Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vedic
Preface
T h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e proofs, b a s e d o n the a p p l i c a t i o n o f V e d i c M a t h e m a t i c a l con
c e p t s , a d d r e s s a f a m o u s u n s o l v e d p r o b l e m o f m a t h e m a t i c s , F e r m a t ' s Last T h e o r e m . T h e
f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e of J a b a l i U p a n i s h a d p r o v i d e d the structural key for d e v e l o p i n g the
m u l t i - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e s u s e d i n the a r g u m e n t for F e r m a t ' s Last T h e o r e m :
Then Paippaladi asked Lord Jabali, "Tell me, Lord, the secret, supreme reality. What is
tattva [existence]? What is jiva [individual life]? What is pashu [the soul]? Who is Ish
[the Master]? What are the means to enlightenment?" He said to him, "Very good! Every
thing that you have asked, I will explain to you, as it is known." Again he said to him,
" H o w is it that you know this?" Again he said to him, "from Shadanan." Again he said to
him, "How does he then know this?" Again he said to him, "from Ishan." Again he said
to him, "How does he know it from him?" And again he said, "from upasana [worship]."
In
an
earlier work,
The Rationale of
mIts
Formulation,
Significance and O c c u r -
The import in the above nine mantras of the Jabali Upanishad is that Paippaladi had
asked Jabali Rishi to enlighten him about tattva, jiva, pashu and Ish. Jabali Rishi happily
prepared to instruct him about the questions asked. Just as Jabali Rishi was about to be
gin his discourse, Paippaladi inquired how he Jabali Rishi had achieved enlightenment.
75
On this, the Jabali Rishi disclosed that he was enlightened on the points by Shadanan. On this he further asked from where Shadanan had achieved enlightenment and
to this the answer of Jabali Rishi was that Shadanan had received enlightenment from
Ishan.
Shadanan to Ishan
The insight of descendence of Brahmavidya for the Lower Mathematical domain is that
the processing should begin from within the fourth-dimensional domain in terms of its
constituent, that is a plane is to be along its diagonal which would be facing North-East
(Ishan) and would be leading to the sixth-dimensional domain (Shadanan). Sequential
order would emerge because of dedh-devata
The processing which was
initiated from within the fourth-dimensional domain led to the sixth-dimensional domain. The processing was along the diagonal. The diagonal is greater than either side.
The diagonal is also less than the sum of both the sides (of the triangle). This concept is
the concept of one and a half units. The processing line of one and a half units is 4x3/2=6.
The Upanishadic enlightenment on the point is that the devas are 1, 3/2, 2, 3, and so on
(Brihadaranyaka Upanishad). The concept of dedh-devata
is the specific
processing concept. In terms of this concept the processing along the North-East line
(Ishan) which has taken the fourth-dimensional domain to the sixth-dimensional domain
sequentially would carry the processing further, naturally to the ninth-dimensional domain as 6x3/2 = 9.
T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e a b o v e w i t h i n t h e a r i t h m e t i c d o m a i n i s that i n o r d e r t o
u n d e r s t a n d t h e s t r u c t u r a l f r a m e s a n d s y s t e m s of n a t u r a l n u m b e r 9 (in U p a n i s h a d i c
l a n g u a g e : B r a h m a v i d y a ) w e h a v e t o d e v e l o p t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n t e r m s o f the
s t r u c t u r a l f r a m e s a n d s y s t e m s o f n a t u r a l n u m b e r 6 (in U p a n i s h a d i c l a n g u a g e S h a d a nan b e s t o w e d enlightenment upon Jabali Rishi). A n d understanding the structural
f r a m e s a n d s y s t e m s of n a t u r a l n u m b e r 6 m u s t be in t e r m s of the s t r u c t u r a l f r a m e s
a n d s y s t e m s o f n a t u r a l n u m b e r 4 (in the U p a n i s h a d i c l a n g u a g e I s h a n b e s t o w e d e n l i g h t e n m e n t u p o n S h a d a n a n ) . T h i s r e v e r s e s e q u e n t i a l p r o c e s s c o n t a i n s the s t r u c t u ral k e y .
