Professional Documents
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TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel
Foundation Design Guide
PRINTING HISTORY
March 2005
Issued
July 2007
Technical Correction
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel
Foundation Design Guide
Table of Contents
1. Introduction .................................. 2
1.1 Purpose ............................................. 2
1.2 Scope................................................. 2
2. References.................................... 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................ 2
2.2 Industry Guides and Standards ......... 2
3. Definitions .................................... 2
4. Design Procedure ........................ 3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
Page 1 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
1.
July 2007
Introduction
1.1
Purpose
This Practice establishes guidelines and recommended procedures for use by
engineers analyzing and designing heat exchanger and horizontal vessel foundations
and should be used where applicable unless otherwise specified.
1.2
Scope
This Practice addresses isolated foundations supported directly on soil. Pile supported
footings are not considered in this Practice.
2.
References
Applicable requirements of the following Practices and industry codes and standards shall be
considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract award
shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will be used herein where appropriate.
2.1
2.2
3.
Definitions
engineer: The engineer who performs the structural design
owner: The party ultimately responsible for contract award. The owner will have authority
over the site, facility, structure or project through ownership, lease, or other legal agreement.
stability ratio: The ratio of dead load resisting moment to overturning moment about the edge
of rotation
thermal force: The force due to growth between piers caused by a change in temperature of
the horizontal vessel or exchanger
Page 2 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
4.
Design Procedure
4.1
4.2
Design Considerations
4.1.1
The engineer should review project design criteria to determine wind and
earthquake loadings, corrosion allowances for anchor bolts, anchor bolt
types, and any special requirements dictated by the owner.
4.1.2
Vertical Loads
4.2.1
Dead Loads
4.2.1.1 The following nominal loads should be considered as dead loads if
applying load factors used in strength design.
a. Structure dead load (Ds) - Weight of the foundation and soil
above the part of the foundation that resists uplift
b. Erection dead load (Df) - Fabricated weight of the exchanger or
vessel, generally taken from certified exchanger or vessel
drawings
c. Empty dead load (De) - Empty weight of the exchanger or
vessel including all attachments, trays, internals, bundle,
insulation, fireproofing, agitators, piping, ladders, platforms,
etc. The eccentric load defined in paragraph 4.2.1.2 should also
be added to the empty dead load weight.
d. Operating dead load (Do) - Empty dead load of the exchanger or
vessel plus the maximum weight of contents (including
packing/catalyst) during normal operation. The eccentric load
defined in paragraph 4.2.1.2 should also be added to the
operating dead load weight.
e. Test dead load (Dt) - (horizontal vessels only) Empty dead load
of the vessel plus the weight of test medium contained in the
system. The test medium should be as specified in the contract
documents or as specified by the owner. Unless otherwise
specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 should be used for
test medium. Cleaning load should be used for test dead load if
cleaning fluid is heavier than test medium. Whether test or
cleaning will actually be done in the field should be determined.
It is generally desirable to design for test dead load because
unforeseen circumstances may occur. The eccentric load
defined in paragraph 4.2.1.2 should also be added to the test
dead load weight.
4.2.1.2 Eccentric load - Unless more exact information about piping
supported on the exchanger or horizontal vessel is available, the
following guidelines should be used:
Page 3 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
4.3
Horizontal Loads
4.3.1
Page 4 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
4.3.1.4 Longitudinal wind - The wind pressure on the end of the exchanger
or vessel should be applied as a horizontal shear at the center of the
exchanger or vessel. The flat surface wind pressure on the exposed
area of both piers or both columns should also be included, applied
as a horizontal shear at the centroid of the exposed area. The saddleto-pier connection will be considered pinned for longitudinal loads
unless more than one row of anchor bolts exists.
4.3.1.5 Shielding - No allowance should be made for shielding from wind by
nearby equipment or structures except under unusual conditions.
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
Thermal Force
4.3.4.1 Calculate thermal growth using maximum design temperature.
Thermal coefficients can be found in Table 1.
4.3.4.2 The thermal force used for design should be the smaller value
resulting from the following two calculations:
a. The force required to overcome static friction between the
exchanger or vessel support and the slide plate:
Ff = (Po)
(Equation 1)
Page 5 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
where,
Ff = static friction force
= coefficient of friction; refer to the values given in
Section 4.6, Slide Plates
Po = nominal operating compression dead load on slide
plate
b. The force required to deflect the pier or column an amount
equal to half of the thermal growth between exchanger or vessel
saddles:
T=
3 E I
2 H3
(Equation 2)
where,
T = force from thermal expansion required to deflect pier
or column
= total growth between exchanger/vessel saddles = L
= thermal expansion coefficient in accordance with
Table 1
L = length of exchanger/vessel between saddles
E = modulus of elasticity of concrete pier
I = pier moment of inertia
H = pier height
The thermal force should be applied at the top of the piers.
4.3.5
Load Distribution
The horizontal loads should be divided equally between piers unless
otherwise required by Section 4.3 of this Practice.
4.4
4.5
Page 6 of 40
Load Combinations
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
Anchor Bolts
4.5.1
4.5.2
Friction force at the bottom of the saddle should be overcome before lateral
load is assumed to produce shear in the anchor bolts.
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
4.5.3
4.6
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
For earthquake loads, horizontal shear forces should be applied to the anchor
bolts, assuming no frictional resistance.
