Nehru-led Congress won easy victories. On
Nehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly became prime
minister; he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, by
Indira Gandhi, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in
1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the state of emergency
she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977; the
The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official
then-new Janata Party, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in.
residence of the president of India.
Its government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in
1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira
Gandhi was assassinated; she was succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory in the general
elections later that year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition, led by the
newly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that government too proved relatively
short-lived, lasting just under two years.[153] Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute majority.
But the Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha
Rao.[154]
A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. Several short-lived alliances shared
power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively longlasting United Front coalitions, which depended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a
successful coalition, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NDA became the
first non-Congress, coalition government to complete a five-year term.[155] In the 2004 Indian general elections,
again no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another
successful coalition: the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). It had the support of left-leaning parties and MPs who
opposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers, and it no
longer required external support from India's communist parties.[156] That year, Manmohan Singh became the first
prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.[157] In
the 2014 general election, the BJP became the first political party since 1984 to win a majority and govern without
the support of other parties.[158] The current Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi, who was also the former
Chief Minister of Gujarat.
Government
Main article: Government of India
See also: Elections in India
India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India, which serves as the
country's supreme legal document. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, in which "majority
rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law". Federalism in India defines the power distribution between
the federal government and the states. The government abides by constitutional checks and balances. The
Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950,[159] states in its preamble that India is a
sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.[160] India's form of government, traditionally described as "quasifederal" with a strong centre and weak states,[161] has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of
political, economic, and social changes.[162][163]
The federal government comprises three branches:
Executive: The President of India is the head of
state[165] and is elected indirectly by a national
electoral college[166] for a five-year term.[167] The
Prime Minister of India is the head of government and
exercises most executive power.[168] Appointed by
the president,[169] the prime minister is by convention
supported by the party or political alliance holding the
majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.[168]
The executive branch of the Indian government
consists of the president, the vice-president, and the
Council of Ministersthe cabinet being its executive
committeeheaded by the prime minister. Any
minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one
of the houses of parliament.[165] In the Indian
National symbols[1]
Flag
Tiranga
Emblem
Sarnath Lion Capital
Anthem
Jana Gana Mana
Song
Vande Mataram
Currency
(Indian rupee)
Calendar
Saka
Animal
Tiger (land)
River dolphin (aquatic)
Bird
Indian peafowl
Flower
Lotus
Fruit
Mango
Tree
Banyan
Tree
Banyan
parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to

Ganga
River
the legislature; the prime minister and his council are
Not declared[164]
Game
directly responsible to the lower house of the
parliament.[170]
Legislative: The legislature of India is the bicameral
parliament. It operates under a Westminster-style parliamentary system and comprises the upper house
called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") and the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the
People").[171] The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that has 245 members who serve in staggered six-year
terms.[172] Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in numbers proportional to their
state's share of the national population.[169] All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected
by popular vote; they represent individual constituencies via five-year terms.[173] The remaining two
members are nominated by the president from among the Anglo-Indian community, in case the president
decides that they are not adequately represented.[174]
Judicial: India has a unitary three-tier independent judiciary[175] that comprises the Supreme Court, headed
by the Chief Justice of India, 24 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.[175] The Supreme Court has
original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre;
it has appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.[176] It has the power both to declare the law and to strike
down union or state laws which contravene the constitution.[177] The Supreme Court is also the ultimate
interpreter of the constitution.[178]
Subdivisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of India
See also: Political integration of India
India is a federation composed of 29 states and 7 union territories.[179] All states, as well as the union territories of
Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned
on the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed
administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.[180]
Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into
administrative districts. The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and ultimately into villages.
States
A clickable map of the 29 states and 7 union territories of India
1. Andhra Pradesh
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Union territories
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
National Capital Territory of Delhi
Puducherry
Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of India and Indian Armed Forces
Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relations with most nations. In the 1950s, it strongly
supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia and played a lead role in the Non-Aligned Movement.[181] In the late
1980s, the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation of
neighbouring countries: a peace-keeping operation in Sri Lanka between
1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a 1988 coup d'tat
attempt in Maldives. India has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan;
the two nations have gone to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and
1999. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory of
Kashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support
for the independence of Bangladesh.[182] After waging the 1962 SinoIndian War and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India pursued close military
and economic ties with the Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the Soviet
Union was its largest arms supplier.[183]
Narendra Modi meets Vladimir Putin