T h e b a s i c V e d i c M a t h e m a t i c a l c o n c e p t s u s e d are that the unity (single-syllable
O m ) is p r o c e s s a b l e q u a r t e r by q u a r t e r (Shri Pada processing line) and the fourth
q u a r t e r is the i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e first t h r e e q u a r t e r s (Maharishi processing line). As
s u c h , I interpret the a b o v e U p a n i s h a d i c p a s s a g e in the following w a y : the structural
f r a m e s and s y s t e m s of natural n u m b e r 4 (and h e n c e the f o u r t h - d i m e n s i o n a l d o m a i n )
are to be h a n d l e d as unity, a d m i t t i n g p r o c e s s i n g quarter by quarter, and the fourth
76
down
urdhvamulamBhagavad-Gita,
15.1). T h i s m e a n s that
77
Step 10: T h e effect of extending the processing square into the extended processing
s q u a r e upon the values-square of the processing square qua the values-square of the ext e n d e d p r o c e s s i n g square is the structural key for resolving w h y the s u m of t w o regular
b o d i e s of N t h - d i m e n s i o n a l space does not constitute another regular body of the Nthd i m e n s i o n a l space.
In the present studies I have applied the a b o v e structural key in three different w a y s
to p r o v e F e r m a t ' s Last T h e o r e m . T h e s e proofs are submitted not only for the p u r p o s e
of s u p p l y i n g a proof of this unsolved t h e o r e m , but also with the aim of appealing to
other scholars to approach the main challenges within their disciplines through the V e d i c
wisdom.
T h e V e d i c perspective on m e t h o d o l o g y integrates objectivity with subjective experie n c e and as such those w h o are trained in objective m e t h o d o l o g y are required only to
learn h o w to supplement this approach with their o w n subjective experience of the Vedic
Reality. For this I feel highly privileged to be at the feet of His Holiness Shri P a d a Babaji w h o initiated me for the Shri Pada processing line to process this quarter by quarter,
and at the feet of H i s H o l i n e s s Maharishi M a h e s h Y o g i w h o initiated me for the M a h a r i shi p r o c e s s i n g line to p r o c e s s the fourth quarter as the integration of the first three quarters. I am also highly obliged to Professor Krishnaji, C h a i r m a n , Indian Institute of M a harishi
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
Step 5: H e n c e , in the equation U = V + T , V and T are irrational n u m b e r s . T h e r e fore, we h a v e to look for solutions of this equation in the field of real n u m b e r s . Here it
N
the e q u a t i o n s U = V + T and M
N .
= M
N .
+ M
= (MV)
N .
+ ( M T ) , w h i c h is nothing but S =
85
Proof
n
7. Let V = z - x .
n
Let Z = z and X = x . T h e r e f o r e , V = Z - X .
9. As Z and X are n a t u r a l n u m b e r s , so the c l o s e d interval [ O Z ] of l e n g t h Z c u t s a
r a t i o n a l l e n g t h on the real line O R . S i m i l a r l y , the c l o s e d interval [ O X ] of l e n g t h X
c u t s a r a t i o n a l l e n g t h from the interval [ O Z ] .
10. V = Z - X = [ O Z ] - [ O X ] = ( X Z ] = irrational l e n g t h .
11. H e n c e , V
i s a natural n u m b e r s o
Restrictions for n to be
3.
R a t i o n a l e for the r e s t r i c t i o n s :
1 3 . To arrive at the r a t i o n a l e for t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s for n to be
3, we h a v e to go
3. H o w e v e r , c o m p r e h e n s i o n of the
87
to be a r e g u l a r b o d y of l e n g t h N of n t h - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e (for t h e p r e s e n t t a k e as a
d e f i n i t i o n that d e g r e e n r e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r o f d i m e n s i o n s ) .
dimensional regular body ( l ) does not permit division into smaller regular bodies of
the first-dimensional space.
1 7 . T h e a n s w e r i s b e c a u s e o f t h e v e r y d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l n u m b e r 1 . T h e nat
u r a l n u m b e r 1 i s t h e s m a l l e s t n a t u r a l n u m b e r , s o t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f still
smaller natural n u m b e r s d o e s not arise. H e n c e l
+ Y , w h e r e X a n d Y a r e natu
ral n u m b e r s .
