Laboratory model of

Automatic Generation and Control

Guide :Prof. Pankaj Mishra

Prof. Deep Shekhar Acharya

Nitin Kumar Ambastha

Amitej Kumar Upadhyay
Mukul Anand

BE/6186/10
BE/6187/10
BE/6161/10

Introduction
The problem was to design a laboratory prototype of Automatic Generation and Control.
The idea was to demonstrate the control process that actually happens in a power system.
In case of load variations (increase in load), the frequency of the system may decrease and
may lead to system collapse.
Control methodology such as PID controller is used to keep the frequency constant.
Power used can be reduced as well as avoid machine from damaged due to bad system
performance.

Objectives
To develop the PID controller to control the speed of prime mover, here DC motor.
To evaluate and analyse the performance of the controller.
To implement the controller on a DC motor using a motor driver circuit.

AGC : Block Diagram

PID Controller
A proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID controller) is a generic control loop
feedback mechanism widely used in industrial control systems.
The PID controller calculation involves three separate parameters; the Proportional, the
Integral and Derivative values.
The PID controller compares a measured value from a process with a reference set point
value.
The difference (error) is then used to calculate a new value for a input that can be
manipulated to the process that brings the process measured value back to its desired set
point.

PID Controller : General Equations

The error signal is represented by e(t) represents the difference between the speed command
and the speed feedback.
The proportional control multiplies the speed error e(t) by a constant Kp, the integral control
multiplies the e(t) by a constant Ki, to correct steady state error; the derivative control reduces
the overshoot and the rise time
U(t) = Kp e(t) + Kp Ki e(t)dt + Kp Kd de(t)/dt
Where :
U(t) is a control signal
Kp is a proportional gain
Ki is a an integral gain
Kd is a derivative gain

Motor Drive Circuit

Motor driver circuit is the circuit that amplifies the output of the PID controller and makes it
comparable to the input of DC motor.
Maximum output derived from PID controller ~ 15 volts
Input required for DC motor ~ 220 volts
This gap in the voltage level is obtained by the use of DC motor drive circuit.

OUR WORK AND DESIGN

PID Controller

Explanation of Circuit
The Op-Amp A1 (IC 741) acts as the Proportional controller. Its gain is given by
Kp = R2/R1 = 10kohm/20kohm
The Op-Amp A2 (IC 741) acts as the Integral controller. Its gain given by
Ki = 1/(R2 x C) = 1/(100kohm x 220microFarad)
The Op-Amp A3 (IC 741) acts as the Derivative controller. Its gain is given by
Kd = (R1 x C)/R2 = (10kohm x 0.1microFarad)/(10 kohm)

Motor Drive Circuit

Explanation of Circuit
NE555 is wired as an astable multivibrator whose duty cycle can be adjusted by varying the
POT R1.
The output of IC1 is coupled to the base of transistor Q1 which drives the motor according
to the PWM signal available at its base.
Higher the duty cycle the average voltage across motor will be high which results in higher
motor speed and vice versa.
Change of DC motor direction is attained using the DPDT switch S1 which on application just
toggles the polarity applied to the motor.

Drive Circuit Limitations

IC is powered via 12 volt DC.
Vm is the power supply for motor and its value depends on the motors voltage rating.
Maximum Vceo for BD139 is 80V and so Vm should not be exceeded 80 volts.
Maximum collector current BD139 can handle is 1.5A and so do not use a motor that
consumes more than 1.5 amperes of current.