Slide Plates
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
0.60
0.40
0.05 to 0.20
Suggested criteria for sizing low-friction slide plate elements are as follows.
Manufacturers literature should be consulted for temperature restrictions,
pressure limitations, and other requirements that may affect the size and
types of materials used for the slide plate elements.
Element widths (where = total thermal growth between exchanger or vessel
saddles):
a. Upper element = saddle width + 1-inch minimum to allow for downhand welding on the element-to-saddle weld (larger upper element width
may be required for exchangers or vessels with large values).
b. Lower element = upper element width - 2 () - 1 inch (minimum of
1 inch narrower than upper element)
Element lengths (use 18-inch maximum clear distance between lower
elements):
a. Lower element = based on allowable contact pressure in accordance with
the manufacturers literature and lower element width
Page 7 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
4.7
Pier Design
4.7.1
Pier dimensions should be sized on the basis of standard available forms for
the project. When form information is not available, pier dimensions should
be sized in 2-inch increments to allow use of standard manufactured forms.
Minimum pier dimensions should equal the maximum of the saddle, bearing
plate, or steel slide plate dimensions plus 4 inches and should be sized to
provide adequate anchor bolt edge distance in accordance with
PIP STE05121. Minimum pier width should be no less than 10 inches or
10% of the pier height.
4.7.2
Anchorage Considerations
It is normally desirable to make the pier high enough to contain the anchor
bolts and to keep them out of the footing. Consideration must be given to
anchor bolt development and foundation depth requirements.
4.7.3
Reinforcement
4.7.3.1 Piers should normally be designed as tension-controlled members
(cantilever beams) with two layers of reinforcement. If the pier is a
compression-controlled member, the pier should be designed as a
column. Size and reinforcement for each pier should normally be the
same. Dowel splices are not required if the vertical pier reinforcing
projection is less than the larger of 6 ft or the rebar size in feet above
the top of footing. For example, #8 rebar can extend up to 8 ft above
the mat without dowel splices. For cases that exceed this limit,
dowels with minimum projections required for tension splices should
be used in accordance with ACI 318.
4.7.3.2 The vertical reinforcement in the piers may need to be increased to
account for shear friction. The following formula should be used to
calculate the area of reinforcement required for shear friction, Avf:
Avf = [Vu/() Pupier]/fy
(Equation 3)
Page 8 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
Column Design
4.8.1
Sizing
Columns (if needed) should be round, square, or rectangular depending on
the job criteria or the construction contractors preference. Column
dimensions should be sized on the basis of standard available forms for the
project. If form information is not available, column dimensions should be
sized in 2-inch increments to allow use of standard manufactured forms.
4.8.2
Reinforcement
Size and reinforcement for both columns should normally be the same.
Dowels should be used to transfer the column loads to the footings.
Minimum dowel projections should be as required for a tension splice in
accordance with ACI 318.
4.9
Footing Design
4.9.1
Sizing
Plan view footing dimensions should be sized on the basis of standard
available forms for the project. If form information is not available, footing
dimensions should be sized in 2-inch increments to allow use of standard
manufactured forms. The footing thickness should be a minimum of
12 inches. Size for both footings should normally be the same. For short
exchangers or vessels, a combined footing may be used.
4.9.2
The footing thickness should be adequate for shear and embedment of pier or
column reinforcement in accordance with ACI 318.
4.9.3
Page 9 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
4.9.4
July 2007
Soil Bearing
Soil-bearing pressure should be computed for footing design and checked
against the allowable pressure using the following formula:
Total footing area in compression (e b/6):
SB =
P
e
1 (6 )
A
b
(Equation 4)
SBmax =
2P
3a (b / 2 e)
(Equation 5)
SB = 0 at 3 (b /2 - e)
(Equation 6)
where,
e = eccentricity of vertical service load caused by horizontal service load
a = size of footing perpendicular to direction of horizontal load
b = size of footing parallel to direction of horizontal load
P = total vertical service load (exchanger or vessel, pier, footing, and soil)
A = area of footing
4.9.5
4.9.6
The strength design factored moment and shear should be figured on a unit
width strip assuming a simple cantilever. The critical section for moment and
diagonal tension shear should be taken at the pier or column face. If shear is
excessive, the strength design factored shear should be rechecked using the
critical section for shear specified in ACI 318. The resulting reinforcing steel
should be placed continuously across the entire footing. The minimum
amount of bottom reinforcement is #5 at 12 inches c/c.
4.9.7
Top Reinforcement
Except where seismic effects create tensile stresses, top reinforcement in the
footing is not necessary if the factored tensile stress at the upper face of the
footing does not exceed the flexural strength of structural plain concrete, as
follows:
ft = 5(fc)1/2
(Equation 7)
where,
ft = flexural strength of structural plain concrete, psi
fc = compressive strength of concrete, psi
Page 10 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
(Equation 8a)
(Equation 8b)
(Equation 9)
where,
treqd = required footing thickness with no top reinforcing steel, inches
teff = effective footing thickness, inches
Mu = strength design factored moment caused by the weight of soil and
concrete acting on a 1-inch strip in the footing at the face of the
pier, inch-pounds per inch, using a load factor of 1.4
ft =
If tensile stress in the upper face of the footing exceeds ACI plain concrete
design requirements, top steel should be used if increasing the footing
thickness is unfeasible. If top reinforcement is required, minimum
reinforcement is #4 at 12 inches c/c.
