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k
k ( n a )
na
=1,2,,n
(5.218)
k ( n a )
Ik 0
(5.219)
Taking into account that in (5.218) and (5.219) the currents ik,
respectively I , are algebraical summed (then with positive or negative
sign), we shall be able to define an affiliation matrix of branches to the
circuit nodes, which will have the number of rows equal to the number of
branches and the number of columns equal to the number of nodes, and the
coefficients of this matrix nkawill be:
k
+1 if
nka=
lk na
and
lk
na
-1 if
0 if
l k na
and
lk
na
l k na
(5.219)
In the case of the circuit from fig. 5.50, the affiliation matrix (N)
branches-nodes has the form:
n1
n2
n3
n4
n5
n6
l1
1
-1
l2
1
-1
l3
1
-1
l4
1
-1
l5
1
-1
l6
1
-1
l7
-1
1
l8
1
-1
l9
1
-1
l10
1
-1
Fig. 5.51.
kna
ka
k n a
ka
. ik 0
. Ik 0
(a)
(b)
(5.221)
i1
i
i 2
(a)
.....
il
I2
...
I l
(b)
In our case
i1
i
i 2 ;
.....
i10
I1
I2
I
...
I10
(5.222)
then will be able to write Kirchhoff's first theorem using matrices under the
form:
N . i ] 0]
(5.223)
or in complex:
N . I ] 0]
(5.224)
0] - represents a column vector with n-rows, with all the elements zero. The
above relations refer to isolated networks (with no relation with the
exterior).
If the networks are not isolated, we should introduce in the points of
contact with the exterior (in the connection nodes), current sources which
will generate currents in the respective nodes, this way substituting the interconnection terminals (fig. 5.53).
In this case, choosing a separation surface which surrounds the node, for
the quasi-stationary regime we'll get:
dq
i
dt
(5.225)
or in our case:
i1 i 2 i3 i 4 j a 0
(5.226)
k ( n a )
ka
. ik ja
(5.227)
We can write Kirchhoff's first theorem - in matrix formulation, for unisolated networks under the forms:
-for instantaneous values:
N . i ] j ]
(5.228)
-in complex:
N . I ] J ]
(5.229)
Here j] is the column vector which has non-zero elements only for
that nodes which have connections with the exterior (in which we introduce
sources of current).
If the network has sub-networks, Kirchhoff's first theorem is applied
for (n-s) nodes, obtaining a reduced matrix [N0] which will have (n-s)
columns - corresponding to the (n-s) independent nodes (fig. 5.53) and l
-lines.
N 0
. i] j]
(5.230)
-in complex:
N 0
. I] J]
(5.231)
k( o p )
bk
o p 1, 2 ,..., o
(5.232)
ubk ek Rk ik
dk
1
. ik dt
dt
Ck
(5.233)
k Lk ik Lkj i j
(5.234)
j 1
jk
(5.233')
jk
Hence, using (5.232) too, we'll obtain Kirchhoff's Second Theorem for a
loop of circuit (with active and passive elements) under the form:
dik l di j 1
k(o ) (Rk ik Lk dt j1 Lkj . dt C . ikdt) k(o e) k
k
p
p
(5.235)
j k
k ( o p )
U bk 0
1 l
k(o ) Rk Ik jLk.Ik jC . Ik j1 jLkj. I j k(o )Ek
k
p
p
j k
(5.236)
or:
1 l
k(o ) Rk jLk jC . Ik j1 jLkj . I j k(o ) Ek
k
p
p
j k
(5.237)
ckp
if lk o p and the sense along the branch k (the same with the sense of
current) and the sense of crossing over the loop o p are alike
if lk o p but the sense of branch k and the sense of crossing over the
loop o p are different
if l k o p
(5.241)
lk/op
l1
l2
l3
l4
l5
l6
l7
l8
l9
l10
o1
1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o2
0
1
0
0
-1
1
0
0
0
-1
o3
o4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
-1
1
1
0
1
fig.5.54
Using the coefficients ckp given by (5.240) we'll
Kirchhoff's Second theorem (5.232) under the form:
k ( o p )
kp
ubk 0
o5
0
0
0
-1
1
0
0
1
0
0
be able to write
(5.242)
If we'll define the column vector of the voltages at the terminals of the
circuit branches:
ub1
ub
ub 2
(5.243)
.....
ubl
C ub 0
(5.244)
dik 1 l dij
ckp (ubk ek ) k(o )ckp .(Rk ik Lk . dt C .ikdt j1 Lkj . dt ) (5.245)
k(o p )
k
p
j k
dik 1 l dij
k(o )ckp .(Rk ik Lk . dt C . ikdt j1 Lkj dt ) k(o c) kp ek
k
p
p
(5.246)
jk
e1
e2
(5.247)
.....
el
d
d
d 1
R 1 L1 dt L12
. . L1l
dt C1
dt
dt
1
d
L21 R2 L2 dt . . L2l
z dt dt C2 dt
..
..
..
d
d
d 1
Ll2 Rl Ll dt
Ll1
dt
dt Cl
dt
(5.248)
This way the relations of the form (5.245) or (5.246) can be written
using matrix:
-for (5.245) we'll have:
C (ub e) C z i
(5.249)
-for (5.246):
C z . i C e
(5.250)
R1 jL1
jL21
[Z ]
1
jC1
.........................
jLl1
jL12
R2 jL2
jL1l
...
