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Theodolite or Transit

1Horizontal Angle
2Vertical Angle


1
2
3

1
2
3
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1EDM--Electronic Distance
Measurement
Total Station

1Transit
2Theodolite
3Electronic Theodolite
4Total Station
5Digital Theodolite
1.1 2
2.1

3.4EDM
4.5
3


1.

2.
Clamp
Tangent Screw

3.

1.
2.
3.

4.

10

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. BS, Back Sight
aFace Left Direct
bFace Right Reverse

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7. FS, Fore Sight


ab6
8.

9. 4567

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1.
2. 8-

3. 2

4. 9
5.

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1.

Direct Angle Method

2. Angle-to-the-Right
3.

Deflection Angles

4. Direction Method

5.

Repetition Method

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1.

1ECD
2FLBSC Vc
1 VD VC
FLFSD VD

3FRBSC VC
2 VD VC
FRFSD V D
4

1 2
2
15

2.

C
A

1 B
2 BSA V A
FSC VC
UM

3 VC V A
1FL
2FR

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3.

R
B
A

1BR
2FRBSA V A
3FLFS C VC
4 R VC V A
1
2360

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4.

D
E

1F
2FLABCDE
3FREDCBA
4 (2) (3) FAO
5(2)(3)(4)

(a) n
(b) 180/n
n=3FA
060120

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4.
6 (4)
1
2
3
(a) UMLMFA
(b) UMFBFCFDFE
4

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5.

1CDCE
2
3DCE= 1 ((6) (0))
6

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1. 1. pR
2. 2.
3. ...
( P2 R2 )

4.

1
2

N
1
1
2
2 2

[2 R 4 N P ]
2N

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N(N)

()2 = R2 R2 2 R2
()2 = 4N

2
P

= 2 R 2 4N P 2
2N(N)
()2=

1

2N

2N


2 2 4 N 2
R
P

2
2

2 4 N 2
R
P

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R 20BAC

P 5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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1. Meridian

2. Azimuth

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3. Bearing
N

30
70
W

OAN70EAOS70W
OBS35EBON35W
OCS55WCON55E
ODN30WDOS30E

55
C

35

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AB BA 180

AB BA

AB 150 ABC=120

BCD=240CDE=120
BC CB CD DC DE
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AB 150

BA AB 180 330

BC BA 120 90
CB BC 180 270
CD CB 240 510 360 150

DC CD 180 330
DE DC 120 90

1.
2. 3603600360

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AB 150 DE 89 5900

AB DE 90 0000
89 5900 1 00
Misclosure

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1 00
20
3
239 5940 119 5940

119 5940

BA 330

BC 330 1195940 895940

CB 2695940
CD CB 2395940 1495920

DC 3295920
DE DC 119 5940 89 5900

check!

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Prolonging
1. IntervisibilityABP
A
A

2. ABPB
Double Centering
aFL-1AFR-1P1
bFR-2AFL-2P2
P1
cP1P2P
FR-1
A

FL-1
FR-2

P
B
FL-2

P2

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Prolonging

1.
2. P1P2

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Prolonging
3.
2A

(1) BdC(BC=d)
(2) C2dD(CD=d)
(3) DE

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Prolonging
3.
C

(1) AB90d=AC=BDC
D
(2) CDEF
(3) EF90EG=FH=dGH
ACD=CDB=EGH=GHF=90

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Prolonging
3.
C

(1) B90d=BCC
(2) C90D
(3) D90d=DE=BCE
(4) E90F
(1)
(2)
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Prolonging
4. ()
A

B
C

G
H

(1) ABCDEF K
(2) ()GHI
JK
(3) IC
d IC ID d ID JE
d JE JF d JF
(4)
CDEF
(5)
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Vertical Angle

(1) A H AS
izBH B
(2) H B H A S sin i z
(3) ABd=Scos
(4) ABdS
H B H A d tan i z

H A H S S (d d ) i i z Z H B H B
( )
A

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AB 30
B

30
A

AC 30

30
C

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Zenith Distance
Zenith Angle

Z AB 60
B

60
A

30

Z AC 120

(1)
(2)
(3)
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Index Error

1. 0-90-0-90
V1 V i

V2 V i
V (V1 V2 ) / 2
i (V2 V1 ) / 2

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Index Error
2.
0 90 180 270
I
II
I+II=360

I II
i
180
2
360 ( I II )
Z I i I

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1. Vertical AxisVV

2. Horizontal AxisHH

3. Axis of Sight or Collimation AxisSS

4. LL/

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1. LLVV
2. HHVV
3. SSHH
4. VVHHSS

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1. LLVV

2. SSHH

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P
90-e
A

90-e

90-e
90-e

e
e
e
e

M
D
C

(1) APBCBC
BCAP
(2) PFLA FRBB
(3) PFRA FLCC
1
(4) DCD =
(BC)
4
(5) D
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(1) AB
(2) FLB R1
(3) FRB R2
(4) R=[R1+(R2-180)] /2
(5) R
(6) B
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SSHH
(1)

(2)

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3. HHVV

(1) A
(2) A()B
(3) A()C
(4) BC
(5)
(6) A

1
2

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4.

1
2
a
b

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Garbage in Garbage out

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1. SS

HHCh

(C)=Csec h

(C)*=Csec h*
= C(sec h*sec h)
h*=h=0
SS
HH

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1= C(sec h*-sec h)
2h*h

2
(C)=Csec h
(C)**= Csec h
((C)+(C)**)/2=0
C
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2. HH

VV ih

(i)=itan(h)
(i)*=itan(h*)
= i(tan(h*) tan(h))
h*=h=0
HH
VV

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1 = i(tan(h*) -tan(h))
2h*h

2
(i)=itan(h)
(i)**= itan(h)
((i)+(i)**)/2=0
i
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3. VV

LLV

(V)=Vtan(h)sin u
h
u
(V*)=Vtan(h*)sin u*
=(V)=V(tan(h*)sin u*-tan(h)sin u)
CiV

VVHH

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LL
LL VV
VV
VV

180

180VV
180
VV
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4.

AB180

5.

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6.

-III

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