Page 11 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
APPENDIX:
Page 12 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
70
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
850
875
900
925
950
975
Temp.
(F)
Shell Material
Carbon Steel
Carbon - Moly
Low-Chrome
(through
3 Cr Mo)
0.00
0.23
0.42
0.61
0.80
0.99
1.21
1.40
1.61
1.82
2.04
2.26
2.48
2.70
2.93
3.16
3.39
3.62
3.86
4.11
4.35
4.60
4.86
5.11
5.37
5.63
5.90
6.16
6.43
6.70
6.97
7.25
7.53
7.81
8.08
8.35
8.62
5 Cr Mo
through
9 Cr Mo
Austenitic
Stainless
Steels
18 Cr 8 Ni
12 Cr
17 Cr
27 Cr
12 Cr
20 Ni
Monel
67 Ni
30 Cu
3-1/2
Nickel
Ni-Fe-Cr
0.00
0.22
0.40
0.58
0.76
0.94
1.13
1.33
1.52
1.71
1.90
2.10
2.30
2.50
2.72
2.93
3.14
3.35
3.58
3.80
4.02
4.24
4.47
4.69
4.92
5.14
5.38
5.62
5.86
6.10
6.34
6.59
6.83
7.07
7.31
7.56
7.81
0.00
0.34
0.62
0.90
1.18
1.46
1.75
2.03
2.32
2.61
2.90
3.20
3.50
3.80
4.10
4.41
4.71
5.01
5.31
5.62
5.93
6.24
6.55
6.87
7.18
7.50
7.82
8.15
8.47
8.80
9.13
9.46
9.79
10.12
10.46
10.80
11.14
0.00
0.20
0.36
0.53
0.69
0.86
1.03
1.21
1.38
1.56
1.74
1.93
2.11
2.30
2.50
2.69
2.89
3.08
3.28
3.49
3.69
3.90
4.10
4.31
4.52
4.73
4.94
5.16
5.38
5.60
5.82
6.05
6.27
6.49
6.71
6.94
7.17
0.00
0.32
0.58
0.84
1.10
1.37
1.64
1.91
2.18
2.45
2.72
2.99
3.26
3.53
3.80
4.07
4.34
4.61
4.88
5.15
5.42
5.69
5.96
6.23
6.50
6.77
7.04
7.31
7.58
7.85
8.15
8.45
8.75
9.05
9.35
9.65
9.95
0.00
0.28
0.52
0.75
0.99
1.22
1.46
1.71
1.96
2.21
2.44
2.68
2.91
3.25
3.52
3.79
4.06
4.33
4.61
4.90
5.18
5.46
5.75
6.05
6.34
6.64
6.94
7.25
7.55
7.85
8.16
8.48
8.80
9.12
9.44
9.77
10.09
0.00
0.23
0.42
0.61
0.81
1.01
1.21
1.42
1.63
1.84
2.05
2.26
2.47
2.69
2.91
3.13
3.35
3.58
3.81
4.04
4.27
4.50
4.74
4.98
5.22
5.46
5.70
5.94
6.18
6.43
6.68
6.93
7.18
7.43
7.68
7.93
8.17
0.00
0.28
0.52
0.76
0.99
1.23
1.49
1.76
2.03
2.30
2.59
2.88
3.18
3.48
3.76
4.04
4.31
4.59
4.87
5.16
5.44
5.72
6.01
6.30
6.58
6.88
7.17
7.47
7.76
8.06
8.35
8.66
8.95
9.26
9.56
9.87
10.18
70
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
650
675
700
725
750
775
800
825
850
875
900
925
950
975
Page 13 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
Table 1 (continued)
Total linear expansion between 70F and indicated temperature (inches/100 ft)
Temp.
(F)
1000
1025
1050
1075
1100
1125
1150
1175
1200
1225
1250
1275
1300
1325
1350
1375
1400
1425
1450
1475
1500
Page 14 of 40
Temp.
(F)
Shell Material
Carbon Steel
Carbon - Moly
Low-Chrome
(through
3 Cr Mo)
8.89
9.17
9.46
9.75
10.04
10.31
10.57
10.83
11.10
11.38
11.66
11.94
12.22
12.50
12.78
13.06
13.34
5 Cr Mo
through
9 Cr Mo
Austenitic
Stainless
Steels
18 Cr 8 Ni
12 Cr
17 Cr
27 Cr
12 Cr
20 Ni
Monel
67 Ni
30 Cu
3-1/2
Nickel
Ni-Fe-Cr
8.06
8.30
8.55
8.80
9.05
9.28
9.52
9.76
10.00
10.26
10.53
10.79
11.06
11.30
11.55
11.80
12.05
11.48
11.82
12.16
12.50
12.84
13.18
13.52
13.86
14.20
14.54
14.88
15.22
15.56
15.90
16.24
16.58
16.92
17.30
17.69
18.08
18.47
7.40
7.62
7.95
8.18
8.31
8.53
8.76
8.98
9.20
9.42
9.65
9.88
10.11
10.33
10.56
10.78
11.01
10.25
10.55
10.85
11.15
11.45
11.78
12.11
12.44
12.77
13.10
13.43
13.76
14.09
14.39
14.69
14.99
15.29
10.42
10.75
11.09
11.43
11.77
12.11
12.47
12.81
13.15
13.50
13.86
14.22
14.58
14.94
15.30
15.66
16.02
8.41
10.49
10.80
11.11
11.42
11.74
12.05
12.38
12.69
13.02
13.36
13.71
14.04
14.39
14.74
15.10
15.44
15.80
16.16
16.53
16.88
17.25
1000
1025
1050
1075
1100
1125
1150
1175
1200
1225
1250
1275
1300
1325
1350
1375
1400
1425
1450
1475
1500
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
20
17
16
15
14
15
45
0P
ou
30
nd
0
Cl
as
18
19
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
Weight of water to fill
shell and tubes
3
2
1
0
15 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
36 38 40 42 44 46 48
These curves give the approximate weight of standard heat exchangers, all in tons. The curves are for
a 192-inch type ET exchanger with two passes in the tubes. The tubes are 3/4 inch on a 90 layout.