at the 6th BRICS summit. India and
Russia share extensive economic,
defence, and technological ties.
Aside from ongoing strategic relations with Russia, India has wideranging defence relations with Israel and France. In recent years, it has
played key roles in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the World Trade Organisation. The
nation has provided 100,000 military and police personnel to serve in 35 UN peacekeeping operations across four
continents. It participates in the East Asia Summit, the G8+5, and other multilateral forums.[184] India has close
economic ties with South America,[185] Asia, and Africa; it pursues a "Look East" policy that seeks to strengthen
partnerships with the ASEAN nations, Japan, and South Korea that revolve around many issues, but especially
those involving economic investment and regional security.[186][187]
China's nuclear test of 1964, as well as its repeated threats to intervene in
support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to develop nuclear
weapons.[188] India conducted its first nuclear weapons test in 1974 and
carried out further underground testing in 1998. Despite criticism and
military sanctions, India has signed neither the Comprehensive NuclearTest-Ban Treaty nor the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, considering
both to be flawed and discriminatory.[189] India maintains a "no first use"
nuclear policy and is developing a nuclear triad capability as a part of its
"minimum credible deterrence" doctrine.[190][191] It is developing a
ballistic missile defence shield and, in collaboration with Russia, a fifthgeneration fighter jet.[192] Other indigenous military projects involve the
INS Vikramaditya, the Indian Navy's

biggest warship.
design and implementation of Vikrant-class aircraft carriers and Arihant-class nuclear submarines.[192]
Since the end of the Cold War, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the United
States and the European Union.[193] In 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement was signed between India and the United
States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty, it received waivers from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, ending
earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India became the sixth de facto
nuclear weapons state.[194] India subsequently signed cooperation agreements involving civilian nuclear energy with
Russia,[195] France,[196] the United Kingdom,[197] and Canada.[198]
The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.325 million active troops,
they compose the world's third-largest military.[199] It comprises the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the Indian
Air Force; auxiliary organisations include the Strategic Forces Command and three paramilitary groups: the Assam
Rifles, the Special Frontier Force, and the Indian Coast Guard.[200] The official Indian defence budget for 2011
was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP.[201] For the fiscal year spanning 20122013, US$40.44 billion was
budgeted.[202] According to a 2008 SIPRI report, India's annual military expenditure in terms of purchasing power
stood at US$72.7 billion.[203] In 2011, the annual defence budget increased by 11.6%,[204] although this does not
include funds that reach the military through other branches of government.[205] As of 2012, India is the world's
largest arms importer; between 2007 and 2011, it accounted for 10% of funds spent on international arms
purchases.[206] Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing
Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.[204]
Economy
Main article: Economy of India
See also: Economic history of India, Economic development in India, Tourism in India and Transport in
India
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as of April 2015,
the Indian economy is nominally worth US$2.306 trillion; it is the 7thlargest economy by market exchange rates, and is, at US$7.996 trillion,
the third-largest by purchasing power parity, or PPP.[10] With its average
annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and
reaching 6.1% during 201112,[207] India is one of the world's fastestgrowing economies.[208] However, the country ranks 140th in the world
in nominal GDP per capita and 129th in GDP per capita at PPP.[209]
Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that
were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state intervention
and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An
acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its
economy;[210] since then it has slowly moved towards a free-market
system[211][212] by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment
inflows.[213] India's recent economic model is largely capitalist.[212] India
has been a member of WTO since 1 January 1995.[214]
Cashew packets displayed in a

