201244 2 349-372

1960-2011
782

creative imagination
reproductive imagination

Barr Steele2003

Policastro & Gardner, 1999Faraday

(the dynamic of lines of force)

Ode on a Grecian Urn, & 2004

100-2511-S-155-006-MY2
ulhsu@satarn.yzu.edu.tw

350

2008
Lindqvist, 2003; Ricoeur, 1978; Taylor, 2006; Thomas, 2003; Vygotsky, 1971Gardner(2007)

Mansilla Gardner2008

Thomas, 1999, 2003, 2010Murray 1986

Reiner & Gilbert, 2000

Sutton-Smith, 1988, p. 7
(social responsibilities)

Decety & Grzes, 2006; Van Meer & Theunissen, 2009; Vgotsky, 2004
Leahy & Sweller, 2008;
Tindall-Ford & Sweller, 2006
imagination

imageimagery

exploratory factor analysisconfirmatory

factor analysismental construct

351

Finke, 1990, 1996; Policastro & Gardner, 1999; Thomas,

2010
Gaut,
2003; Sutton-Smith 1988, p.7; Thomas, 2003 Dewey
Dewey, 1916, p. 60, 152
Dewey, 1934, p. 267
effectivenesssensibilitynovelty
Eisner2002, p.41997

crystallization

Reichling1990the image of imagination

intuitionperceptionthinkingfeeling
elaboration Finke
Ward Smith1992
Geneplore model

Kant

transformation1998

exploration
Finke1996 geneplore model
tacit knowledge
Pylyshyn, 2002
Bensafi et al., 2003; Dallos, 1992; Smith, Gosselin, & Houde, 2002

sensibility
Reichling1990
Ricoeur1978, p. 156
Eisner2002, p. 4

1907 Das Lied von der

Erde

352

intuition
BowersRegehrBalthazard Parker1990
coherence

Finke
1996
Reichling 1990

(novelty)

Finke, 1996; Mandler, 1995; Pelaprat & Cole,

2011WardFinke Smith1995

Beaney2005
conjuring up images

productivity
Feist, 2010 Ribot1906 Betts
1916quantityFolkmann2010

Beaney2005

Karwowski & Soszynski, 2008; Palaski, 1970;

Reichling, 1990

crystallization
Kosslyn 1995 non-propositional
informationZoom inZoom
outVygotsky2004

(elaboration)
Loasby 2001 Marshall 1994 evolutionary model

Finke1996

Folkmann, 2010; Reiner & Gilbert,

353

2000Reichling, 1990

effectiveness
Ribot1906

Betts1916
Finke1996
Colello2007

transformation
Ribot1906association
transformation

Beaney, 2005 Kant

(1998)

Ovid PsycINFOISIEBESCO 1960 2011

google
explorationsensibility
intuitionnoveltyproductivity
crystallization
elaborationeffectivenesstransformation
1

354

Beaney, 2005; Sigurdardttir, 2002

Vygotsky1971, 1995 reproductive

creative
Reichling (1990)
fantasy or magical Imaginationreproductive or literal imagination
metaphorical and paradoxical imagination 3
1996
fantasy

1 2

oblique rotations
Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatbam, 2006

355

Lindqvist2003 Eckhoff Urbach2008 Vygotsky 1930 Imagination and

Creativity in Childhoodconsciousness
(laws)1
2
3

1999 AB
C A
B
C
3

C.
High Quality Imagery

(3)
4.
(2)

3.
2.

(1)

1.

()
B.

3
1999954-56

Trotman2006situated practice
Vygotsky(1930)(1999)

356

solitarycontemplative
correspondencecontributorydissonancecollective-reciprocal
or reciprocal collective

Trotman2006Burns1979

communal in flow-nessTrotman
Trotman
Piccaso 1881-1973 1907
Les Demoiselles dAvignon, 1907Piccaso

402
380
1

2009 Ovid PsycINFOISI EBESCO 1960

2011

357

Likert-type
Scale

54321
20
10 10

1.5 > .75

< 1p < .05t > 1.96 > .3
> .3
Cronbachs .777 .654 .819 .659

402

380

152

37.8%

9424.7%
28675.3%

250

62.2%

61

15.2%

116

28.9%

89

22.1%

19

4.7%

7519.7%
6216.3%

117

29.1%

6416.8%

292

72.6%

110

27.4%

13433.3%
24666.7%

8823.2%
9124.0%

SPSS 17.0 principle component

analysisprinciple axis analysis

358

LISREL 8.80 CFA

maximum-likelihoodJreskog & Srbom, 2002variance-covariance
matrixstandardized root mean squared residual, SRMRJreskog &
Srbom, 1996root mean squared error of approximation, RMSEASteiger,
comparative fit index, CFI
Bentler, 1990
Tucker-Lewis Tucker-Lewis
1990
index, TLIBentler & Bonett, 1980 Fan Sivo2007
HooperCoughlan Mullen 2008Hu Bentler1999 SivoFanWitta Willse2006
SRMR RMSEA 0.08 CFI TLI
0.95

1.5
>.75 SD = .69SD
= .73SD = .71 < 1
.150 .520
1.5 SD = .72
SD = .71 .75 < 1
.181 .618 2

402 KMO = .846
2010
52.82%
40.32%

eigenvalue 3.629 40.32%

1.124 12.49%
.40 .40
.40 Mata-Toledo & Gustafson, 1992

359

n = 402

n = 380

SD

SD

3.92

.69

3.91

.72

3.78

.76

3.72

.76

3.70

.73

3.69

.78

3.21

.78

3.34

.81

3.27

.80

3.38

.83

3.58

.56

3.61

.61

3.44

.82

3.42

.83

3.50

.81

3.46

.79

3.55

.76

3.49

.75

3.57

.71

3.54

.71

3.51

.60

3.48

.60

2.