The tube material is 14-gage steel. For the weights of heat exchangers with other tube lengths,
multiply by the following factors:
Length in inches:
Heat exchanger factor:
240
1.10
192
1.00
168
0.95
144
0.90
120
0.85
96
0.80
Page 15 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
15
0
Po
un
dC
las
60
0
4
3
15 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
Exchanger Diameter (inches)
These curves give the approximate weight of standard tube bundles, all in tons. The tubes are
3/4 inch, 14 gage, and 192 inches long. The tubes are two pass on a square pitch. The baffle spacings
range from 8 inches on the 15-inch exchanger to 16 inches on the 48-inch exchanger. For the weight
of bundle with other lengths, multiply by the following factors:
Length in inches:
240 192 168 144 120
Heat exchanger factor:
1.20 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70
Page 16 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
12 11 10 9 8 7 6
0.40
0.38
5 4
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.30
0.12
0.12
0.325
0.10 0.35
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.10
0.08
0.375
0.06
e2/b = 0.40
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
K coefficient
0.26
0.22
0.14
0.28
0.25
0.275
0.24
Load P
0.30
0.225
0.26
e1
0.32
0.20
0.28
e2
0.34
0.175
0.30
Location of SBmax
0.36
0.10
0.15
0.32
0.40
0.38
0.05
0.34
SBmax = K (P/ab)
e2/b = 0.0
0.36
Ratio e1/a
3 2 1
3 2 1
0.00
Page 17 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
8 ft -0 inches
PIERS
C
PIER
(Sliding end)
(Fixed end)
PIER
3 ft -6 inches
5 ft -6 inches
1ft -4 inches
PLAN
Dimensions typical both piers
1 ft -6 inches 6 ft -6 inches
# 4 ties @ 11 inches
Grade
5 - #8 each face
# 4 @ 10 inches
each way
# 6 @ 10 inches
each way
Page 18 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
(Example 1, continued)
DESIGN DATA
23 ft -6 inches
Shell
end
Channel
end
42 inches
Diameter
2 ft -9 inches
Slide plate
4 ft -0 inches
8 ft -0 inches
5 ft -6 inches
Exchanger Data:
11ft -0 inches
ELEVATION
Design Criteria:
Exchanger weight supplied by outside manufacturers does not include the weight of attached
pipes and insulation. Increase exchanger weight by 10% of the larger exchanger to account for
these attached items (refer to this Practice, Section 4.2, vertical loads, empty and operating dead
loads).
40% at
Shell/Fixed End
60% at
Channel/Sliding End
26.9 kips
40.3 kips
37.0 kips
55.4 kips
Eccentricity = (basic diameter)/2 + (1.5 ft) = (3.5 ft)/2 + (1.5 ft) = 3.25 ft
Empty MTe (channel end) = (32 kips)(0.1)(0.6 channel end)(3.25 ft) = 6.24 ft-k
Empty MTe (shell end) = (32 kips)(0.1)(0.4 shell end)(3.25 ft) = 4.16 ft-k
Page 19 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
Operating MTo (channel end) = (44 kips)(0.1)(0.6 channel end)(3.25 ft) = 8.58 ft-k
Operating MTo (shell end) = (44 kips)(0.1)(0.4 shell end)(3.25 ft) = 5.72 ft-k
Wind Loads
Operating
(Per Exchanger)
(Per Exchanger)
Pier
Transverse
5.42 kips
7.45 kips
0.154 W
Longitudinal
8.80 kips
12.10 kips
0.250 W
For calculations based on allowable stress design (service loads), the strength design loads shown
in the preceding table should be converted to service loads by multiplying by 0.7, in accordance
with PIP STC01015, Table 5.
Empty
Operating
(Per Exchanger)
(Per Exchanger)
Pier
Transverse
3.79 kips
5.22 kips
0.108 W
Longitudinal
6.16 kips
8.47 kips
0.175 W
Bundle Pull
Thermal Force
Operating load,
Page 20 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
Because Ff < T and because a lower friction factor will not help the distribution of earthquake
and bundle pull loads, use steel slide plate.
