ESCUELA TCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AERONUTICOS

Thermofluid Aircraft Systems

May 2012

H OMEWORK 1
Derivation of the impingement parameters:
1. Assume that your base flow-field is incompressible (M = 0), chose an airfoil from the Joukowski family and
an angle of atack and derive the external flow about the airfoil, U(x).
2. Compute the collection efficiency as a function of the arc-length measured from the leading-edge stagnation
R
point, , the mean collection efficiency = SSL:U (s)ds and the lower and upper limiting impingement point,
SL and SU , respectively as a function of the inertia parameter, K, and the Reynolds number, Re. Represent then
all the data using the modified inertia parameter, K0 , and derive by fitting a single universal curve for , , sL
and sU as a function of K0 .
Consider the conceptual sizing of a fully evaporative system for the leading edge of an airfoil immersed in a free stream
characterized by its Mach number, M , static pressure, p , temperature, T and absolute humidity, , or liquid water
content, LWC . For parametric studies assume that the variation with the altitude of p and T is given by the standard
atmosphere. Assume also that the heating is due to the impingement of air injected through a sheet of metal perforated
by a large number of holes and make the hypothesis that you can treat the metal sheet as a porous media injecting an
uniform mass flow per unit area m Heat at the temperate THot .
1. Compute and plot the external heat transfer coefficient, he , as a function of the Mach number and the altitude,
h, i.e.: he = he (M , h)
2. Write the mass and energy equation equation at the wing surface and the mass and energy equation at the wing
inner passage. Show that if the collection efficiency is constant, or we use , and the internal heat transfer
coefficient, hi , is constant, then the temperature of the wing surface, TSur f , and the temperature of the heating
air, T f , are constants as well. Derive an expression for them.
3. Assuming that = plot TSur f = TSur f (M, h) and the heat flux at the wall qwall = qwall (M, h). Plot the relative
contribution of different terms of the energy equation in the interface.
4. Compute the locus qwall (M, h)=0 that marks the limit of use of the anti-icing system.
5. Use a correlation to estimate the internal heat transfer coefficient, hi , as a function of the mass flow,m Heat . Use
the correlation given in the page 389 and following for arrays of impinging jets in Heat and Mass Transfer
book written by Incropera and De Witt. Assume that the spacing between hole and the impingement distance
correspond to the optimal one.
6. Using the same hypotheses than in the previous points plot m Heat = m Heat (M, h)
7. For one of the operating points use the computed distribution of (s) compute TSur f = TSur f (s). Compare the
results with that obtained using = . Evaluate the contribution of the longitudinal conduction along the wing
surface. Does it matter?

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