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COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS
This Free Ouality
- -''Manual is
Found Only at POV/ERLIJ\
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PO\VERLINE REVIE\V CENTER

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MEZZANINE FLOOR, DONA AMPARO BUILDING

CORNER ESPANA & G. M. TOLENTINO STREETS
SAMPALOC, MANILA
TEL NOS. 73&-73-02 & 733-21.-18

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TEL NOS. (032)26i-2244 & (032)261-8452

Computer Fundamentals:
I. Number Systems and Conversion
Number System
Base/Radix Digits Used
0,1
Binary
2
Octal
8
0 to7
Decimal
10
0 to 9
Hexadecimal 16
0 to 9, A to F

Positional Weight
24 23 22 21. z1 2-2 2-3
84 83 82 81. 8-1

a-2 a-3

03 102 101 . 101 10 2 10-3

16 3 16 2 16 1 . 16 1 16-2 16-3

Rules for Conversion:

1.. Any Number System to Decimal System
Obtain the sum of the product of each digit and its corresponding positional weight.
2.

Decimal System to Any Number System.

Divide the decimal number successively by the new base taking note of the remainders
formed after each division. The remainders when written in the reverse order will form
the number in the new radix number system.

3. Binary to Octal/Hexadecimal Number System.

Arrange the binary numbers into groups of three/four for octal/hexadecimal starting from
the binary point and convert each group of three/four digits into its equivalent value in
octal/hexadecimal.

4. Decimal Fraction to a Fraction in Any Number System.

Multiply the decimal fraction successively by the new radix taking note of the
integers/zeroes formed after multiplication. The integers/zeroes when written starting
from the radix point to the right will form the fraction in that new number system.

li. Complementation of Numbers:

1. Radix-Minus-One Complement:
Obtained by subtracting each digit from (Radix- 1 )

2. Radix Complement or True Complement

Obtained by adding one to the least significant digit of the given radix-minus-one
complement.

Ill Binary Coded Decimai(BCD)

A memory code wherein each digit of a decimal number is converted into its equivalent 4-bit
binary value rather than converting the entire decimal value into its pure binary form.
8421

2421

0
1
2
3

0000
0001
0010

0000

0011

0100

0011
0100

0101
0110

Decimal Digit

'
I'

7
8
9

0111
1000
1001

0001
0010

1011

1100
1101
1110
1111

5211
0000
0001
0011
0101
0111
1000
1010

X's of 3

1100

0000
0011
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010

1110
1111

1100

1011

IV. Boolean Algebra-an algebra of logic which uses variables with two possible values 0 or 1.
Logic add'n (OR) Logic Multip'n (AND) Inverter (NOT)
A+ B =
Basic
1.
2.
3.
4.

A* B =X

A=X

Relations and Theorems:

A+O = ~
11. A * B B * A
A+ 1 =A 1
12. A+ ( B +C)= (A+ B)+ C
A*O=O
13.A(BC)=(AB)C
A*1=A
14.A(B+C)=AB+AC

5. A+ A

6. A* A

=1
=0

15. A+ AB =A

7. A+ A= A

16. (A+ B) (!+C)= A+ BC

17. A+ A B =A+ 8

8. A* A= A

18.AB+AB =A

9.

19. A* B =A + B
--20. A+B =A* B

A =A

10.A+B=B+A

V. Components of a Computer System:

1. Hardware- the physical equipment made up of various metals, silicon, and plastic
components that make up the parts of the computer.
a. Input devices - converts input information into binary form acceptable to a computer.
keyboard
mouse
joystick
light pen
touch screen
track ball
optical character reader (OCR)
optical bar code reader (OBCR)
magnetic ink character reader (MICR)
voice input system
video sensors
other data acquisition systems

b. Output devices - receives information from the computer and provide them to users.
CRT screen
Plotter
Printer
Voice response/audio devices
Microfilm
c.