DESIGN ELEMENTS
Size Steel Slide Plate
OK
Pier Size
Pier length
(c/c bolts) + (2)(5-inch minimum anchor bolt edge distance) = (2 ft - 8 inches) + 2 (5 inches)
= 3 ft - 6 inches controls
(steel slide plate length) + (4 inches) = (3 ft - 1 inch) + (4 inches)
Page 21 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
= 3 ft - 5 inches
Pier width
10 inches
10% of pier height = (0.10)(78 inches) = 7.8 inches (based on assumed pier height)
(2)(5-inch minimum anchor bolt edge distance) = 2 (5 inches) = 10 inches
(steel slide plate width) + (4 inches) = (11 inches) + (4 inches) = 15 inches controls,
but use 16 inches for forming in 2-inch increments
Anchor bolt design is beyond the scope of this Practice. Refer to PIP STE05121 for procedures.
Use two 1-1/4-inch diameter, ASTM F1554, Grade 36 anchor bolts per pier.
Pier Design
Page 22 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
f' c bw d
= (0.75)(2) 4,000 psi (42 inches)(13.0 inches) / 1,000 = 51.8 kips > Vu = 31.08 kips
OK
sreqd = Av fy / 0.75
Page 23 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
As min = 3
July 2007
= 1.73 inches2
As min = 200 bw d / fy = 200 (42 inches)(13.0 inches) / (60,000 psi) = 1.82 inches2
(ACI 318-05, Section 10.5.1)
Find total As requirement including shear friction, Avf at fixed end with LF = 1.4 for (Po + pier
weight) at bottom of pier:
Avf = [Vu/() - Pupier] / fy = [(31.08 k)/(0.6)(0.75) - (1.4)(37.0 k + 4.54 k)] / 60 ksi
= [69.07 - 58.16] / 60 = 0.18 inches2
As (total on each face) = As (moment) + Avf/2 = 3.68 + 0.18/2 = 3.77 inches2 controls
3 f y (t)(e)(s)( )
= 3(60,000 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) = 28.5
40 f'c (c + K tr / db )
40 4,000 psi ( 2.5)
Do not use a splice because the pier height is 6 ft - 6 inches < 8 ft -0 inch for #8 bar.
Footing Size
Determine minimum footing thickness to develop standard hook for #8 pier reinforcing:
ldh = (0.02efy / f ' c )(db)(0.7)(Asrequired/Asprovided)
= [(0.02)(1.0)(1.0)(60,000 psi) / 4,000 psi ](1 inch)(0.7)(3.77 in2/3.95 in2) = 12.7 inches
Minimum thickness = (12.7 inches) + (2 layers)(0.75-inch rebar) + (3 inches clear) = 17.2 inches
Page 24 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
SBmax = K (Pmax/ab) = (3.20)[(79.68 k)/(8 ft)(5.5 ft)] = 5.79 ksf < SBallow = 5.9 ksf
OK
Page 25 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
K = 1.50
SBmax = K (Pmax/ab) = (1.50)[(88.15 k)/(8 ft)(5.5 ft)] = 3.00 ksf < SBallow = 5.9 ksf
OK
SBmax = K (Pmax/ab) = (2.15)[(69.75 k)/(8 ft)(5.5 ft)] = 3.41 ksf < SBallow = 5.9 ksf
OK
Page 26 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
Stability ratio = RML / OTML = (220.6 ft-k) / (132.5 ft-k) = 1.66 > 1.0
OK
Check empty and longitudinal earthquake and eccentric (channel/sliding end) loads:
Longitudinal empty earthquake load on exchangers,
0.7 VLEe = 6.16 kips applied at the center of each exchanger
Vertical load at top of piers from longitudinal empty earthquake load on exchangers (owing to
overturning moment),
0.7 PEe = (6.16 kips)(2.75 ft + 8.25 ft) / (11.0 ft) = 6.16 kips
Minimum axial load at bottom of footing,
Pmin = 0.9 (Ps + Pe) - 0.7 PEe = (0.9)(24.28 k + 40.3 k) - (6.16 k) = 51.96 kips
(PIP STC01015, Table 5, Load Combination 5b)
Longitudinal moment at bottom of footing,
ML = (0.3 at sliding end)(6.16 k)(2 exchangers)(8.0 ft)
+ (0.175)(4.54 k pier wt)(6.5 ft/2 + 1.5 ft)
= 33.34 ft-kips
Stability ratio check using minimum axial load,
OTML (overturning moment) = [ML + (0.7PEe)(a/2)] = [(33.34 ft-k) + (6.16 k)(8 ft)/2]
= 57.98 ft-k
RML (resisting moment) = 0.9(Ps + Pe)(a/2) = (0.9)(24.28 k + 40.3 k)(8 ft)/2 = 232.5 ft-k
Stability ratio = RML / OTML = (232.5 ft-k) / (57.98 ft-k) = 4.01 > 1.0
Check empty and longitudinal earthquake and eccentric (shell/fixed end):
Longitudinal operating earthquake load on exchangers,
0.7 VLEe = 6.16 kips applied at the center of each exchanger
Vertical load at top of piers from longitudinal empty earthquake load on exchangers (owing to
overturning moment),
0.7 PEe = (6.16 kips)(2.75 ft + 8.25 ft) / (11.0 ft) = 6.16 kips
Minimum axial load at bottom of footing,
Pmin = 0.9 (Ps + Pe) - 0.7 PEe = (0.9)(24.28 k + 26.9 k) - (6.16 k) = 39.90 kips
(PIP STC01015, Table 5, Load Combination 5b)
Longitudinal moment at bottom of footing,