18. T h e above situation deserves p r o p e r m a t h e m a t i z a t i o n . Firstly, it takes o n e as
u n d e f i n e d . S i m u l t a n e o u s l y i t g i v e s u s t h e f r e e d o m t o a c c e p t any l i n e a r l e n g t h , m a y i t
b e e q u a l t o r a t i o n a l o r i r r a t i o n a l u n i t s / n u m b e r s , a s a l i n e a r u n i t and h e n c e " o n e . "
1 9 . U s i n g t h e a b o v e f r e e d o m o f c h o i c e t o a c c e p t a n y l i n e a r l e n g t h a s t h e dimen
s i o n a l u n i t h e l p s u s t o r e d u c e a n y r e g u l a r b o d y N " t o t h e first r e g u l a r b o d y o f n t h d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e ( ) , w h e r e N = o n e u n i t . T h i s a l s o c a n b e t a k e n a s t h e first regu
1
lar b o d y of t h e f i r s t - d i m e n s i o n a l s p a c e ( l ) s i n c e 1
= 1 = l .
88
c a n t r a n s c e n d the t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l g e o m e t r i c a l u n i v e r s e and h a v e a g e o m e t r i c a l
c o n t i n u u m , and s e c o n d l y , in t e r m s of t h e fine c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n the structural unit
and t h e d i m e n s i o n a l unit m a i n t a i n i n g the ratio of 1/2 : 1.
a : 4a a n d a : 6 a
2 7 . T h e a b o v e r a t i o s h a v e the f o r m u l a t i o n
a /2na
n
: 1 for n = 2 and 3.
n-1
b o d y the d o m a i n part a (which for the square is the area of the square and for the cube is
its v o l u m e ) and the frame part 2na
n-1
c u b e is its surface area) maintain a ratio dependent upon 1/2, the length (a) and the dim e n s i o n a l degree (n). This ratio c o m e s to be a/2n. T h e structural significance is that for
any a and any n, there c o m e s into play the factor 1/2. This factor, which may be accepted
as a halving-factor, is responsible for providing the required structural knot to bind the
structural arrangements to constitute dimensional regular bodies. This is the structural
key to unlock the structural knots of dimensional regular bodies of all lengths and all degrees. This factor being free of the length and degree of dimensional regular bodies acquires universal application. H e n c e , even the regular bodies of unit length of all the
dimensional spaces of any degree also admit the factor (1/2). By this m e a n s we gain in1
n-1
that is a /2na
n
n-1
n-l
for n = 1,2,3...],
1-1
T h i s i n d i c a t e s that out o f any c l o s e d l i n e a r interval w e can r e m o v e o n e c l o s e d interv a l of half l e n g t h w h i l e the s e c o n d half w o u l d not be a c l o s e d interval. H e n c e t h e
s t r u c t u r a l unit is half of the d i m e n s i o n a l unit, w h i c h essentially is the linear unit.
O n e m a y r e v e r t b a c k t o this f r a m e d d o m a i n after h a v i n g b e e n t h r o u g h the internal
89
s t r u c t u r e o f s e c o n d a n d t h i r d f r a m e d d o m a i n s , w h i c h are t h e w e l l - k n o w n g e o m e t r i
c a l f i g u r e s of a s q u a r e a n d a c u b e , to fully r e a l i z e t h i s i m p l i c a t i o n .
and
a p e r i m e t e r 4a. By s u i t a b l y c h o o s i n g a l i n e a r u n i t , we c a n h a v e t h e l e n g t h of a
square equal 1 (linear unit). T h e length 1 (linear unit) would mean a closed interval
o f l e n g t h 1 ( l i n e a r u n i t ) . S t r u c t u r a l l y t h i s w o u l d m e a n that w e c a n d i v i d e s a i d c l o s e d
i n t e r v a l i n t o t w o i n t e r v a l s , o n e of w h i c h is a c l o s e d i n t e r v a l of l e n g t h 1/2.
3 2 . A l g e b r a i c a l l y we k n o w ( A + B )
= A
+ AB + BA +
= A
+ 2 A B + B . Geo
m e t r i c a l l y , t a k i n g A = [ O X ] , a c l o s e d i n t e r v a l , a n d = [ O X ) , a o n e - s i d e d o p e n inter
v a l ( t o b e r e f e r r e d t o a s a n o p e n i n t e r v a l ) , t h e a b o v e a l g e b r a i c e q u a l i t y w o u l d ac
c o u n t for t h e i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s q u a r e o f l e n g t h [ ] .