Supermarket at Paravur near Kollam.
Kollam is known as the Cashew
Capital of the World. An average of
130,000 tonnes of processed
cashews are exporting from Kollam
to various countries in the world
The 486.6-million worker Indian labour force is the world's second-largest, as of 2011.[200] The service sector
makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. Major agricultural
products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.[179] Major industries include
textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport
equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.[179] In 2006, the share of external trade in India's
GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.[211] In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;[215] In 2011,
India was the world's tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter.[216] Major exports include
petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.[179]
Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.[179] Between 2001 and 2011, the
contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.[217] India was the
second largest textile exporter after China in the world in calendar year 2013.[218]
Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007,[211] India has more than doubled its
hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century.[219] Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since
1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.[220] Though ranking 51st in
global competitiveness, India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in
business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies, as of 2010.[221] With 7 of
the world's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the
second-most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States, as of 2009.[222] India's consumer market,
currently the world's eleventh-largest, is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030.[220]
India's telecommunication industry, the world's fastest-growing, added 227 million subscribers during the period
201011,[223] and after the first quarter of 2013, India surpassed Japan to become the third largest smartphone
market in the world after China and the U.S.[224]
Its automotive industry, the world's second fastest growing, increased
domestic sales by 26% during 200910,[225] and exports by 36% during
200809.[226] India's capacity to generate electrical power is 250
gigawatts, of which 8% is renewable. At the end of 2011, the Indian IT
industry employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to
US$100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP and contributed 26% of
India's merchandise exports.[227]
The Delhi Metro rapid transit system
and the low-floor CNG buses.
Infrastructure in India in the next five
years is estimated to bring in $1
trillion in investment, half of it by
India's private sector.
The pharmaceutical industry in India is among the significant emerging markets for global pharma industry. The
Indian pharmaceutical market is expected to reach $48.5 billion by 2020. India's R & D spending constitutes 60%
of the biopharmaceutical industry.[228][229] India is among the top 12 biotech destinations of the world.[230][231] The
Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 201213, increasing its revenues from 204.4 Billion INR (Indian Rupees)
to 235.24 Billion INR (3.94 B US$ - exchange rate June 2013: 1 US$ approx. 60 INR).[232] Although hardly 2%
of Indians pay income taxes.[233]
Despite impressive economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio-economic challenges.
India contains the largest concentration of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of
US$1.25 per day,[234] the proportion having decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005, and 25% in 2011.[235]
30.7% of India's children under the age of five are underweight.[236] According to a Food and Agriculture
Organization report in 2015, 15% of Indian population is undernourished.[237][238] The Mid-Day Meal Scheme
attempts to lower these rates.[239] Since 1991, economic inequality between India's states has consistently grown:
the per-capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.[240]
Corruption in India is perceived to have increased significantly,[241] with one report estimating the illegal capital
flows since independence to be US$462 billion.[242]
Driven by growth, India's nominal GDP per capita has steadily increased from US$329 in 1991, when economic
liberalisation began, to US$1,265 in 2010, and is estimated to increase to US$2,110 by 2016; however, it has
remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future. However, it is currently higher than Pakistan,
Nepal, Bangladesh and others.[243]
According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that
of the United States by 2045.[244] During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised
average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050.[244] The report
highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing
sector because of rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven
by a rapidly growing middle class.[244] The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it
must continue to focus on public sector reform, transport infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal
of labour regulations, education, energy security, and public health and nutrition.[245]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of India
With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census report,[9] India is the world's second-most
populous country. Its population grew by 17.64% during 20012011,[246] compared to 21.54% growth in the
previous decade (19912001).[246] The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000
males.[9] The median age was 24.9 in the 2001 census.[200] The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951,
counted 361.1 million people.[247] Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural
productivity brought about by the "Green Revolution" have caused India's population to grow rapidly.[248] India
continues to face several public health-related challenges.[249][250]