1
jC2
... jL2l
..........................
jLl 2
...
1
Rl jLl
jCl
(5.251)
and we'll use again the theorems of complex representation. It will result:
C U b 0
(5.252)
C Z
I C E
(5.253)
C N 0
(5.255)
N 0 I 0
C Z I C
(5.256)
N 0 I J
C Z I C
(5.257)
- the knowledge of the currents through the sides with current-sources leads
to a decreasing of the number of equations written with Kirchhoff's second
theorem; for this aim we'll choose the fundamental loops so that through the
branches with current-sources a single fundamental loop should cross: for
these loops the equations with the second theorem vanishes and it's replaced
by the current of the source which is the current of branch.
- this way the number of equations written with the second theorem is
decreased from "o" to "(o - nj)" where nj is the number of the current
sources.
N 0 I J
C Z I C
(5.258)
- at the excitations E''] and J''] will result the currents I''] given by:
N 0 I J
C Z I C
(5.259)
(5.260)
then, summing member by member the relations (5.258) and (5.259) we'll
find:
N 0 I I J J
Z I I C E
(5.261)
I S I I
(5.262)
(5.263)
If we'll express these currents using the coefficients given by (5.240), we
can write:
Ik
c
plk
kp
I cp
(5.264)
or matricially:
I C I c
where:
(5.265)
Ic
I c1
I c 2
(5.266)
...
I co
C Z C
or:
I C C E
Z C I C E
C E
(5.268)
Z11
...
Z Z k1
...
Z o1
Z12
... Z1 j
...
Z k 2
...
Z o 2
...
...
...
...
...
Z kj
...
Z oj
...
Z1o
... ...
... Z ko
... ...
... Z oo
(5.269)
we'll be able to write:
Z'
IC E
(5.270)
Zkk Z p Z pq
p(ok )
p ok
q ok
(5.271)
"-" if the sense of flowing passes differently through the polarized terminals
(the sense of the contour current from the loop "k" gets in a polarized
terminal and goes out from the other polarized terminal for the magnetic
coupled coils p and q).
(ii)
Z kj Z p Z pq
p(ok )
p(o j )
p(ok )
q(o j )
(5.272)
E 1
E 2
...
E o
(5.273)
The
schema was
represented directly in complex.
We first analyze the circuit.
We have: l = 3, n = 2 (n-1 = 1); o = l-n+1 = 2.
We choose the contours as in figure 5.56. The equations with (5.268)
developed are:
Z 11 I c1 Z 12 I c2 E1
Z 21 I c1 Z 22 I c2 E2
(5.274)
Z 11 R jX jX jX R jX 2 jX
1
C1
L1
L3
3
C3
M 13
Z 12 R3 jX C 3 jX L3 jX M 12 jX M 13
Z 21 Z 12
Z 22 R2 jX L 2 R3 jX L3 jX C 3
E 1 E 1 E 3
(5.275)
E 2 E 2 E 3
I 1 I c1
I 2 I c2
I I I
3 c1 c 2
(5.276)
(5.277)
Taking into account that the matrix [Z] is square and may be inversed,
its inverse being the matrix [Y]:
[Y]=[Z]-1
(5.278)
(5.279)
(5.280)
.
Symbolizing with V] - the column-vector of the potentials of the nnodes between U b and V will exist the relation:
Ub
(5.281)
V E
(5.282)
I J
N Y N
V E
Y N V N Y E J
(5.283)
We symbolized:
Y N Y N
(5.284)
V J N Y E
V J I 'sc
or:
in (5.285) we have:
[Y'] - the matrix of the admittances of nodes;
V]
- the column vector of the potentials of the nodes;
(5.285)
J]
- the vector of the injections of current from the nodes of the circuit
(of the current-sources)
I ' sc - the column vector of the currents of the short-circuit from the
network nodes.
The method of the potential of nodes is easier applied at circuits
without mutual-couplings, where [Z] is a diagonal matrix, then which is easy
to inverse. Using these methods we'll be able to reduce the number "l" of
equations written with Kirchhoff's theorems at (n-1) equations written with
Kirchhoff's First Theorem.
For this aim, taking into account that the potentials are not uniquely
determined but in exchange the potential differences are constants at the
sides terminals, we'll be able to choose a node with reference potential null,
following that the other potentials should be expressed reported to it. In this
situation the matriceal equation (5.285) becomes:
Y
0
Here:
V 0 J0
Y 11
...
Y 0 Y
k1
...
Y n 1,1
I sc 0
(5.286)
Y 12
...
Y 1k
...
...
Y k 2
...
...
Y kk
...
...
Y n 1, 2
...
...
...
... Y n 1, k
...
Y 1, n 1
...
Y k , n 1
...
...
... Y n 1, n 1
(5.287)
where:
(a) Y kk - symbolizes the proper admittance of the node k, which is equal
with the sum of the admittances of the sides which converge in the node k:
Y 'kk
p n k
(5.288)
(b) Y kj is the sum of the admittances of the branches that make the
connection between the node k and the node j, taken with changed sign:
Y kj Yp
p(nk )
p(nj )
(5.289)
hence:
Ik
U bk E k
Zk
(5.290)