= [OX]
+ 2 [ O X ] [ O X ) + [OX)
when
t r a n s l a t e d i n t o g e o m e t r i c e q u a l i t y , a s h a s b e e n s h o w n i n t h e a b o v e figure, w o u l d di
v i d e t h e g e o m e t r i c a l s q u a r e i n t o four g e o m e t r i c a l s q u a r e s . O u t o f t h e s e four s q u a r e s ,
t h e first s q u a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y [ O X ]
90
3 4 . T h e o r i g i n a l s q u a r e m a y b e r e c o n s t i t u t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g four steps a s d e p i c t ed a b o v e . As a first s t e p , out of the four s q u a r e s take the s q u a r e w i t h four b o u n d a r y
l i n e s a n d four c o r n e r p o i n t s intact. As a s e c o n d step t a k e o n e m o r e s q u a r e o u t of the
r e m a i n i n g t h r e e s q u a r e s w i t h o n l y o n e b o u n d a r y line and t w o c o r n e r p o i n t s m i s s i n g .
W h e n t h i s s q u a r e is a d d e d to the s q u a r e of the first s t e p , it c o n s t i t u t e s a r e c t a n g l e of
a r e a e q u a l to half the area of the o r i g i n a l s q u a r e .
3 5 . H e r e i t m a y b e r e l e v a n t t o n o t e that g e o m e t r i c a l l y t h e r e r e m a i n s n o v a c u u m a t
all w h e n the t w o s q u a r e s o f e q u a l l e n g t h , o n e o f t h e m w i t h its o n e b o u n d a r y line
m i s s i n g , are j o i n e d . T h i s is b e c a u s e [ O X ] + [ O X ) = [ O X ] + ( X O ' ] = [ O O ] , t h u s p r o v i d i n g a c o n t i n u u m t h r o u g h o u t t h e b o u n d a r y line a l o n g w h i c h the t w o s q u a r e s are
j o i n e d to c o n s t i t u t e a r e c t a n g l e .
3 6 . N o w a s a third s t e p , w e m a y t a k e o n e m o r e s q u a r e w h o s e o n e b o u n d a r y line i s
m i s s i n g from the r e m a i n i n g t w o s q u a r e s . W h e n this s q u a r e i s j o i n e d w i t h the r e c t a n g l e c o m p o s e d in the first t w o s t e p s , t h e m i s s i n g b o u n d a r y line, as is s h o w n in the
a b o v e figure, b e c o m e s a c o n t i n u u m in t e r m s of the half b o u n d a r y line of t h e inner
l e n g t h of the r e c t a n g l e .
3 7 . F o r a fourth step, j o i n the r e m a i n i n g fourth s q u a r e , w h o s e t w o b o u n d a r y lines
are m i s s i n g , w i t h the g e o m e t r i c a l figure f o r m e d as a result of the first t h r e e s t e p s . As
is e v i d e n t from the a b o v e figure, o n e of t h e m i s s i n g b o u n d a r y lines w o u l d b e c o m e a
c o n t i n u u m in t e r m s of t h e u p p e r half of the b o u n d a r y line of the inner l e n g t h of the
r e c t a n g l e left u n c o v e r e d until S t e p 3 , w h i l e the s e c o n d m i s s i n g b o u n d a r y line o f this
f o u r t h s q u a r e (as d e p i c t e d as S t e p 4 in t h e a b o v e figure) w o u l d b e c o m e a c o n t i n u u m
in t e r m s of the i n n e r b o u n d a r y line of t h e third s q u a r e .
3 8 . T h i s internal structural arrangement of the square is significant in several w a y s .
T w o of these w h i c h have vital bearing for the present are that the square has nine structural points out of w h i c h eight are symmetrically located around the central ninth point
w h e r e all the four squares are joined, and that w h e n out of the square of rational length,
a square of rational length is cut out, the r e m a i n i n g portion of the original square consists of three parts, n o n e of w h i c h has all the four boundary lines intact.