Life expectancy in India is at 68 years with life expectancy for women being 69.6 years and for men being
67.3.[251] There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians.[252] The number of Indians living in urban areas has
grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.[253] Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.[254][255] The level of
urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census. The slowing down of the overall
growth rate of population was due to the sharp decline in the growth rate in rural areas since 1991.[256] According
to the 2011 census, there are 53
million-plus cities in India; among them
Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad,
Chennai, Ahmedabad, Pune and
Kolkata are in order of the most
populous metropolitan areas. The
literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%:
65.46% among females and 82.14%
among males.[257] The rural urban
literacy gap which was 21.2 percentage
points in 2001, dropped to 16.1
Children prepare for a
percentage points in 2011. The
traditional dance in Tripura.
improvement in literacy rate in rural
area is two times that in urban
A population density and Indian
Railways connectivity map. The
areas.[256] Kerala is the most literate state with 93.91% literacy; while
Bihar the least with 63.82%.[257]
already densely settled Indo-Gangetic

Plain is the main driver of Indian
population growth.
India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by

about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (24%). Other languages
spoken in India come from the Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan language families. India has no national
language.[258] Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government.[259][260] English
is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language";[261] it is
important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has one or more
official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 22 "scheduled languages". The Constitution of India
recognises 212 scheduled tribal groups which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population.[262] The
2011 census reported[263] that Hinduism (79.8% of the population) is the largest religion in India, followed by Islam
(14.23%). Other religions or none (5.97% of the population) include Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism,
Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bah' Faith.[264] India has the world's largest Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Zoroastrian, and
Bah' populations, and has the third-largest Muslim population and the largest Muslim population for a non-Muslim
majority country.[265][266]
Culture
Main article: Culture of India
Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.[267] During the Vedic period (c. 1700 500 BCE), the
foundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology, theology and literature were laid, and many beliefs and practices
which still exist today, such as dhrma, krma, yga, and moka, were
established.[16] India is notable for its religious diversity, with Hinduism,
Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism among the nation's
major religions.[268] The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been
shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the
Upanishads,[269] the Yoga Sutras, the Bhakti movement,[268] and by
Buddhist philosophy.[270]
Art and architecture

Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of
Mughal architecture, and South Indian architecture, blends ancient local
A Toda tribal hut exemplifies Indian

vernacular architecture.
traditions with imported styles.[271] Vernacular architecture is also highly regional in it flavours. Vastu shastra,
literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan,[272] explores how the laws of
nature affect human dwellings;[273] it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived
cosmic constructs.[274] As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of
foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the
"absolute".[275] The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memory
of his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of
the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage".[276] Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, developed
by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture.[277]
Literature
The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1700 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit
language.[278][279] Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the Mahbhrata and the
Ramayana, the dramas of Klidsa such as the Abhijnakuntalam (The Recognition of akuntal), and
poetry such as the Mahkvya.[280][281][282] Kamasutra, the famous book about sexual intercourse also originated
in India. Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the Sangam literature, consisting of 2,381
poems, is regarded as a predecessor of Tamil literature.[283][284][285][286] From the 14th to the 18th centuries,
India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of devotional poets
such as Kabr, Tulsds, and Guru Nnak. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought
and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.[287]
In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the
20th century, Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore.[288]
Performing arts
Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles. Classical music encompasses two genres and their
various folk offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic schools.[289] Regionalised popular forms
include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a wellknown form of the latter. Indian dance also features diverse folk and
classical forms. Among the better-known folk dances are the bhangra of
Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of Odisha, West Bengal and
Jharkhand, garba and dandiya of Gujarat, ghoomar of Rajasthan, and
the lavani of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms
and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by
India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are:
bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh,
kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh,
manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Odisha, and the sattriya of Assam.[290]
Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written
A Kuchipudi dance performance is

accompanied by Carnatic
vocalisations.
dialogue.[291] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from

medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includes
the bhavai of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and
ramlila of North India, tamasha of Maharashtra, burrakatha of
Andhra Pradesh, terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of
Karnataka.[292]
Motion pictures, television

