Chemistry: The study of the structure and properties and composition of matter,

which matter undergoes, and the energy accompanying these changes.

6 Types:
1) Organic

2) Inorganic 3) Bio chem. 4) Nuclear

5) Physical chem.

6) Analytical

Matter: Occupies space and has mass

Energy: Capacity to do work
Potential Energy: Stored energy
Kinetic Energy: Energy in use/motion
Law of Conservation of Energy/Matter: Energy can neither be created or
destroyed, it can only change form
Matter:
A) Homogeneous Matter
In 1 phase
Even distribution of material throughout the sample
1) Homogeneous Mixture (Solution)
Properties of materials vary
You can separate the components physically
Ex) Evaporation, Distillation
2) Pure Substance
a)
Elements
Simplest form of matter
Made up of one kind of atom
Cant be decomposed chemically
I)
Metals
Luster
Malleability (Strong Bonds)
Ductile (Ability to draw into wire)
Good conductors of heat/electricity
Hard
High melting points
II)
Non-Metals
Dull
Poor conductors
Brittle
Low melting point
b) Compounds: 2 or more different elements chemically combined
and chemically decompose
Properties: Set of characteristics used to characterize and identify a substance

Physical: Observed without producing a new substance

Extensive:
Depends on amount of sample
(mass, volume, weight)
odor, taste, color)

Intensive:
Doesnt depend on amount of sample
(Density, boiling/freezing point, pH,

Chemical: Reacts or doesnt react with another substance

Reaction leads to chemical change and a new product with its own properties
(Rust, burning, cooking, respiration, digestion)
Density: Mass per unit of volume

D=

m
v

D=

g
cm3

Significant Digits:
600.0ml (4)600ml (1)

D=

g
ml

*Least number of significant figures*

1.20g (3)

1.2000g (5)0.02g (1)

0.020g (2)

(2.0g)(2.000g)=4.0g2
365cmx455cmx1012cm = 168 067 900cm3 168 000 000cm3
When using uncertainty always add an extra digit to the end of the number. Also
make this extra digit the uncertainty.
Metric Conversion Using Dimensional Analysis
Convert 25mm to m
25

( 1001 mmm )

= 0.025m

Convert 15kg to g
15kg

g
( 1000
1 kg )

= 15000g

Convert 26cg to g
26cg

( 1001 gcg )

= .26g
Scientific Notation

Multiplying: Add Powers

Digits

Dividing: Subtract Powers

*Least # of Significant

9.0 x 104
3.00 x 106

(3.0x1015) (7.0x105) = 21x1020= 2.1x1021

2.0 x 1010
4.0 x 1012

= 5.0x10-3

Express as ordinary numbers:

872x108 = 872 000 000

Adding and Subtracting: Powers must be the same

the decimal

*Least # of digits after

3.0x105 + 3.0x104 3.0x105 + .3x105=

3.0x105 + 3.0x105 = 6.0x105

3.3x105

Percent Error =

= 3.0x1010

Measured Value Accepted Value

Accepted Value

X 100

*If there is a

negative answer disregard it

Prefixes
Kilo
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano

K
D
C
M

Pico

1 000 Thousand(103)
.1 Tenth (10-1)
.01 Hundreth (10-2)
.001 Thousandth (10-3)
.000 001 Millionth (10-6)
.000 000 001 Billionth
(10-9)
.000 000 000 001
Trillionth (10-12)

Convert 84g to mg
Instructions: On the right side divide and then multiply by the left number. The units
should also cancel.
84g

1 000mg
1g

1mL = 1cm3
Notes:

84 000mg

Significant digits, remember units, show work, no using commas: use

spaces