91
s u r f a c e a r e a 6a . By s u i t a b l y c h o o s i n g a l i n e a r unit, we c a n h a v e t h e l e n g t h of t h e
c u b e = 1 ( l i n e a r u n i t ) . T h e l e n g t h 1 ( l i n e a r u n i t ) w o u l d m e a n a c l o s e d interval of
l e n g t h 1 ( l i n e a r u n i t ) . S t r u c t u r a l l y this w o u l d m e a n that w e c a n d i v i d e t h e said c l o s e d
i n t e r v a l i n t o t w o i n t e r v a l s , o n e of w h i c h is a c l o s e d interval of l e n g t h 1/2.
4 0 . A l g e b r a i c a l l y we k n o w t h a t ( A + B )
= A + 3A B +
+ . Geometrically
t a k i n g A = [ O X ] , a c l o s e d i n t e r v a l , a n d = [ O X ) , a o n e - s i d e d o p e n i n t e r v a l (to be
r e f e r r e d t o a s a n o p e n i n t e r v a l ) , t h e a b o v e a l g e b r a i c e q u a l i t y w o u l d a c c o u n t for t h e
internal structure of the cube of length 2 [ O X ] .
4 1 . G e o m e t r i c a l l y we h a v e [ O O ' ] = [ O X ] + ( X O ' ] = [ O X ] + [ O X ) , w h e r e X is t h e
m i d d l e point of the closed interval [ O O ' ] . T h e structural break-up of a square of
length 1 (linear unit) can be had in terms of the structural break-up permissible by
t h e l i n e a r u n i t as a c l o s e d i n t e r v a l [ O X ] of 1/2 u n i t l e n g t h a n d an o p e n i n t e r v a l
l e n g t h [ O X ) of 1/2 u n i t l e n g t h . T h e a b o v e figure s h o w s t h e s t r u c t u r a l b r e a k - u p of a
c u b e o f l e n g t h [ O O ' ] w i t h X a s its m i d d l e p o i n t . T h e a l g e b r a i c e q u a l i t y [ O O ' ]
[OX]
+ 3[OX]
e q u a l i t y , a s h a s b e e n s h o w n i n t h e a b o v e figure, d i v i d e s t h e g e o m e t r i c a l c u b e i n t o
eight geometrical cubes.
4 2 . O u t o f t h e a b o v e e i g h t c u b e s , t h e first c u b e , r e p r e s e n t e d b y [ O X ] , i s a com
p l e t e c u b e h a v i n g a v o l u m e e q u a l t o a c u b e o f t h e l e n g t h [ O X ] , s u r f a c e area e q u a l t o
2
92
4 6 . T h e division of the c u b e into eight c u b e s of a b o v e description can be used in rev e r s e to reconstitute the original c u b e in t e r m s of the said eight c u b e s . T h i s is similar
to the case of the square traced a b o v e in p a r a g r a p h s 34 to 3 7 . T h e said eight c u b e s
93
Summary
4 7 . Before we take up the general Nth term of the framed d o m a i n s sequence, I w o u l d
like to s u m m a r i z e the position e m e r g i n g from the above analysis of the first three
framed d o m a i n s . T h e s e three cases involve c o m m o n geometrical figures, n a m e l y a
c l o s e d interval of a straight line, a square, and a c u b e of rational lengths.
4 8 . W i t h respect to the first framed d o m a i n , it requires a definition of a structural
frame for a closed interval. W i t h respect to the square and the c u b e it is o b v i o u s that
the area of the square is contained within the perimeter of the square and the v o l u m e of
the c u b e is similarly contained within the surface area of the c u b e . As such the
p e r i m e t e r and surface area respectively are the framed parts of the square and the c u b e .
Structurally the length of the closed interval requires a m i d d l e point and as such we
m a y define a point as a zero space figure responsible for p r o v i d i n g a frame for the
(linear) length by h a v i n g p l a c e m e n t for the frame point a n y w h e r e in b e t w e e n the
interval. ( T o be specific, the p l a c e m e n t for the frame point is not at the b e g i n n i n g or
the e n d point of the closed interval.) T h a t w a y only one point (to be called the middle
point since it falls m i d w a y b e t w e e n the t w o end points) constitutes the frame of the
first framed d o m a i n .