ML = (0.7 at fixed end)(6.16 k)(2 exchangers)(8.0 ft)
+ (0.175)(4.54 k pier wt)(6.5 ft/2 + 1.5 ft)
= 72.77 ft-kips
Stability ratio check using minimum axial load,
OTML (overturning moment) = [ML + (0.7PEe)(a/2)] = [(72.77 ft-k) + (6.16 k)(8 ft)/2]
Page 27 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
= 97.41 ft-k
RML (resisting moment) = 0.9(Ps + Pe)(a/2) = (0.9)(24.28 k + 26.9 k)(8 ft)/2 = 184.2 ft-k
Stability ratio = RML / OTML = (184.2 ft-k) / (97.41 ft-k) = 1.89 > 1.0
Check operating and transverse earthquake and eccentric (channel/sliding end):
Transverse operating earthquake load on exchangers,
0.7 VTEo = 5.22 kips applied at the center of each exchanger
Axial loads at bottom of footing,
Pmax = Ps + Po = (24.28 k) + (55.4 k) = 79.68 kips
(PIP STC01015, Table 5, Load Combination 3)
Pmin = 0.9 (Ps + Po) = (0.9)(24.28 k + 55.4 k) = 71.71 kips
(PIP STC01015, Table 5, Load Combination 5a)
Transverse moment at bottom of footing,
MT = (5.22 kips) [(2.75 ft + 8.0 ft) + (5.5 ft + 2.75 ft + 8.0 ft)] (0.6 channel end)
+ (0.108)(4.54 k pier wt)(6.5 ft/2 + 1.5 ft) + (8.58 ft-k pipe eccentricity)
= 95.47 ft-kips
Soil-bearing check using maximum axial load,
e = MT / Pmax = (95.47 ft-k) / (79.68 k) = 1.20 ft > b/6 = (5.5 ft)/6 = 0.92
SBmax = 2 Pmax / [3 a (b/2 - e)] = 2 (79.68 k) / [3 (8 ft) (5.5 ft /2 - 1.20 ft)]
= 4.28 ksf < SBallow = 5.9 ksf gross
OK
OK
Page 28 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
OK
OK
OK
OK
Page 29 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
Check empty and bundle pull and eccentric (channel/sliding end; pulling top bundle out):
Vertical load from bundle pull on top exchanger,
PBp = (19.0 kips)(2.75 ft + 5.5 ft) / (11 ft) = 14.25 kips
Vertical load on sliding end at top of pier,
PSL = Pe + PBp = (40.3 kips) + (14.25 kips) = 54.55 kips
Horizontal load at sliding end,
VSL = (PSL) = (0.4)(54.55 kips) = 21.82 kips
Note that the horizontal load on the sliding end computed on the basis of friction is
greater than half of the total bundle pull (19.0 kips). Therefore, because the two pedestals
and footings are equal in size and thus even in stiffness, the actual horizontal load will be
the same on both pedestals.
VSL = VFX = 19.0 kips/2 piers = 9.5 kips
Maximum axial load at bottom of footing,
Pmax = Ps + PSL = (24.28 k) + (54.55 k) = 78.83 kips
(PIP STC01015, Table 5, Load Combination 8)
Moments at bottom of footing,
ML = (VSL)(8.0 ft) = (9.5 kips)(8.0 ft) = 76.0 ft-kips
MTe (from pipe eccentricity) = 6.24 ft-kips
Soil-bearing check using maximum axial load,
e1 = ML / Pmax = (76.0 ft-kips) / (78.83 kips) = 0.96 ft
e2 = MTe / Pmax = (6.24 ft-kips) / (78.83 kips) = 0.08 ft
e1 / a = (0.96 ft) / (8 ft) = 0.120
Read Figure C, this Practice:
SBmax = K (Pmax/ab) = (1.80) [(78.83 k) / (8 ft)(5.5 ft)] = 3.23 ksf < SBallow = 5.9 ksf
OK
Check empty and bundle pull and eccentric (shell/fixed end; pulling top bundle out):
Vertical load from bundle pull on top exchanger,
PBp = (19.0 kips)(2.75 ft + 5.5 ft) / (11 ft) = 14.25 kips
Vertical load on fixed end at top of pier,
PFX = Pe - PBp = (26.9 kips) - (14.25 kips) = 12.65 kips
Horizontal load at fixed end,
VFX = VSL = 19.0 kips/2 piers = 9.5 kips
Minimum axial load at bottom of footing,
Pmin = Ps + PFX = (24.28 k) + (12.65 k) = 36.93 kips
(PIP STC01015, Table 5, Load Combination 8)
Moments at bottom of footing,
Page 30 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
OK
Footing Design
Use load combinations and strength design load factors from PIP STC01015, Table 6.
Operating and thermal and eccentric (channel/sliding end):
Load factors are from PIP STC01015, Table 6, Load Combination 1.
Thermal force at top of pier,
VuThermal = 1.4 (VThermal) = 1.4 (22.2 k) = 31.08 kips
Axial load at bottom of footing,
Pu = 1.4 (Ps + Po) = 1.4 (24.28 k + 55.4 k) = 111.6 kips
Moments at bottom of footing,
MuL = (VuThermal)(8 ft) = (31.08 k)(8 ft) = 248.6 ft-kips
MuTo (from pipe eccentricity) = 1.4 (MTo) = 12.01 ft-kips
Maximum factored soil bearing,
eu1 = MuL / Pu = (248.6 ft-k) / (111.6 k) = 2.23 ft > a/6 = (8 ft)/6 = 1.33 ft
eu2 = MuTo / Pu = (12.01 ft-k) / (111.6 k) = 0.108 ft
Because transverse eccentricity is very small, it can be ignored in calculations of factored
soil bearing for design of footing reinforcing.
