Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED BY:
VISMAY PARMAR
B.TECH (MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING)
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
Page | 1
Under guidance of
Er. S.K Singh
Scientist (F)
Submitted by:
Vismay Parmar.
Student,
B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
Delhi Technological University
Delhi.
Duration of training: 3rd June, 2015 to 24th July, 2015
Page | 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report is summary of my internship at NISE, Gurgaon. My successful completion of eight week
internship at NISE would not be possible without help from number of people. I take this opportunity
to acknowledge them.
First and foremost, I would like to thank Er. S K Singh, Scientist F, NISE; who took time from his
busy schedule to give me opportunity to work under his guidance at one of the most pioneering
research institute. During my internship, I have gained new insights about solar thermal energy
technologies from him.
I would also thank Mrs Anju Singh and Mr. Umakant Sahu, who is completing his PhD at NISE; to
help me conduct experiments and for their constant motivation and support to successfully complete
my internship here.
This internship is perceived as a big milestone in my career and I hope to apply my skills and
knowledge learnt here towards my goals.
Thank you.
Sincerely,
Vismay Parmar.
Student,
B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering
Delhi Technological University.
Page | 3
SR NO
TITLE
PAGE NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.3
SOLAR PV TECHNOLOGY
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1.3.1
Principal of PV
1.3.2
1.3.3
Types of PV System
10
1.3.4
11
11
17
3.1
17
3.2
System Specifications
18
3.3
Measuring Instruments
18
3.4
System Operation
20
3.5
20
3.6
Conclusion
24
REFERENCE
25
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INTRODUCTION
The sun is an enormous sphere of extremely hot gaseous mater and it is situated about 1.5 1011m away
from the earth. It is 1.39 109 m in diameter (about 109 times the earth), and it continuously generating heat
by thermonuclear fusion reaction, four hydrogen atoms (i.e. four proton) combine to form one helium atom.
The mass of one helium atom is less than that of the combine mass of four protons. This loss in mass in
reaction is converted into energy and that is known as Solar Energy.
It is estimated that about 90 % of energy is produced in the interior regions which is within 23 % of the suns
radius, and that contains 40 % of the mass of the Sun. This energy is radiated from the surface of the sun in
all direction, and a very small fraction of its reached the earth.
Solar energy is considered to be the predominant source of all forms of energy on the earth. Almost every
part of the earth receives some amount of solar energy. The uneven heating of the air is due to solar radiation
power of the wind. Heating of the air also influences of global evaporation and precipitation process. Even
the energy in fossil fuel is actually solar energy that was first stored as chemical energy in bio-mass and
transformed into coal, oil or gas over millions of years ago.
The energy collected by 1 m2 of solar collector in a day is approximately equal to that release by burning 1
kg coal or we can say burning of 0.5 litres of kerosene. Thus the solar energy is a dilute source and large
areas are needed for its collection. Man has been harnessing the suns energy and using it to meet energy
requirements for ages. Solar energy received on the earth in the form of heat and light can be harnessed to
supply thermal as well as electrical energy. On the basis of utilization pattern, technology to harness solar
energy can be divided into two as seen in fig.1;
1. SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
1.1 Solar Thermal Technology
Solar thermal technology uses a solar collector to collect solar thermal energy and transfer it to the fluid or
air to be heated. The different types of solar collectors include the Evacuated Tubular Collector (ETC), Flat
Plate Collector (FPC), Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC), Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) and
Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR).
Solar thermal technology can be used for supplying thermal energy and for generating electricity.
Applications of solar thermal technology include Solar Cooking, solar water and space heating, solar process
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heating for industrial applications, solar drying, solar refrigeration and air conditioning, solar passive
architecture, solar desalination and solar thermal power generation.
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shape and imperfect reflection. Losses due to atmospheric scattering are generally minimal. However on a
hazy or foggy day, light is diffused in all directions through the atmosphere, which reduces the efficiency of
a parabolic dish significantly. In dish Stirling power plant designs, a Stirling engine coupled to a dynamo, is
placed at the focus of the dish. This absorbs the energy focused onto it and converts it into electricity.