Memory- stores data and is externally limited. (in MB or GB capacity).

primary or main memory- resides in the CPU and is easily accessed
secondary or auxiliary memory - attach to the computer to increase data
storage capability (CD ROM, hard disk, floppy disk, etc.)

d.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

arithmetic logic unit- performs arithmetic and logic manipulations.
Control unit- directs all the action of the computer.

2. Software - programs or instructions that link the computer to the user.

a. systems software
operating system
language processors
utilities
b. application software
application package
application program
VI. Computer- a fast electronic calculating machine that accepts input information a list of

internally stored instructions called a program and produces a resultant output information.

Algorithm- a sequence of instructions that tells us how to solve a particular problem.

Computer system- a combination of hardware and software used as unit to process data.
History of Computers:
a. First Generation - uses electronic valves or vacuum tubes.
b. 2nd Generation- uses transistor semiconductors.
c. 3rd Generation - uses integrated circuit (IC) chips.
d. 4th Generation- uses very large scale and ultra large scale integration.
e. 5th Generation- modern day computers with artificial intelligence.

COMPUTER REVIEW PROBLEMS/QUESTION

1. Modern number system are built around which the following components?
fl unit, number and radix
C. position, power and unit
B. number, base, and radix
D. digit, power, and position

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2. What term describes

~ unit
B. base

a single object in a modern number system?

C. digit
D. number

3. What is a number?
A. a quantity of object
B. a counting system base on symbols

C. the decimal system

.Q.. a symbol representing a unit or a
quantity

4. Which of the following symbols is NOT

b.:C

an Arabic figure?.

B. 2

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5. The power of a number is indicated by the

A. subscript
.: exponent

C.7

D. 9

C. radical
D. radix

6. Add 326 10 and 19210

A. 418
B. 508

c. 528

7. Add 100102 and 10102

A. 100002
B. 111002

c. 101012

D. 518
)

D. 1101.0:

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8. subtract 111112 to 101012 .
A. 101002
B. 110102
"to- 1 "'-"'
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9. What is the R's-1 complement of 63310
A. 4771o
B. 4661o

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c. 00101z

-/vyv(i

Q; 010102

. 36610
D. 37710

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10. what is the R's complement of 36510 ,

<. g 4- - ~s-'
A. 634 10
+
,
B. 60510
"" 3 s; - ..

c.

71510
0.71410

11. which of the following solution is correct when using the R's complement method of
subtracting 51610 from 84510
.og.}sA. 328
c. 460 - <,;I(J
B. 329
D. 671
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12. Add: 2601a + 50358

A. 7636s
B. 7640s

C. 10636s
D. 107008

13. ;subtract: 646s- 421 8

A. 125a
B. 265s

15. 22s10

14. Find the sum of l741s and 67s

A. lOOOOs
~ 100308

C. 70308
D. 10730s

C. 225s

to-:ot v
11 ""13
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15. Which of the following number does NOT represent a hexadecimal value?
A. 2DF4
C. 47CE
B.A32B
Q.9FGF
16. Find the sum A16 + 416
A. C16
B. D16

17. Add: 47816 +

A. Cllt6
.._. COA16

7921~

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18. Subtract: 1016 - 816

A. At6
B. 716

C. B0016
D. BFAt6

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19. Convert 0.7510 to binary

A. 0.102
B. 0.012

3lo

~0.1b

D. 1.002

0.

s-

c. 1001.102

~1100.102

B. 1010.01z

D. 1101.012
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-<-4/q,
'!,

"'

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22. Convert 0.305 10 to octal (four places)

A. 0.5765s

B. 0.1471s

111d10H~Ol02

A. EB216
[ EC416

25. Convert Fl.C8 16 to Octa!

A. 741.620a
B. 661.304a

~ 301 8
D. 403 8

:.. i. 0
::_

C. C4116

oiWO

1-:t
11)

--1,.

~/-..

=I

_1/._

:::C)1'"!

" ")o,;

C. 0.3050s
D. 0.2341 8

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00

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o.~ ""b.!

