Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1Horizontal Angle
2Vertical Angle
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
1EDM--Electronic Distance
Measurement
Total Station
1Transit
2Theodolite
3Electronic Theodolite
4Total Station
5Digital Theodolite
1.1 2
2.1
3.4EDM
4.5
3
1.
2.
Clamp
Tangent Screw
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. BS, Back Sight
aFace Left Direct
bFace Right Reverse
11
9. 4567
12
1.
2. 8-
3. 2
4. 9
5.
13
1.
2. Angle-to-the-Right
3.
Deflection Angles
4. Direction Method
5.
Repetition Method
14
1.
1ECD
2FLBSC Vc
1 VD VC
FLFSD VD
3FRBSC VC
2 VD VC
FRFSD V D
4
1 2
2
15
2.
C
A
1 B
2 BSA V A
FSC VC
UM
3 VC V A
1FL
2FR
16
3.
R
B
A
1BR
2FRBSA V A
3FLFS C VC
4 R VC V A
1
2360
17
4.
D
E
1F
2FLABCDE
3FREDCBA
4 (2) (3) FAO
5(2)(3)(4)
(a) n
(b) 180/n
n=3FA
060120
18
4.
6 (4)
1
2
3
(a) UMLMFA
(b) UMFBFCFDFE
4
19
5.
1CDCE
2
3DCE= 1 ((6) (0))
6
20
1. 1. pR
2. 2.
3. ...
( P2 R2 )
4.
1
2
N
1
1
2
2 2
[2 R 4 N P ]
2N
21
N(N)
()2 = R2 R2 2 R2
()2 = 4N
2
P
= 2 R 2 4N P 2
2N(N)
()2=
1
2N
2N
2 2 4 N 2
R
P
2
2
2 4 N 2
R
P
22
R 20BAC
P 5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
23
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
24
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
25
1. Meridian
2. Azimuth
26
3. Bearing
N
30
70
W
OAN70EAOS70W
OBS35EBON35W
OCS55WCON55E
ODN30WDOS30E
55
C
35
27
AB BA 180
AB BA
AB 150 ABC=120
BCD=240CDE=120
BC CB CD DC DE
28
AB 150
BA AB 180 330
BC BA 120 90
CB BC 180 270
CD CB 240 510 360 150
DC CD 180 330
DE DC 120 90
1.
2. 3603600360
29
AB 150 DE 89 5900
AB DE 90 0000
89 5900 1 00
Misclosure
30
1 00
20
3
239 5940 119 5940
119 5940
BA 330
CB 2695940
CD CB 2395940 1495920
DC 3295920
DE DC 119 5940 89 5900
check!
31
Prolonging
1. IntervisibilityABP
A
A
2. ABPB
Double Centering
aFL-1AFR-1P1
bFR-2AFL-2P2
P1
cP1P2P
FR-1
A
FL-1
FR-2
P
B
FL-2
P2
32
Prolonging
1.
2. P1P2
33
Prolonging
3.
2A
(1) BdC(BC=d)
(2) C2dD(CD=d)
(3) DE
34
Prolonging
3.
C
(1) AB90d=AC=BDC
D
(2) CDEF
(3) EF90EG=FH=dGH
ACD=CDB=EGH=GHF=90
35
Prolonging
3.
C
(1) B90d=BCC
(2) C90D
(3) D90d=DE=BCE
(4) E90F
(1)
(2)
36
Prolonging
4. ()
A
B
C
G
H
(1) ABCDEF K
(2) ()GHI
JK
(3) IC
d IC ID d ID JE
d JE JF d JF
(4)
CDEF
(5)
37
Vertical Angle
(1) A H AS
izBH B
(2) H B H A S sin i z
(3) ABd=Scos
(4) ABdS
H B H A d tan i z
H A H S S (d d ) i i z Z H B H B
( )
A
38
AB 30
B
30
A
AC 30
30
C
39
Zenith Distance
Zenith Angle
Z AB 60
B
60
A
30
Z AC 120
(1)
(2)
(3)
40
Index Error
1. 0-90-0-90
V1 V i
V2 V i
V (V1 V2 ) / 2
i (V2 V1 ) / 2
41
Index Error
2.
0 90 180 270
I
II
I+II=360
I II
i
180
2
360 ( I II )
Z I i I
42
1. Vertical AxisVV
2. Horizontal AxisHH
4. LL/
43
1. LLVV
2. HHVV
3. SSHH
4. VVHHSS
44
1. LLVV
2. SSHH
45
P
90-e
A
90-e
90-e
90-e
e
e
e
e
M
D
C
(1) APBCBC
BCAP
(2) PFLA FRBB
(3) PFRA FLCC
1
(4) DCD =
(BC)
4
(5) D
46
(1) AB
(2) FLB R1
(3) FRB R2
(4) R=[R1+(R2-180)] /2
(5) R
(6) B
47
SSHH
(1)
(2)
48
3. HHVV
(1) A
(2) A()B
(3) A()C
(4) BC
(5)
(6) A
1
2
49
4.
1
2
a
b
50
Garbage in Garbage out
51
1. SS
HHCh
(C)=Csec h
(C)*=Csec h*
= C(sec h*sec h)
h*=h=0
SS
HH
52
1= C(sec h*-sec h)
2h*h
2
(C)=Csec h
(C)**= Csec h
((C)+(C)**)/2=0
C
53
2. HH
VV ih
(i)=itan(h)
(i)*=itan(h*)
= i(tan(h*) tan(h))
h*=h=0
HH
VV
54
1 = i(tan(h*) -tan(h))
2h*h
2
(i)=itan(h)
(i)**= itan(h)
((i)+(i)**)/2=0
i
55
3. VV
LLV
(V)=Vtan(h)sin u
h
u
(V*)=Vtan(h*)sin u*
=(V)=V(tan(h*)sin u*-tan(h)sin u)
CiV
VVHH
56
LL
LL VV
VV
VV
180
180VV
180
VV
57
4.
AB180
5.
58
6.
-III
59