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1.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF PV
Photovoltaic cells, also known as PV or Solar Cells, are manufactured from semiconductor material such as
silicon. The photovoltaic effect is the principle by which photovoltaic panels convert solar radiation into
electricity. The process of solar conversion works as follows (i) when light strikes the cell, a specific portion
or band of light wave is absorbed by the material (ii) that solar energy causes the semiconductor material
to release electron and (iii) the semiconductor material is positioned within an electrical field by using
negatively and positively charged silicon (n-type and p-type), so that all electrons set free from the
material are forced to flow-generating electrical current.
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Single effect
The four containers in the single effect vapor absorption system, sheltering the four steps are Generator,
Condenser, Evaporator and Absorber.
The LiBr solution is contained in the generator. The input heat from the solar field heats this solution. Due to
high pressure and presence of LiBr, boiling point of water increases, thus the steam obtained is super heated
steam which is allowed to pass to the condenser.
In the condenser, the super heated steam condenses and the heat is transferred to the incoming water at
moderate temperature. The outgoing hot water is used as process heat. The pressure in the generator is
decided by the incoming outgoing temperature of water in the condenser.
The condensed water is then allowed to enter the evaporator where pressure is kept very low. At such a low
pressure, the condensed water suddenly evaporates due to low boiling point. The latent heat of vaporization
is obtained from the cold input water. The chilled water so obtained is used for cooling purposes.
The vapor from the evaporator goes to the absorber where concentrated LiBr solution from the generator is
dripped. The vapor gets absorbed in the solution .It being an exothermic reaction, releases heat which is then
absorbed by flowing water and is used for various processes.
The hot concentrated LiBr solution being passed to the absorber is cross flowed with the newly obtained
LiBr solution going into generator for heat exchange. Maximum concentration of LiBr that can be used is
65%.
Double effect
The desire for higher efficiency resulted in
the development of double-effect LiBr/H2O
systems. In this system, there are two
condensers and two generators to allow for
more refrigerant boil-off from the absorbent
solution. The higher temperature generator
uses the externally supplied steam to boil the
refrigerant from the weak absorbent. The
refrigerant vapor from the high temperature
generator is condensed and the heat released
is used to heat the low temperature generator.
A high pressure generator gives a primary
effect and a low pressure generator a secondary effect, thus being called a double effect. Therefore, a double
effect cycle requires lower heat input to produce the same cooling effect, when compared to a single effect
system. Therefore, a double effect system results in high value of COP.
Triple effect
For
further
increase
in
efficiency,
triple
effect
system
was
developed.
In this system, there are three generators and three condensers. The efficiency of this system is higher, and
sometimes reaches that of electrical chillers.
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Generator
The generator in the Triple Effect Vapor Absorption Machine installed in Solar Energy Centre, is a three
chamber system. They have LiBr solution in which LiBr acts as the absorbent and water as the refrigerant.
The thermic fluid (VP1), coming from solar field, heats the high temperature generator at the temperature of
210oC. The solution (concentration 50/50) boils at a higher temperature due to presence of LiBr and high
pressure of 4 bar in the chamber. The steam thus generated is super heated steam at 180 oC, 4 bar. This steam
is allowed to pass through the medium temperature generator where pressure is maintained at 0.9 bar. The
concentration of the solution is 57/43. The incoming steam condenses and heats the solution. The super
heated steam so generated is at 120oC , 0.9 bar. The condensed water is obtained at 143 oC, 4 bar. The steam
now generated similarly provides heat to the low temperature generator which is maintained at 0.1 bar. The
condensed water streams are obtained at 90oC,4bar and 90oC, 0.9bar. The superheated heated steam is at
85oC, 0.1 bar.
This process cannot be done further to generate 4 th outlet because then the first chamber of the generator has
to be maintained at more high conditions and the mixture (higher concentration of LiBr) obtained after the
4th chamber is toxic. Also, the corrosion of the system parts (pipes) takes place. But the 4 th effect might be
achieved if another liquid is added with LiBr as absorber and water as the only absorbent. No substantial
result has been obtained for such systems till date.
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The three streams are mixed before they enter the condenser. The condenser temperatures determine the
pressure in the lower temperature generator, which in turn determine the pressure of the medium
temperature generator and so on.
Condenser
The water coming from the cooling tower gets heated by absorbing the heat from the superheated steam
mixture. The steam thus condenses and due to heat exchange , comes to a lower temperature of 40oC.
The incoming cold water temperature from the cooling tower and the outgoing hot water temperature from
the condenser is determined by the ambient temperature.