111--:2..

t1./1. =.t, ... 0 '

'-/'l- -:::, v-.o

c;.

r- I J

12. 10 ~ I(OO.lO'L.

~o-z..:o4t <~.)

"'-

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c.'?oSx$::"2..44

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fh

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l<ovvt crY\~

c.,._

23. Convert 1609 10 to hex

A. SA516
B. 64916
24. Convert

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20. Convert 12.510 to base 2

B. 1428

-,<

21. Convert 193 10 to base 8

A. 62s

o.Ho"<.

-4 ,

s,l'v,.
"/
o-'rx2 "'I-'>

~ 4 . I i.t
-. 1 .,_~
pl~

D. A9516
to Hex

c. 78216
D. 726216

C. 331.64s

D. 361.62a

26. When was the first mechanical adding machine invented?

A. 1264

C. 1462

B. 1424

1642.

27. What year did electronics enter the computer scene?

A. 1918
B. 1919

C. 1920
D. 1921

28. In

.29.

modern digital computers, circuits that store information, perform arithmetic operations
and control the timing sequences are known as what?
A. flip-flop
C. oscillator
B. amplifier
D. multiplier
It' t,r-<. . \. vot.<11o.. b I.A.- c..t:"'v, f c.v'1-<-r
When was the UNIVAC I developed?

A. 1944
B. 1946

c. 1950

D. 1951

30. The field of research that is developing computer systems which mimic human thought in a
specific area and improve performante with experience and operation is What field of
research?
A. Human intelligence
C. animal intelligence
.It artificial intelligence
D. computer intelligence
31. Mechanical computers are what type of devices
A. digital
.:_analog
B. electrical
D. electromechanical

32. What determines the size of an analog computer?

A. where it will be installed
C. cost
B. number of operations using it
.Q.. number of functions it has to perform
33. Compared to mechanical computers1 electromechanical computers are different in which of
the following ways
A. they cost more
B. they are bigger

C. they are less accurate

D. they use electrical components to
perform some of the calculations and to
increase the accuracy

34. In early electronic computers, what was the weak link in electrical computations?
A. transistors
B. resistors

..vacuum tubes
D. capacitors

35. A computer that is designed to perform a specific operation is what kind of computer
A. all purpose
_h. special purpose
B. general purpose
D. single purpose

36. A(n)_ is a thin plate that contains electronics components

A. printer
C. circuit board
B. expansion slot
D. mouse

37. _are special instruction that control the activities of a computer

A. CPU
. B. Chips
38. Binary is also known as
_&..machine language
B. the decimal system

C. program
D. ALU .

C. number 1-10
D. the control unit

39. When a switch turns off electricity, it represents a

A. 3

C. 1

B. 0

D. 2

40. ROM is _._ memory

A. volatile - ,,_11-M
B. nonvolatile
41. short term memory is also known as_
A. ERM
B. CPU

C. temporary
D. none of the above

C. RAM
D. DRAM

42. The _ cycle refers to the amount of time it takes a CPU to execute an instruction and store
the results
A. machine
C. system
B. instructions
~execution
43. The more_ that your computer has, the faster it process data
A. RAM
C. PICO
'['CPU
D. NANOS

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44. The computer manufacturer uses _

computer operations

A. RAM

to store specific instructions that are needed for

C. CPU
D. SYS

B. ROM

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45. A _
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is

a device that allows one computer to talk to another

A. data enabler
B. DRAM

C. CPU
D. modem

46. What is the most popular standardized 'coding system?

A. binary
C. TCP/IP
B. ASCII
D. EBCDIC

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47. _bits are required to make a byte

A. 2

C.6

8.4

D.8

48. You use _

A. input
B. data

devices to enter commands into a computer

C. messaging
D. presentation

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49. When you press and release a mouse button, you are__
A. pointing
C. dragging
~.clicking
D. rolling
50. A _ tablet is a flat drawing surface on which the user tan draw fig'ures
A. computing
:_ graphics
B. joy
D. tracking