SBumax = 2 (Pu) / (3b)(a/2 - eu1) = (2)(111.6 k) / (3)(5.5 ft)[(8 ft)/2 - (2.23 ft)] = 7.64 ksf
Calculate bearing length according to Equation 6, this Practice,
Bearing length (longitudinal direction) = 3 (a/2 - eu1) = 3 [(8 ft)/2 - (2.23 ft)] = 5.31 ft
Factored soil bearing at face of pier (for checking moment),
SBuface of pier = (7.64 ksf)(5.31 ft - 3.33 ft) / (5.31 ft) = 2.85 ksf
Factored soil bearing at distance d from face of pier (for checking shear),
d = (18-inch footing) - (3 inch clear) - 1.5 (0.75-inch rebar) = 13.87 inch = 1.16 ft
SBud from face of pier = (7.64 ksf)(5.31 ft - 3.33 ft + 1.16 ft) / (5.31 ft) = 4.52 ksf
Page 31 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
7.64 ksf
4.52 ksf
2.85 ksf
3.33 ft
1.16 ft
5.31 ft
8.00 ft
Page 32 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
SBumax = 2 (Pu) / (3b)(a/2 - eu1) = (2)(85.64 k) / (3)(5.5 ft)[(8 ft)/2 - (1.65 ft)] = 4.42 ksf
Calculate bearing length according to Equation 6, this Practice,
Bearing length (longitudinal direction) = 3 (a/2 eu1) = 3 [(8 ft)/2 - (1.65 ft)] = 7.05 ft
Factored soil bearing at face of pier (for checking moment),
SBuface of pier = (4.42 ksf)(7.05 ft - 3.33 ft) / (7.05 ft) = 2.33 ksf
Factored soil bearing at distance d from face of pier (for checking shear),
d = (18-inch footing) - (3 inch clear) - 1.5 (0.75-inch rebar) = 13.87 inch = 1.16 ft
SBud from face of pier = (4.42 ksf)(7.05 ft - 3.33 ft + 1.16 ft) / (7.05 ft) = 3.06 ksf
4.42 ksf
3.06 ksf
2.33 ksf
3.33 ft
1.16 ft
7.05 ft
8.00 ft
Empty and bundle pull and eccentric (channel/sliding end; pulling top bundle out):
Load factors are from PIP STC01015, Table 6, Load Combination 9
Vertical load from bundle pull on top exchanger,
PBp = (19.0 kips)(2.75 ft + 5.5 ft) / (11 ft) = 14.25 kips
Horizontal load at sliding end,
VuSL = VuFX = 1.6 (19.0 kips/2 piers) = 15.2 kips
Maximum axial load at bottom of footing,
Pu = 1.2 (Ps + Pe) + 1.6 (PBp) = 1.2 (24.28 k + 40.3 k) + 1.6 (14.25 k) = 100.3 kips
Moments at bottom of footing,
MuL = (VuSL)(8.0 ft) = (15.2 kips)(8.0 ft) = 121.6 ft-kips
MuTe (from pipe eccentricity) = 1.2 (MTe) = 1.2 (6.24 ft-kips) = 7.49 ft-kips
Maximum and minimum factored soil bearing,
eu1 = MuL / Pu = (121.6 ft-kips) / (100.3 kips) = 1.21 ft a/6 = (8 ft)/6 = 1.33 ft
Page 33 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
3.33 ft
1.16 ft
4.35 ksf
3.23 ksf
2.63 ksf
0.21 ksf
8.00 ft
By comparison, operating and thermal and eccentric (channel/sliding end) will govern the design.
Factored soil and concrete weight,
wu = (1.4) [(0.15 kcf)(1.5-ft footing) + (0.10 kcf)(2.5-ft soil)] = 0.67 ksf
Factored shear at a distance d from face of pier,
Vu = (4.52 ksf - 0.67 ksf)(3.33 ft - 1.16 ft) + (7.64 ksf - 4.52 ksf)(3.33 ft - 1.16 ft)/2
= 8.35 kips + 3.39 kips
= 11.74 kips (per ft width)
Factored moment at face of pier,
Mu = (2.85 ksf - 0.67 ksf)(3.33 ft)2(1/2) + (7.64 ksf - 2.85 ksf)(3.33 ft)2(1/3)
Page 34 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
f' c bw d
OK
Check for two-way action (punching shear) according to ACI 318-05, Section 11.12 (at
distance d/2 from face of pier):
By inspection, operating weight at channel end will govern.