Evaporator
The condensed water at 40oC is allowed to enter the evaporator chamber whose pressure is kept very , at
0.01 bar. At such a low pressure, the condensation temperature for water is very low. Sudden drop in
pressure causes flashes and the water boils at the same temperature. For phase change , the latent heat
required is obtained by heat exchange from the incoming cold water at 12 oC. The so obtained chilled water
is at 7oC. This chilled water is used for cooling purposes and is sent to 13 rooms. The steam is allowed to
enter the absorber.
Absorber
In the absorber, the concentrated solution
from the high temperature generator is
allowed to drip on a slant plate. The steam
coming from the evaporator gets absorbed in
the concentrated solution, regaining its
original concentration. This process of
absorption is exothermic. The heat thus
released is absorbed by the water and the
heated water is used as process heat. The
50/50 concentration solution is pumped back
to the high temperature generator. In the way, it exchanges heat with the solutions passing from one chamber
of the generator to the other. The cycle is thus completed.
The COP of this VAM is 1.7.
Calculations
Operating temperature and pressure
The temperature pressure characteristics of LiBr solution is as given in the diagram. The condensation
temperature, which depends upon the ambient temperature and the concentration ratio of LiBr to water,
determines
the
required
source
temperature.
Suitable operating condition can be obtained from this diagram.
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Mathematical Analysis
Let, the high temperature generator produces heat at the rate 1kg/hr, which further produces a kg/hr steam
from the second generator. From the third generator, b kg/hr steam is generated.
Mass balance and energy balance
In the second generator, the steam flowing at 1kg/hr provides latent her for the a kg/hr steam.
1*(H4,180,v H4,143,l) = a*(H0.9,120,v H0.9,120,l)
=> 1*(2817.04-604.7) = a*(2717.34-503.7)
=> a=0.99
In the third generator, water from first generator and that from second generator , produce steam at the rate b
kg/hr.
1*(H4,143,l H4,90,l) + a*(H0.9,120,v H0.9,90,l) = b*(H0.1,85,v H0.1,85,l)
=> 1*(604.7 376.9) + 0.99*(2717.34 376.9) = b*(2659.02 355.8)
=> b=1.1
Thus, the water/steam obtained after the third generator is ( 1+0.99+1.1) = 3.1 kg/hr.
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Concentration of solution in the third generator is 65/35 and that in first generator is 50/50. Thus, the
mixture going into absorber from the third generator is at 10.3kg/hr. The total mixture going to the first
generator after the heat exchanges at the three stages, from the absorber (at 40oC) is at 13.4kg/hr.
Let LiBr specific heat = 1kcal/sec
Mass and heat balance
Low temperature heat exchanger
10.3 kg/hr mixture is going from 85oC to 40oC and gives heat to 13.4kg/hr mixture.
10.3*(85-40) = 13.4*(t3-40)
=> t3=74.59oC
Thus, temperature after heat exchange from third generator = 74.59oC
Medium temperature heat exchanger
10.3 + 1.1 =11.4 kg/hr (steam from first and second generator) is going from 120oC to 85oC. The mixture
absorbs this heat release.
11.4*(120 85) = 13.4*(t2 - t3)
=> 11.4*35 = 13.4*( t2 74.59)
=> t2= 104.36oC
Thus, temperature after heat exchange from second generator = 104.36oC
Low temperature heat exchanger
10.3 + 1.1 + 0.99=12.39 kg/hr (steam from first and second generator) is going from 180oC to 120oC. The
mixture absorbs this heat release.
12.39*(180 120) = 13.4*(t1 t2)
=> 12.39*60 = 13.4*( t1 104.36)
=> t2= 159.84oC
Thus, temperature after heat exchange from second generator = 159.84oC
Heat input from solar field = sensible heat required to change the temperature of the mixture from 159.84oC
to 180oC and converting 1kg water to steam at 180oC.
Qin = [13.4*(180-159.84)*4.187] + [1*(2817.04 763.2)
= 3184.93 KJ/hr = 0.88 KW
The three mixtures are flashed slowly in the evaporator where pressure is kept at 0.01 bar and evaporate at
that point.