4 9 . F r o m the a b o v e , w e m a y c o n c l u d e (and tabulate a s the figure b e l o w indicates)
that w h e n from the first framed d o m a i n , that is, a closed interval of a straight line, a
c l o s e d interval of s m a l l e r rational length is cut out, the r e m a i n i n g portion constitutes
an irrational length as it is m i s s i n g o n e end point. W h e n from the second framed
d o m a i n , that is, a square of rational length, a square of smaller rational length is cut
out, the r e m a i n i n g portion constitutes three squares out of w h i c h t w o squares are
m i s s i n g o n e b o u n d a r y line, and o n e square is missing t w o b o u n d a r y lines. Similarly,
w h e n from the third framed d o m a i n , that is, a c u b e of rational length, a c u b e of smaller
rational length is cut out, the r e m a i n i n g portion constitutes seven c u b e s out of w h i c h
three c u b e s are m i s s i n g o n e surface, another three c u b e s are m i s s i n g t w o surfaces, and
the last, that is, the seventh c u b e , is m i s s i n g three surfaces.
5 0 . T h e following table evidently m a k e s it clear that w h e n the rational length of the
regular b o d y of the N t h - d i m e n s i o n (Nth framed d o m a i n ) is divided into rational part (Q)
and the r e m a i n i n g irrational part (R), the regular body gets divided into 2
n
d i m e n s i o n a l b o d i e s of the form Q R
N - n
N-
, w h e r e n = N, N - l , N - 2 , ... , 2, 1, 0. T h e s e N-
...
94
Degree of Freedom
5 2 . N o w we m a y take up the question w h y restrictions are necessary for n to be
3.
In other w o r d s , the question is: w h y for the first and second degree of natural n u m b e r s ,
that is, for n = 1 and 2, the equation Z = X + Y has solutions. Here it m a y be relevant
to note that the division into t w o parts of like degrees is not possible for all Z , n = 1, 2.
W h e n Z and n both are equal to one, the division for Z = 1 is not possible, though for
all Z
2 and n = 1, the desired division into t w o parts obviously holds by the very definition of the natural n u m b e r s . For e x a m p l e , consider 1, 1 + 1 , 1 + 2 , 1+3
...,1+s,....
n
95
d i m e n s i o n a l structures w h i l e the linear m e a s u r e value of unit length is completely dep e n d e n t upon the structural a r r a n g e m e n t of a one-dimensional space, that is a straight
line. T h e linear unit w o u l d represent a closed interval of unit length. T h e internal structural restrictions of a closed interval m a k e it impossible for its division into t w o closed
intervals. As such the natural n u m b e r 1, as the first degree v a l u e of one, does not admit
the desired d e c o m p o s i t i o n . H o w e v e r , the straight line and hence a closed interval, b e i n g
a first-dimensional b o d y (figure) has t w o degrees of freedom within a three-dimensional
s p a c e . As such, externally the linear unit is free to c o m b i n e itself with a similar unit to
constitute a o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l b o d y (figure) of t w o units. T h e role of the origin point of
the t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l frame is crucial since from it e m a n a t e s dimensional lines and for
each of the three-dimensional lines it r e m a i n s a zero value starting point. B e c a u s e of
this, it is possible to have linear units simultaneously sprouting from the origin point
a l o n g the d i m e n s i o n a l lines. H e n c e , there are t w o distinct planes available for every dim e n s i o n a l line, w h i c h m a y be used by the given linear unit of any of the three d i m e n sional lines. T h i s two-fold freedom for the straight line accounts for the desired d e c o m position for all natural n u m b e r s except Z - l .
5 6 . T u r n i n g to the p l a n e , a s q u a r e , a t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l regular b o d y , has as w e l l , o n e
d e g r e e of f r e e d o m in a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l space. It is b e c a u s e of the restricted freedom
of the p l a n e that the d e c o m p o s i t i o n is not universally permissible in the case of t w o d i m e n s i o n a l regular b o d i e s . Rather, in their case, within any finite range of natural
n u m b e r s , say
and in a c o m p a r a t i v e l y very small n u m b e r of values of Z only the desired d e c o m p o s i tion w o u l d hold. T h i s is so also within a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l space, t w o d i m e n s i o n s stand
restricted b e c a u s e of the structural format of a plane and it is left with only o n e degree
of f r e e d o m . H e r e we m a y c o m p a r e the situation with the fate of a o n e - d i m e n s i o n a l
b o d y , that is, a straight line w h o s e structural format has only o n e d i m e n s i o n . It is left
w i t h t w o d e g r e e s of freedom in t e r m s of unrestricted t w o d i m e n s i o n s of the threedimensional space.
