1 .

2 .
3 .

a = 6378137m
b

a b
1
f

a
298.257522101

1. GRS 80 (Geodetic Reference System of 1980)

2. GPSWGS 84 (World Geodetic System 84)

 .
1 . (X,Y)()

()
XY
(Transverse Mercator)

2 . (Z)
19(
)
3

(2+1)

()

X,Y

()

X,Y

+
()

X,Y

+
()

X,Y

X,Y
4

()

()

Random Error

Systematic Error

Blunder,
Gross Error,
Mistake

1 .

2 . P.67


.
1.
2 .
(Least Squares Adjustment)
.
1.
2.
3.
.
1.
2.
8

1. (Degree of Freedom)
=
= (Redundancy)
2. >0

N
(NN)


()
()

()
(Normal Distribution)
(Accidental Error)
1 v

( i )2

f (v i )

vi li (Residual)
l i

(Standard Error)
10


nl1 , l 2 .....l n

li

vi l i
n

v 2 12
(
)
n 1
(P.76)

11

<44

70-74

16

45-49

75-79

12

50-54

80-84

10

55-59

10

85-89

60-64

12

90-94

65-69

15

>95

12

70
13

18
16

1. (/
)
()

14
12
10

2.

8
6

3.

4
2
0
<44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85-89

90-94

>95

4.

13

14


()

()

15

()

f (v) dv 1

16

+68%
(68%68%Confidence Interval)
1.65+1.6590%
(90%90%Confidence Interval)
1.96+1.9695%
(95%95%Confidence Interval)

A
A

17


. 68%
. rr1/2
50%
.

vi l i

18

1.
rt = 10.67450.7979
2.
()

19

(Error Propagation)
y f ( x1 , x2 ,.....xn )

x
x2 x
x3 x

x n x
x1

y
f
f
f
y [( )2 x21 ( ) 2 x22 ........ ( )2 x2n ]2
x1
x2
xn
1

f 2 2 2
[ ( ) xi ]
i 1 xi
n

20

(Error Propagation)

x i ()
(2) ( x )
(3) x i (
(1)

21

 y x12 x22 x32

x1 10.0 0.1 x2 15.0 0.2 x3 20.0 0.3
y y =

y 102 152 202 725

f 2 2
f 2 2
f 2 2 2
y [( ) x1 ( ) x2 ........ ( ) xn ]
x1
x2 y
xn
1

[(2 x1 ) 2 x21 (2 x2 ) 2 x22 (2 x3 ) 2 x23 ]

1
2

1
2 2

[(20) 2 (0.1) 2 (30) 2 (0.2) 2 (40) 2 (0.3) ] 184

22

l1

l2

l3

ln

Ln
()L

L l1 l 2 .......l n

L 2 2
L 2 2
L 2 2 2
L [( ) ( ) ........ ( ) ]
l1
l 2
l n
1

1
2 2

[ 2 2 ..... ] n

23

Dn d1 , d 2 ,......., d n
d i D
n

D d i
i 1

n
D 2 2 2
1 2 2 2
1
D [ ( ) di ] [ ( ) ]
n
i 1 d i
i 1 n
n

24


1.30.0000.030m25.0000.025m
750.000m2;1.061m2
2.5.00m0.02m
25m2;0.628m2;10m;0.126m
Y

3.A (XAYA)
AB(
) ABd
d

d
X

(1) X B f X A , , d YB g YA , , d
(2) X h XA , X , , , d , d
B

Y k YA , Y , , , d , d
B

25

4.B (XBYB)

(1) 100000 20.6

d 100.000m d 0.010m
(2) 100000 5
d 100.000m d 0.010m

(3) 1000000 20.6

d 100.000m d 0.010m

(4)
Rad()
(1) X B 0.010m YB 0.010m

(2) X B 2.952E 3m YB 9.857E 3m

(3) X B 0.010 m YB 0.010 m

26

5.ABd

AC f d , , , ,

AC
d

sin sin

AC

cos
F
d sin 2

sin

AC
2

sin
d
sin
F

sin
d
sin

AC 2 2 d 2
d
1

1
2

F 2 2 F 2 2 2

F d cos

sin

cos sin

d
2
sin

F sin

d sin
1

AC

2
2
d
2

cos sin
2
2

cos
d f d , , , ,
2
sin

sin

27

6.AC
(1) 45 , 45 , 90 , d 100.000m
20.6
(2) 2 , 2 , 176 , d 100.000m
20.6
(3) 88 , 88 , 4 , d 100.000m
20.6
(4)
90