Assuming the flashing process to be isentropic,
Entropy before flashing= 0.5724 kJ/kg-K
Enthalpy after flashing = H = 159.98 KJ/kg
Heat taken from the cold water
= Qout = (1 + a + b)* (H0.01,7,v H)
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= 3.1*(2514.2 159.98)
= 7298.08 KJ/hr = 2 KW
COP = Qout/Qin = 2/0.88 = 2.2
Losses occur in the heat exchange process in the re-generators. Also, it was assumed that the specific heat of
LiBr is equal to that of water for simplified calculations, but it is higher than that. Approximately 15% losses
occur in the process.
Considering all the losses, COP is obtained to be 1.7
The calculation shown above is for 2 KW output. The VAM installed in SEC is a 100 KW system.
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System part
PV panel
2
3
4
Cloth
Sheet material
Pipe
Description
Max power 70W
Short-circuit current 4.7A Rated current 4.25A
Open-circuit voltage 21.4V Rated voltage 16.5V
Length = 120cm, Breadth = 53cm, Area = 0.636m2
Black cotton cloth
Polycarbonate
Copper pipe
2mm diameter having four holes of 0.25mm diameter
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Figure 12 Pyranometer
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Water Inlet
through copper
pipe
Wet cloth
absorbs heat
from PV Panel
Water collected
in beaker
flowing through
inclined surface
Condensation on
sheet
Evaporation of
water
power1
(P1)
0.279
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4.04
3.18
9.66
3.29
11.76
13.94
3.01
2.45
15.62
1.66
16.04
1.42
16.57
1.43
16.73
16.79
0.99
0.9
16.83
0.87
16.99
0.74
17.03
0.71
17.05
17.28
17.33
17.37
17.46
17.5
17.56
17.6
17.66
17.69
17.71
17.75
17.75
17.75
0.69
0.53
0.49
0.46
0.37
0.32
0.26
0.22
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1
12.847
2
31.781
4
35.397
6
34.153
25.929
2
22.776
8
23.695
1
16.562
7
15.111
14.642
1
12.572
6
12.091
3
11.764
5
9.1584
8.4917
7.9902
6.4602
5.6
4.5656
3.872
3.0022
2.6535
2.3023
2.13
1.9525
1.775
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power1
current1
40
3.5
35
30
2.5
current1
2
1.5
25
power1
20
15
10
0.5
5
0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
current
2 (I2)
3.6
3.33
4.36
3.53
11.37
2.89
14.67
15.91
16.4
1.76
0.9
0.85
power2
(P2)
0.216
0.4662
15.390
8
32.859
3
25.819
2
14.319
13.94
10
15
20
P a g e | 25
16.53
16.81
16.77
16.16
16.96
17.1
17.18
17.18
17.28
17.28
17.36
17.39
17.34
17.41
17.41
17.41
11.901
6
9.7498
9.2235
6.6256
5.5968
4.959
4.4668
3.6078
3.1104
2.9376
2.604
2.2607
1.9074
1.741
1.3928
1.2187
0.72
0.58
0.55
0.41
0.33
0.29
0.26
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.1
0.08
0.07
current2
power2
4
35
3.5
30
25
power2
20
2.5
2
15
1.5
10
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 101214161820
10
12
14
16
18
20
P a g e | 26
Surface T2 (Avg.) ( C)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Surface T1 is surface of test panel and T2 that of reference panel. It is clearly shown that temperature of test
panel remains lower than that of reference panel. This lower temperature increases efficiency of panel.
3.6 CONCLUSION:
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From the above analysis, it is observed that efficiency of panel with cooler surface (i.e having wet cloth) is
2.471% more than that of reference panel during the time of recording of observations. Considering factor
like variations in global radiation, wind-speed, humidity and ambient temperature; average difference in
efficiency for a whole day can be around 1.5-2%. Thus, by transferring heat from surface of panel to wet
cloth, attached to it; dual objective of getting desalinated water and higher panel efficiency is achieved. This
method of desalinating will make notable difference in market of desalination technologies, given further
research is carried out to tackle problems in areas described below.
FUTURE RESEARCH:
This section focusses on areas that can be possibly explored to carry out further research on this project
4. REFERENCES:
1. Hikmet S. Aybar,Mathematical modelling of inclined solar water distillation system, Desalination190
(2006), pp63-70.
2. Solar Photovoltaic Technology and systems by Chetan Singh Solanki.
3. Solar energy engineering by Soteris Kalogirou.
4. Vishakha Sinha, Er. SK Singh, Solar Thermal Technology, Internship report, May-July, 2014.