5 7 . N o w w h e n we c o m e to a three-dimensional body, its structural format restricts all
the three dimensional lines and hence we are left with no degree of freedom. It is b e cause of this that it is not possible to duplicate the cube. In the case of a plane, it is possible to duplicate it as a p l a n e h a v i n g one degree of freedom in a three-dimensional space.
As such we can m o v e (or pile) a plane (or identical regular b o d i e s of a two-dimensional
s p a c e , say square) along the third d i m e n s i o n as is evident from the following figure:
96
97
rectangle, only M - l ) . Therefore, the re-assembled position for l = 1 for the X and Y
axis would give N x ( N - l ) (and in case of a rectangle N x [ M - l ] ) which is less than N
98
C'A') in t e r m s of the squares on the d i m e n s i o n a l lines of the format of the plane figure
A B C D and vice-versa. T h o u g h this assignment as such is not taken up here, it may not
be out of context to note that the unit square w o u l d be the basic constituent w h i c h
w o u l d be used for a division p r o c e s s of one square into t w o squares or the reverse proc e s s of c o m p o s i t i o n of t w o squares into one square. T h e unit square (and as such any
s q u a r e ) has eight s y m m e t r i e s , and the three-dimensional regular body as well has eight
corner points, and the three-dimensional Cartesian frame cuts the space into eight octants, as s h o w n b e l o w . It is b e c a u s e of this that the division process and the reverse
c o m p o s i t i o n p r o c e s s is possible.
b y Z unit c u b e s .
99
100
Conclusion
7 3 . Therefore, the a b o v e contradiction proves that our assumption regarding p e r m i s sibility of the v o l u m e of the c u b e to be separated and handled l x l x l = 1 as a natural
3
unit is w r o n g . H e n c e X c u b i c units cannot be treated as linear units and as such the addition operation of natural n u m b e r s is not a meaningful operation. If cubic units l x l x l
are treated as linear units 1, then it w o u l d result in a contradiction. H e n c e , the t h e o r e m
for the c u b e s that it is impossible to separate a c u b e into t w o c u b e s .
7 4 . T h e a b o v e logic w o u l d be equally applicable to the bi-quadratic and higher p o w e r s as w e l l , as the natural n u m b e r s addition operation is geometrically linear in nature;
the s a m e is m e a n i n g l e s s and it is not applicable to the higher-dimensional units l x l ,
lxlxl,
lxlxlxl....
101
75. Z
as Z
( l x l ) and Z
( l x l x l x l ) and Z
( l x l x l ) and Z
(1) a s w e l l
defined,
the
addition
operation
will
remain
only
the
operation
of o n e -
dimensional space.
n-1
[a /2na
4
as t h e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l regular b o d y . F u r t h e r , by
= A
+ 6 A B + 4A B
+ 6AB
+ B . Geomet
= [OX]
+ 6[OX]
[OX) + 4[OX]
[OX)
[ O X ) w o r k s o u t t h e s t r u c t u r a l a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e fourth f r a m e d d o m a i n . T h i s ,
w h e n t r a n s l a t e d i n t o g e o m e t r y , s h a l l d i v i d e t h e f o u r t h - d i m e n s i o n a l b o d y i n t o seven
teen fourth-dimensional bodies.
4
7 9 . O u t of t h e s e v e n t e e n f o u r t h - d i m e n s i o n a l b o d i e s , t h e first, n a m e l y [ O X ] , is a
c o m p l e t e f o u r t h - d i m e n s i o n a l b o d y in t h e s e n s e that all t h e eight c u b i c c o m p o n e n t s of
t h e f r a m e are intact.
102
N - d i m e n s i o n a l b o d i e s w o u l d b e required.
8 4 . Therefore, for N
N
3 and Z
= X + NRX
N - 1
N - 1
+ .... Therefore, X + Y
+ ... + R .
103
Therefore, Y = N R X
N - 1
+ ... + R .
N
right side are only 2 - 1 . H e n c e , the left side cannot be equal to the the right side. W i t h
this the g e o m e t r i c a l proof of the t h e o r e m stands c o m p l e t e d .
8 5 . N o w if in the light of the a b o v e , we try to find the significance of the internal
1
n-1
104