(1) 0.007m

(2) 0.160m

(3) 2.046m

28

S
7.

h
d
AB S=200.000m0.010m
AB h=10.000m0.005m
ABdd()
199.749 m; 0.010 m

8. AB
H A 100.000m 0.010m
z
i 1.500m 0.005m

z 1.500m 0.010m
B
d 100.000m 0.010m
i A
45o 00 ' 00"
d
(1)B
200.000 m
(2)B0.020m

< 8.93
29


(Total Differentiation)

y f ( x1, x2 ,..... xn )
dy

f
f
f
dx1
dx2 ...........
dxn (1)
x1
x2
xn

f 2 2
f 2 2
f 2 2 12
y [( ) x1 ( ) x2 ........ ( ) xn ] (2)
x1
x2
xn

(1)(2)
(1)y
(2)y
y
30


(Total Differentiation)

(1)A=x*yx=10.0dx=-0.2
y=5.0dy=+0.1

dA=(y)*dx+(x)*dy=0
(2)x=10.00.2 y=5.00.1

1
2 2

A [(5) (0.2) (10) (0.1) ] 2

2

31


.
(1)
(a)
(b)

(c) ()
(2)
/

(3)

32

. y f ( xi ), xi i
(1) i y

(2) y f ( xi ) () y
y
(3)

x i

33

()
.n l1 , l 2 ,......., l n

(Most Probable ValueMPV)n (Mean)

MPV=
n

(
)
MPV()

34

()
.
v1 l1 X v2 l2 X vn ln X

----------()

2 1
2

n 1

()
1 2 ......... n
v1 v2 vn

li (
)
35

()

. X(MPV)
l i XX
X

n(n 1)

1
2

li

n
x 2 2 12
x 2 2 12
X [ ( ) i ] [ ( ) ]
i 1 li
i 1 li
n

2 1
1
v
1 2 2 2
1
)2 ( 1 )
[ ( ) ]
(
n 1
n
n
i 1 n
n

n(n 1)

1
2

36

 l1 30.010m l 2 30.005m l3 30.000m l 4 29.990m

l5 29.995m

l
MPV = x =
n

30.000

v1 l1 x 0.010

v12 1104

v2 l 2 x 0.005

v22 0.25 104

v3 l3 x 0.000

v32 0

v4 l 4 x 0.010

v42 1104

v5 l5 x 0.005

v52 0.25 10 4

v 0
[

2
v

1
2

] 0.0079m
(n 1)
0.0079
0.0035m
(MPV)X
5
37

(Blunder)

99%(2.5)
vi 2.5
l i
l1 30.010m l 2 30.005m l3 30.000m
l 4 29.990m l5 29.995m l6 30.100m
l7 30.010m l8 30.005m l9 29.990m

l10 29.995m X= X

X
30.010m
n

38

v1 0.000m
v4 0.020m

v2 0.005m
v5 0.015m

v3 0.010m
v6 0.090m

v7 0.000m

v8 0.005m

v9 0.020m

v10 0.015m check

vi2 0.0095

(n 1)

0 , okay

1
2

] 0.032m

2.5=0.081 v6 =0.090>0.081

99% l 6 9 l
l1 l 2 l 5l 7 l10 9

39


1. 2.5
2. 2.5
3.
2.5

l1 , l 2 ,......., l6 6

40

l 6

l
6
l 6
(
)
N
()
10 l

41


pl
X
p

1
p i 2

i2 Variance()

check Pv 0

1
Pv 2
X [
]2
( P )(n 1)

298,000 km/sec1000km/sec
298,500 km/sec1000km/sec
299,900 km/sec200km/sec
299,950 km/sec1000km/sec
299,930 km/sec100km/sec

(Hint) Pi

i2

pl
X
p

42

(Precision)(Accuracy)
()
(RMSE)

()

RMSERoot Mean Square Error

()

-I
43