Pu = 1.4 (Ps + Po) = 1.4 [(0.15 kcf)(3.50 ft)(1.33 ft)(6.5 ft) + (55.4 kips)] = 83.9 kips
SBu = Pu / (ab) = (83.9 kips) / (8 ft)(5.5 ft) = 1.91 ksf
Vu = Pu - (SBu)(3.5 ft + d )(1.33 ft + d)
= 83.9 kips - (1.91 ksf)(3.5 ft + 1.16 ft)(1.33 ft + 1.16 ft) = 61.7 kips
= (3.5 ft)/(1.33 ft) = 2.63
s = 40
Vc = (2 + 4/) f' c bod
= (2 + 4/2.63) 4,000 psi (14.3 ft)(12 inches/ft)(13.87 inches)/1,000
(ACI 318-05, Equation 11-33)
= 530 kips
Vc = (sd/bo + 2) f' c bod
Vc = 4 f' c bod = 4 4,000 psi (14.3 ft)(12 inches/ft)(13.87 inches)/1,000 = 602 kips
(ACI 318-05, Equation 11-35)
ACI 318-05, Equation 11-33, governs, Vc = 530 kips.
OK
Page 35 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
Note that ACI 318-05, Section 10.5.1, does not apply because Section 10.5.4 excludes
foundations of uniform thickness from the minimum reinforcing requirements of
Section 10.5.1.
Page 36 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
7 ft -0 inches
5 ft -6 inches
PIERS
C
PIER
PLAN
Dimensions typical both piers
6 ft -9 inches
2 ft -8 inches
dowel proj.
Bearing plate
11 ft -9 inches by
9 inches by 3/8 inch
Low-friction manufactured slide assembly:
(7 components with 1 upper element and
1 lower element per component)
Upper elements = 11 inches by 3 1/2 inches
Lower elements = 8 inches by 2 1/2 inches
1 ft -3 inches
(sliding end)
(fixed end)
PIER
5 ft -6 inches
12 ft -2 inches
12 ft -6 inches
1ft -2 inches
Grade
# 4 ties @ 12 inches
13 # 5 bars each
face with matching
dowels
Page 37 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
(Example 2, continued)
DESIGN DATA
37 ft -0 inches
4 ft -0 inches
8 ft -0 inches
6 ft -6 inches
Vessel Data:
22 ft -0 inches
Design Criteria:
Include an additional 10% of the applicable weight (empty, operating, or test) to account for
piping supported on the horizontal vessel (refer to this Practice, Section 4.2, Vertical Loads):
Total empty load, De = (1.10)(98 kips) = 107.8 kips
Total operating load, Do = (1.10)(335 kips) = 368.5 kips
Total test load, Dt = (1.10)(394 kips) = 433.4 kips
Transverse Moment from Pipe Eccentricity
Eccentricity = (basic diameter)/2 + (1.5 ft) = (12 ft)/2 + (1.5 ft) = 7.5 ft
Empty transverse moment per pier, MTe = (98 kips)(0.1)(0.5 per pier)(7.5 ft) = 36.8 ft-k
Operating transverse moment per pier, MTo = (335 kips)(0.1)(0.5 per pier)(7.5 ft) = 125.6 ft-k
Test transverse moment per pier, MTt = (394 kips)(0.1)(0.5 per pier)(7.5 ft) = 147.8 ft-k
Wind Loads:
Page 38 of 40
TECHNICAL CORRECTION
July 2007
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
1. Compute sliding force (assume that a low-friction manufactured slide plate assembly is used):
= 0.10 (maximum based on manufacturers literature)
Operating load, Po = (368.5 kips) / (2 piers) = 184.3 kips
Ff = (Po) = (0.10)(184.3 kips) = 18.43 kips
f' c = 57,000
DESIGN ELEMENTS
Size Low-Friction Manufactured Slide Plate Elements
Upper element width = (saddle width) + 1 inch = (10 inches) + 1 inch = 11 inches
Lower element width = upper element width - 2 () - 1 inch
= (11 inches) - (2)(0.796 inches) - 1 inch 8 inches
Maximum load on sliding end (from test weight): Pt = (433.4 kips) / (2 piers) = 216.7 kips
Operating load on sliding end: Po = (368.5 kips) / (2 piers) = 184.3 kips
According to manufacturers recommendations, seven slide plate components are required for
each assembly, with the lower element = 8 inches by 2.5 inches and the upper element =
11 inches by 3.5 inches.
Total length of lower elements provided = 7(2.5 inches) = 17.5 inches
Maximum bearing pressure on elements = (216.7 k) / [(7)(8 inches)(2.5 inches)] = 1,548 psi
Operating bearing pressure on elements = (184.3 k) / [(7)(8 inches)(2.5 inches)] = 1,316 psi
From manufacturers literature for 1,316 psi bearing: = 0.055
Revised operating frictional force = Ff = (0.055)(184.3k) = 10.14 kips
Page 39 of 40
PIP STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
July 2007
OK
Pier Size
Pier length:
(c/c bolts) + (2)(5-inch minimum anchor bolt edge distance) = (11 ft - 0 inches) +
2 (5 inches)
= 11 ft - 10 inches
(bearing plate length) + (4 inches) = (11 ft - 9 inches) + (4 inches)
= 12 ft - 1 inch controls,
but use 12 ft - 2 inches for forming in 2-inch increments
Pier width:
10 inches
10% of pier height = (0.10)(81 inches) = 8.1 inches (based on assumed pier height)
(2)(5-inch minimum anchor bolt edge distance) = 2 (5 inches) = 10 inches
(bearing plate width) + (4 inches) = (10 inches) + (4 inches)
= 14 inches controls
Anchor bolt design, pier design, and footing design are very similar to Example 1. Example 1
should be followed for these portions of this example.
Page 40 of 40