.84

3.

.75

7.

.72

1.

6.

5.

.615

.80

.497

.558

.72

.328

.609

.63

.530

.64

.443

.51

.328

.61

.428

.44

.318

-.175

-.16

.12

.83

.602

.52

.228

.73

.574

.73

.462

.61

.535

.30

.219

9.

8.

.35

.54

.573

4.

.21

.48

.352

.21

360

convergent discriminate
Cronbach = .777
Cronbach = .659
.66
~ .79 .24 ~ .53
Brown, 2006

2 = 60.81df = 1p < 0.05

t > 2p < 0.05 4 5

55.31%
eigenvalue 3.931 43.68%
1.046 11.63% .525 ~ .896

2 = 40.89df = 1p < 0.05t > 2p < 0.05

4 6 7

e1
.64

e1
.53

.55

.48

.60

e1

e1

.69

.72

e1

.63

.42

.67

e1

e1

.76

.85

. 61

.48

.39

e1
.68

.72

.59

e1

.56

361

4
2

df

SRMR

RMSEA

TLI

CFI

157.95

27

0.06

0.11

0.90

0.93

97.14

26

0.05

0.08

0.95

0.96

.56

0.68

.56

0.69

.61

0.63

.64

0.59

.64

0.60

.66

0.57

.59

0.65

.60

0.64

.73

0.46

.75

0.43

.78

.45

0.79

.46

0.79

.36

0.87

.44

0.81

.66

0.57

.77

0.41

.50

0.75

.62

0.61

.81

.67

6
2

df

SRMR

RMSEA

TLI

CFI

143.78

27

0.06

0.10

0.92

0.94

102.89

26

0.05

0.09

0.95

0.96

362

.60

0.64

.68

0.54

.72

0.48

.65

0.57

.75

.60

0.64

.69

0.53

.72

0.48

.67

0.55

0.44

.76

0.42

.82

.56

0.69

.61

0.63

.37

0.86

.39

0.85

.62

0.61

.72

0.48

.44

0.81

.56

0.68

.84

.66

.50 .36 ~ .44

Loasby, 2001

focusing
.50
.61.50

focusing
6
4
10

363

Pylyshyn, 2002; Rechling, 1990; Thomas,

2010; Vygotsky, 2004

1. productivity

Ribot1906 Betts1916quantity
Feist2010
Folkmann2010

Palaski, 1970; Reichling, 1990

2. sensibility

Reichling1990
Ricoeur1978, p. 156
Vygotsky
2004

3. intuition

Galstalt
Thomas, 1999 Reichling1990

Bowers 1990coherence

4. novelty

Finke, 1996; Mandler, 1995; Pelaprat & Cole, 2011

KEA European Affairs2009

364

5. focusing

Eckhoff Urbach2008
Vygotsky1978, p. 99

Folkmann
2010

6. exploration

tacit knowledgePylyshyn, 2002

Finke1996

1. transformation

Kant

Arendt1977 Barr Steele2003

Arendt narratives

Barr & Steele, 2003, p.511 Barr

Steele2003imagining
the other

2. crystallization

.30 .21

365

.48 .61

Vygotsky2004Thomas1997, 2010 Kosslyn1995

3. effectiveness

.70
Betts1916
Finke1996

4. dialectics

.38
Finke1996
Reiner Gilbert2000Folkmann2010
Reichling1990

Dewey1934, p. 267Vygotsky1971, 1995Reichling1990

1996

1999

Trotman2006

Dewey1916, p. 60, 152Eisner2002, p. 4

Reichling1990 Kant (
1998) Trotman2006

366

Eisner2002 Vygotsky1995

367

1960-2011

Trotman2006

100

NSC 100-2511-s-155-006-MY2

2004

2008
2109-113
1996

2010

1998
1997

368

1999
954-56
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372

Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 2012, 44(2), 349-372

National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Meaning and Characteristics of Imagination: Findings from

Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Yu-Ling Hsu

Chao-Yun Liang

College of General Studies

Yuan Ze University

Department of Information
Communication Yuan Ze University

This study aimed to clarify the meaning and characteristics of imagination, and further construct and confirm the theoretical
model of productive and creative imagination. In order to clarify the meaning of imagination and identify its potential
characteristics,we first reviewed the literature on imagination between 1960 and 2011, Next, we surveyed two samples
consisting of 782 participators, and performed exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis on the data. As a
result two dimensions and 10 characteristics of imagination were emtracted from the data. The first dimension was named
creative imagination, including the characteristics of exploration, intuition, sensibility, novelty, concentration, and
productivity. The second dimension was named reproductive imagination, including the characteristics of crystallization,
dialectics, effectiveness, and transformation. The two dimensions show discriminative validity as well as a certain level of
correlation. Finally, suggestions for the future research were proposed.

KEY WORDS: confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, imagination