The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema.[293] Established regional cinematic traditions
exist in the Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, and
Telugu languages.[294] South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.[295]
Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication, and had slow expansion
for more than two decades.[296][297] The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in the 1990s and, since
then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped popular culture of Indian society.[298] Today, television is the most
penetrative media in India; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 there are over 554 million TV consumers,
462 million with satellite and/or cable connections, compared to other forms of mass media such as press (350
million), radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).[299]
Society
Traditional Indian society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy. The Indian caste system embodies much of the
social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. Social classes are defined by
thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jtis, or "castes".[300] India declared untouchability to
be illegal[301] in 1947 and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives. At the
workplace in urban India and in international or leading Indian companies, the caste related identification has pretty
much lost its importance.[302][303] Family values are important in the Indian tradition, and multi-generational
patriarchal joint families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban
areas.[304] An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents
or other family members.[305] Marriage is thought to be for life,[305] and the divorce rate is extremely low.[306]
Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; many women in India wed before reaching 18, which is their
legal marriageable age.[307] Female infanticide in India and female foeticide in India have caused a discrepancy in
the sex ratio, as of 2005 it was estimated that there were 50 million more males than females in the nation.[308][309]
However the recent report from 2011 shown improvement among the gender ratio.[310] The payment of dowry,
although illegal, remains widespread across class lines.[311] Deaths resulting from dowry, mostly from bride burning,
are on the rise.[312]
Many Indian festivals are religious in origin; among them are Chhath,
Christmas, Diwali, Durga Puja, Bakr-Id, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi,
Holi, Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan, Navratri, Thai Pongal, and
Vaisakhi. India has three national holidays which are observed in all
states and union territories: Republic Day, Independence Day, and
Gandhi Jayanti. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve,
are officially observed in individual states.
Throughout India, many people practice customs and religious rituals,
such as "Saskra", which is a series of "personal sacraments and rites
conducted at various stages throughout life".[313]
Clothing
Main article: Clothing in India
Top: Roti bread and sabzi vegetable

stew are cooked outdoors in the Thar
Desert using traditional Rajasthani
methods. Bottom: The kitchen of a
Hindu temple.
Cotton was domesticated in India by 4000 BCE. Traditional Indian dress

varies in colour and style across regions and depends on various factors,
including climate and faith. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as the sari for women and the
dhoti or lungi for men. Stitched clothes, such as the shalwar kameez for women and kurtapyjama combinations
or European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.[314] Use of delicate jewellery, modelled on real
flowers worn in ancient India, is part of a tradition dating back some 5,000 years; gemstones are also worn in India
as talismans.[315]
Sports
Main article: Sport in India
In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular, such as kabaddi, kho kho, pehlwani and gillidanda. Some of the earliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as kalarippayattu, musti yuddha, silambam, and
marma adi, originated in India. Chess, commonly held to have originated in India as chaturaga, is regaining
widespread popularity with the rise in the number of Indian grandmasters.[316][317] Pachisi, from which parcheesi
derives, was played on a giant marble court by Akbar.[318]
The improved results garnered by the Indian Davis Cup team and other Indian tennis players in the early 2010s
have made tennis increasingly popular in the country.[319] India has a comparatively strong presence in shooting
sports, and has won several medals at the Olympics, the World Shooting Championships, and the Commonwealth
Games.[320][321] Other sports in which Indians have succeeded

internationally include badminton[322] (Saina Nehwal is the top ranked
female badminton player in the world), boxing,[323] and wrestling.[324]
Football is popular in West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the
north-eastern states.[325]
Cricket is the most popular game

among India's masses. Shown here is
an instance of street cricket.
Field hockey in India is administered by Hockey India. The Indian

national hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and have, as of
2012, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals,
making it the sport's most successful team in the Olympics.
India has also played a major role in popularising cricket. Thus, cricket
is, by far, the most popular sport in India. The Indian national cricket
team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup events, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, shared the 2002 ICC
Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka, and won 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. Cricket in India is administered by the
Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI); the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani
Trophy, and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy are domestic competitions. The BCCI is also responsible for
conducting an annual Twenty20 competition known as the Indian Premier League.
India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games; the 1987,
1996, and 2011 Cricket World Cup tournaments; the 2003 Afro-Asian Games; the 2006 ICC Champions
Trophy; the 2010 Hockey World Cup; and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major international sporting events
held annually in India include the Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon, the Delhi Half Marathon, and the Indian
Masters. The first Indian Grand Prix featured in late 2011 but has been discontinued from the F1 season calendar
since 2014.[326]
India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. An example of this dominance is the
basketball competition where Team India won three out of four tournaments to date.[327] The Rajiv Gandhi Khel
Ratna and the Arjuna Award are the highest forms of government recognition for athletic achievement; the
Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching.
See also
List of India-related articles
Outline of India
Notes
a. "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government
may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle
for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it."
(Constituent Assembly of India 1950).
b. "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the
total area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the
United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km2
(1,147,960 sq mi)." (Library of Congress 2004).
c. See also: Official names of India
c. See also: Official names of India

d. The Government of India regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of Kashmir to be part of
India. However, this is disputed, and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source:
"Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)"
(http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2008.
e. The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir; however, the
Government of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the
Northern Areas administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the longitude 37 6' to its
northernmost point.
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External links
National Portal (http://india.gov.in/) of the Government of India

India (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html) entry at The World
Factbook
India (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India) at DMOZ
India profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12557384) from the BBC News
India (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India) Encyclopdia Britannica entry
India (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm) at the UCB Government Information Library
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&oldid=680125114"
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Coordinates: 21N 78E

Gaarjya),[13][c] is a country in South Asia.

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

Anthem: Jana Gana Mana

The Indian economy is the world's seventh-largest by nominal

continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption,

Independence from the United Kingdom

3,287,590[7] km2 [b] (7th)

Indian rupee () (INR)

The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from

ISO 3166 code

The geographical term Bharat (pronounced [bart

Paintings at the Ajanta Caves

renunciation as an ideal,[39] and both established long-lasting monastic traditions.

The granite tower of

Early modern India

Writing the will and

The British Indian Empire, from the

A topographic map of India

The Kedar Range of the Greater

A parliamentary joint session being

Sarnath Lion Capital

Jana Gana Mana

parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to

A clickable map of the 29 states and 7 union territories of India

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Foreign relations and military

Narendra Modi meets Vladimir Putin

INS Vikramaditya, the Indian Navy's

Cashew packets displayed in a

continues to face several public health-related challenges.[249][250]

already densely settled Indo-Gangetic

India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by

Art and architecture

A Toda tribal hut exemplifies Indian

A Kuchipudi dance performance is

dialogue.[291] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from

Motion pictures, television

Top: Roti bread and sabzi vegetable

Cotton was domesticated in India by 4000 BCE. Traditional Indian dress

Games.[320][321] Other sports in which Indians have succeeded

Cricket is the most popular game

Field hockey in India is administered by Hockey India. The Indian

c. See also: Official names of India

Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 4143.

Robb 2001, pp. 151152.

Crame & Owen 2002, p. 142.

Ghosh 2009, pp. 282289.

Deutsch 1969, pp. 3, 78.

Binmore 2007, p. 98.

Sharma, B. K. (August 2007), Introduction to the Constitution of India (https://books.google.com/books?

Foreign relations and military

539390-3, retrieved 22 July 2011

World Economic Outlook Update (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/update/02/pdf/0611.pdf) (PDF),

Institute, ISBN 978-0-85170-669-6

National Portal (http://india.gov.in/) of the Government of India

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